Use Of Dynamic Method Research Articles

Study on the Methods of Treaty Interpretation By Domestic Courts

In the context of global integration, domestic courts are faced with an ever-increasing demand for treaty interpretation and application, which is a realistic way to enhance the authority and credibility of the Chinese judiciary. Based on this, we discuss the challenges faced by domestic courts in the specific application of treaty interpretation methods, and put forward suggestions for improvement in response to these problems. These challenges include conflicts and inconsistencies between methods of interpretation, the lack of systematic and comprehensive rules on methods of interpretation, and limitations on the use of dynamic methods of interpretation. In order to overcome these dilemmas, the following recommendations are made: the establishment of a diversified system of interpretation methods; the construction of uniformly applicable rules of interpretation methods; and the reasonable use of dynamic interpretation methods. The implementation of these recommendations will help domestic courts to better respond to cases involving international treaties and, in practice, ensure that treaty provisions are correctly and fairly implemented.

Dynamic Analysis of CO2 Emissions and Their Determinants in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe

This study addresses the problem of the relationship between the adopted development path and the emission levels of greenhouse gases. The analysis includes the countries of Central and Eastern Europe that joined the EU in 2004–2018. This study used a dynamic analysis due to the nature of the changes taking place, which cannot be assessed in static terms. The results of the research conducted so far for this group of countries have been inconclusive. The countries studied have the aim of accelerating economic growth in order to reduce their distance from other EU countries on the one hand, while attempting to pursue a policy favoring the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, on the other. The aim of this evaluation was to determine the relationship between GDPs per capita and CO2 emissions and to establish the factors determining this relationship. The results for the whole group showed the presence of N-shaped EKCs. This study showed the importance of energy productivity and demographic factors as well as the pace of GDP growth. This research extended the scope of research on CO2 emissions and their determinants through the use of dynamic methods, as well as the complex course of their relation to GDP per capita in Central Eastern European Countries.

Reinforcement learning for humanitarian relief distribution with trucks and UAVs under travel time uncertainty

Effective humanitarian relief operations are challenging in the aftermath of disasters, as trucks are often faced with considerable travel time uncertainties due to damaged transportation networks. Efficient deployment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) potentially mitigates this problem, supplementing truck fleets in an impactful manner. To plan last-mile relief distribution in this setting, we introduce a multi-trip, split-delivery vehicle routing problem with trucks and UAVs, soft time windows, and stochastic travel times for last-mile relief distribution, formulated as a stochastic dynamic program. Within a finite time horizon, we aim to maximize a weighted objective function comprising the number of goods delivered, the number of different locations visited, and late arrival penalties. Our study offers insights into dealing with travel time uncertainty in humanitarian logistics by (i) deploying Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as partial substitutes for trucks, (ii) evaluating dynamic solutions generated by two deep reinforcement learning (RL) approaches – specifically value function approximation (VFA) and policy function approximation (PFA) – and (iii) comparing the RL solutions with solutions stemming from mathematical programming and dynamic heuristics. Experiments are performed on both Solomon-based instances and two real-world cases. The real-world cases – the 2015 Nepal earthquake and the 2018 Indonesia tsunami – are based on locally collected field data and real-world UAV specifications, and aim to provide practical insights. The experimental results show that dynamic decision-making improves both performance and robustness of humanitarian operations, achieving reductions in lateness penalties of around 85% compared to static solutions based on expected travel times. Furthermore, the results show that replacing half of the trucks with UAVs improves the weighted objective value by 11% to 56%, benefitting both reliability and location coverage. The results indicate that both the deployment of UAVs and the use of dynamic methods successfully mitigate travel time uncertainties in humanitarian operations.

Терміни ремонтних робіт та прогнозування строків служби контактів розбірного типу за умов неповноти вихідної інформації

Collapsible contact joints are the most numerous elements of electrical installations. The efficiency of the contacts, their reliability to a large extent depends on the modes of electric current and temperature, contact pressure, etc. Modification of modes and operation time lead to an increase in the resistance of the contacts, the temperature of their heating and possible thermal destruction. Traditional means for controlling the pressure in the contacts when changing the temperature regime are steel plate springs. Previous investigations have established that these means only partially solve the problem of regulation of contact pressure. An alternative to traditional means is the innovative development of dynamic pressure control tools based on the use of functional alloys with the shape memory effect. The mathematical analysis of terms of carrying out repair works and service life of collision type contacts with the use of probability theory in the conditions of incompleteness of the initial information is carried out. The research substantiates that the use of dynamic method of control of the thermomechanical regime of collapsible contacts allows to stabilize pressure and extend the life of collapsible contacts by 3-4 times.

Determination of multistoried buildings stiffness properties in the inverse dynamics solution

The article is devoted to the development of methods and evaluation of the accuracy of determining the horizontal stiffness of multi-storey buildings basing on the results of instrumental measurements of the self-induced vibrations parameters carried out with the help of high-precision instruments. The proposed studies are extremely relevant in estimating the unsoundness degree of the buildings that have passed a certain period of operation or buildings that have been subjected to severe exposure. The use of dynamic methods of load-bearing structure condition analysis has undeniable advantages, since it excludes the need for a detailed examination, often associated with the necessity to open the enclosing structures and evict the residents of the building. The advantages of using this approach are particularly evident in the survey of a large array of residential buildings that are in heterogeneous operating conditions and require rapid results. The practical application of the methods was tested in the survey of the high-rise apartment buildings of 1-335 series in the city of Irkutsk. However, the need to use dynamic models of small dimension in the evaluation of stiffness parameters makes it inevitable and urgent to solve the problems of assessing the accuracy of such approximations.

Layout for drilling seismic wells by vibration method

More and more common methods are used to reduce the cost of drilling wells and extracting oil and gas. One of these methods is the increase of energy capacity of drilling rigs through the use of dynamic methods of drill bits loading. Various vibro-mechanisms are used as vibration exciters with helpful use of vibration. Vibro-mechanisms by type of drive are divided into mechanical, electromechanical and magnetostrictive. All of them are intended for the excitation of forced oscillations in the elements attached to them that provide the desired technological effect. The authors have carried out the work to solve the problem of studying the transfer of dynamic load on the drill string. In this case the effectiveness of bottomhole vibration is largely determined by layout parameters of the drilling tool. Oscillations of the drill string are described by a wave equation in partial derivatives. With the solution of the problem, conditions for the transfer of bottomhole vibration load are being determined. The solution shows that dynamic bottomhole load can be effectively transferred from the mouth up to 100 m; the frequency may be greater at lower striker weights.

Acquired Liver Injury in the Intensive Care Unit

HE liver plays a key role in the synthesis of proteins, metabolism of toxins and drugs, and in modulation of immunity. In critically ill patients, hypoxic, toxic, and inflammatory insults can affect hepatic excretory, synthetic, and/or purification functions, leading to systemic complications such as coagulopathy, increased risk of infection, hypoglycemia, and acute kidney injury. In severe cases, hepatic encephalopathyorbraindysfunction(acuteliverfailure)may occur. Because of the lack of specificity of standard laboratory investigations, identifying liver injury or dysfunction in critically ill patients remains a significant challenge. In addition, the great heterogeneity of criteria used to define the consequences of liver insults increases the difficulties for the clinician to properly interpret hepatic biochemical abnormalities. In this review, we choose to defineliver injuryas an elevation in serum concentrations of routinely measured hepatic enzymes, including aminotransferases (aspartate aminotransferase [AST]; alanine aminotransferase, [ALT]), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), or!-glutamyl transpeptidase. Hepatic dysfunctionrefers to derangement of pathways related to synthetic or clearance function, including international normalized ratio (INR) and bilirubin.Hepatotoxicity refers to hepatic injury and dysfunction caused by a drug or another noninfectious agent. 1 Acute liver failuredesignates

Influence of thermal noise on measured bond lengths in force measurements using dynamic atomic force microscopy

The use of dynamic methods in atomic force microscopy (AFM) has lead to spectacular advances in force measurements and imaging. There has been a gradual shift to stiffer cantilevers and smaller amplitudes, resulting in higher resolution imaging and three-dimensional force mapping. However, when amplitudes become much smaller than 1 Å, they can approach the same order as the thermal noise of the cantilever. In this article, we explore the effect of thermal noise on force measurements using small-amplitude, dynamic AFM. He restricts himself to off-resonance, amplitude-modulation AFM, as this is easiest to model and analyze. He finds that position and force noise increase roughly with the square root of temperature, as expected from the equipartition theorem; however, a closer look reveals a more complicated behavior due to nonlinearities in the system and the competition of position and force noise in these systems.

On the Use of Spectra to Establish Damage Control in Regular Frames during Global Predesign

A reliable seismic design requires the formulation of explicit design requirements for structural and nonstructural damage control. Recently, several methods for structural damage control have been established. While the majority of them take into consideration the maximum deformation demand, a few of them account for the effect of cumulative plastic deformation demands. From the comparison of the spectral values of displacement and plastic energy evaluated at the fundamental period of vibration and their corresponding demands in regular frames, it can be concluded that reliable estimates of these demands can be obtained for regular frames through the use of response spectra. Furthermore, within the context of performance-based design that accounts for low cycle fatigue, response spectra can be used for the conception of regular frames and, through the use of the static method of analysis, for their global predesign. Any reduction in lateral strength (base shear) that may be obtained from the use of dynamic methods of analysis should be carefully assessed.

Experimental Modal Analysis of Steel Concrete Composite Beams with Partially Damaged Connection

One of the main difficulties connected with the use of dynamic methods for damage detection in structures lies in the small sensitivity of the dynamic parameters to damage. This is an intrinsic feature of structural diagnostics based on dynamic data and represents a source of important indeterminacy, such as the strong dependence of the results of damage detection techniques on the experimental errors and on the accuracy of the structural model that is chosen to interpret measurements. These facts are nowadays well known for simple structural systems, such as single beams or frames, but still are not completely clarified for more complicated structures. In this paper we present and discuss the results of an experimental investigation on the sensitivity of modal parameters of steel-concrete composite beams with partially damaged connection. Dynamic tests were performed on two pairs of composite beams, whose connecdons have different linear densities, and four damage configurations for each beam were analyzed. Damage corresponds to a symmnetric notch of increasing depth induced by saw-cutting one end-connector of the composite beam. Natural frequencies and modal damping of the lower axial and flexural modes were assessed for the undamaged configuration and the four levels of damage. Flexural vibrating modes were assessed up to the fourth-order mode.

Dynamic analysis of multibodies system with a floating base for rolling of ro-ro ship caused by wave and slip of heavy load

Common effect of wave and slip of internal heavy load will make rolling of the roll-on ship serious. This is one of the important reasons for overturn of ro-ro ships. The multibodies System with a floating base is composed of ro-ro ship and slipping heavy load. This paper takes the rolling angle of the ship and the transverse displacement of the heavy load on desk as two freedoms. Making use of analysis of apparent gravitation and apparent buoyancy, the wave rolling moment is derived. By use of dynamic method of multibodies system with a floating base, dynamic equations of the system are established. Taking a certain channel ferry as an example, a set of numerical calculation have been carried out for rolling response of the ship and displacement response of the slipping heavy load under common effect of synchro-slipping heavy loads and wave.

Thermodynamics of extreme states of matter

Abstract

Prospects of using dynamic compaction when placing ASH materials and preparing bases for ASH dumps

1. There are considerable prospects of the practical use of dynamic methods of compaction with the use of heavy tampers, vibrating rollers, and explosives for compacting the body of an ash dump in the “dry” method of storing soils of the enclosing embankments and soils in the base of an ash dump with the “dry” and hydraulicking method of storing, in road construction, and when constructing earth structures with the use of ash materials. 2. In the case of dynamic compaction of ash materials and soils in the base of ash dumps, the useful volume should be increased by 20–40% compared with placement of ash materials by the hydraulicking method and by 10–30% compared with compaction by static action, including mechanical. 3. The shear strength increases considerably as a result of dynamic compaction. In particular, the angle of internal friction of loose ash deposits increases 8–12%, and the cohesion coefficient of compacted ash can be increased to 0.04–0.06 MPa. It is possible to reduce the permeability coefficient of ash and soils of the base by a half-order to one or two orders. 4. The use of dynamic compaction promises considerable economic advantages. In particular, prolonging the service life of an ash dump by 1/3 makes it possible to reduce (owing to the absence of the need to construct a new ash dump) capital expenditures for constructing ash dumps by 20–40% with assurance of a high service reliability. 5. This work should be done both for the purpose of further in-depth scientific and practical studies and, mainly, for the purpose of developing and introducing the necessary equipment and highly efficient technologies for dynamic compaction of ash materials of the enclosing embankments and preparation of the bases for ash dumps, compaction of road beds, etc., on various objects. For this there are domestic specialists able to competently solve this problem with the necessary organizational support and financing of the appropriate departments and organizations of the object of use.

The use of dynamic method to analyze model pond

To treat high density synthetic leather waste water, the author used static and dynamic simulated test to analyze the operation of model pond. Because of the limitation of classic static and dynamic experience on analyzing dynamic biological decomposition reaction (DBDR), the author suggested a new method—Section Initial Velocity Method. The actual experiment proved that reaction progression is changeable and may be increased in the direction of water flow in the model pond. And the change range is between 0–2.5.

A comparison of static and dynamic correlational methods in the study of organizations

Most of our existing knowledge of the behavior of complex organizations has stemmed from the use of static correlational methods. Measurements of a sample of organizations or subparts of organizations are taken on two or more variables, and the resulting scores are correlated with one another. In the present investigation the results obtained with this procedure were compared with two dynamic methods, one involving a simple correlation between changes on two or more variables and the second involving the correlation between changes corrected for regression toward the mean. Data on twenty variables were obtained from questionnaires and from company records for twenty-six geographically separated units of a large package delivery organization. The results show relatively little agreement between static correlations and those obtained by either of the dynamic methods. However, static correlations were more highly related to expert predictions of causal relations than were the newer methods. Further use of dynamic methods would seem to be warranted in situations in which different amounts or directions of change have occurred in independent variables while other variables have remained constant.

Dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy resins

AbstractAlthough dynamic mechanical properties of thermoplastic polymers have been studied in great detail and much has been learned about their structure, little has been done in the field of thermosetting resins. The present study involves the use of dynamic methods for determining certain salient features about epoxy resins. A torsion pendulum operating in the range of one cycle per second was used to measure the properties of various epoxy systems. The instrument enabled rapid determination of both internal friction and shear moduli.Two transition peaks in the dynamic loss tangent were observed; one occurring at −60°C, the other at 165°C when a conventional epoxy resin was cured with m‐phenylenediamine. The low temperature peak was effectively demonstrated as due to the glycidyl ether portion of the cured resin system. The major peak or glass transition temperature could be varied in accord with the substituents on the central carbon bridge of the bisphenol portion of the molecule and to a lesser extent by the degree of cross‐linking.