Use Of DSM Research Articles

Investigating the Ability to Identify New Constructions in Urban Areas Using Images from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Google Earth, and Sentinel-2

One of the main problems in developing countries is unplanned urban growth and land use change. Timely identification of new constructions can be a good solution to mitigate some environmental and social problems. This study examined the possibility of identifying new constructions in urban areas using images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), Google Earth and Sentinel-2. The accuracy of the land cover map obtained using these images was investigated using pixel-based processing methods (maximum likelihood, minimum distance, Mahalanobis, spectral angle mapping (SAM)) and object-based methods (Bayes, support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest-neighbor (KNN), decision tree, random forest). The use of DSM to increase the accuracy of classification of UAV images and the use of NDVI to identify vegetation in Sentinel-2 images were also investigated. The object-based KNN method was found to have the greatest accuracy in classifying UAV images (kappa coefficient = 0.93), and the use of DSM increased the classification accuracy by 4%. Evaluations of the accuracy of Google Earth images showed that KNN was also the best method for preparing a land cover map using these images (kappa coefficient = 0.83). The KNN and SVM methods showed the highest accuracy in preparing land cover maps using Sentinel-2 images (kappa coefficient = 0.87 and 0.85, respectively). The accuracy of classification was not increased when using NDVI due to the small percentage of vegetation cover in the study area. On examining the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods, a novel method for identifying new rural constructions was devised. This method uses only one UAV imaging per year to determine the exact position of urban areas with no constructions and then examines spectral changes in related Sentinel-2 pixels that might indicate new constructions in these areas. On-site observations confirmed the accuracy of this method.

Identifying Risk Factors Affecting the Usage of Digital and Social Media: A Preliminary Qualitative Study in the Dental Profession and Dental Education.

Aims: This study aimed to identify the risk factors of using DSM to provide an insight into the inherent implications this has on dental professionals in practice and trainee professionals’ education. Materials and methods: Twenty-one participants (10 dental professionals and 11 undergraduate and postgraduate dental students) participated in this qualitative study using semi-structured interviews in a dental school in the UK. The interviews were analysed and categorised into themes, some of which were identified from previous literature (e.g., privacy and psychological risks) and others emerged from the data (e.g., deceptive and misleading information). Results: The thematic analysis of interview transcripts identified nine perceived risk themes. Three themes were associated with the use of DSM in the general context, and six themes were related to the use of DSM in professional and education context. Conclusions: This study provided evidence to understand the risk factors of using DSM in dental education and the profession, but the magnitude of these risks on the uptake and usefulness of DSM needs to be assessed.

Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Intellectual Disability: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder V versus clinical impression.

Diagnosing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in people with intellectual disability (ID) remains challenging. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder V (DSM V) classification system is often used to diagnose ADHD in the general population; however, the presence of ID and other associated conditions such as autism and communication difficulties can make it difficult to apply the DSM V criteria in people with ID. Therefore, diagnosing ADHD in people with ID is often made using clinical judgement and/or the application of diagnostic criteria. There are no studies comparing the diagnostic accuracy of clinical judgement and the use of DSM V criteria in people with ID and ADHD. The aims of the study were to compare the accuracy of the diagnosis of ADHD in people with ID according to the DSM V criteria versus clinical judgement and to determine which criteria are more reliable. A questionnaire was developed using five fictional case scenarios of people with ID. Questionnaires were presented to practising psychiatrists chosen as a convenience sample in the United Kingdom over a period of 12 months. Case scenarios were developed and agreed to be positive or negative for ADHD by the study authors prior to rating by clinicians. The clinicians were asked to read the scenarios and to make a judgement on the cases regarding the symptoms of ADHD. They were then presented with the 18 DSM V criteria of ADHD and asked to select the criteria they considered were present in each scenario. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and predictive values for both the DSM V criteria and clinical opinions were calculated for correctly identifying the exemplar cases. The data showed strong sensitivity [0.82 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74-0.89] and high specificity (1.00 95% CI 0.95-1.00) for the raters' clinical opinion. In contrast, the DSM V criteria alone, as assessed by the raters, did not reliably provide ADHD diagnoses, with a sensitivity of only 0.23 (95% CI 0.15-0.31). This difference in sensitivity between the two was statistically significant at P < 0.001. The study results suggest that clinical opinion is the 'gold standard' at present in diagnosing ADHD in adults with ID in the absence of a validated diagnostic tool in this group. Further studies are needed to understand how symptoms of ADHD can be presented differently in people with ID. DSM V criteria for ADHD may need to be adapted according to the severity of ID and other neurodevelopmental disorders.

Six-year follow-up study of combined type ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: Predictors of functional impairment and comorbid symptoms

BackgroundADHD in childhood is associated with development of negative psychosocial and behavioural outcomes in adults. Yet, relatively little is known about which childhood and adulthood factors are predictive of these outcomes and could be targets for effective interventions. To date follow-up studies have largely used clinical samples from the United States with children ascertained at baseline using broad criteria for ADHD including all clinical subtypes or the use of DSM III criteria. AimsTo identify child and adult predictors of comorbid and psychosocial comorbid outcomes in ADHD in a UK sample of children with DSM-IV combined type ADHD. MethodOne hundred and eighteen adolescents and young adults diagnosed with DSM-IV combined type ADHD in childhood were followed for an average of 6years. Comorbid mental health problems, drug and alcohol use and police contact were compared for those with persistent ADHD, sub-threshold ADHD and population norms taken from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Study 2007. Predictors included ADHD symptomology and gender. ResultsPersistent ADHD was associated with greater levels of anger, fatigue, sleep problems and anxiety compared to sub-threshold ADHD. Comorbid mental health problems were predicted by current symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not by childhood ADHD severity. Both persistent and sub-threshold ADHD was associated with higher levels of drug use and police contact compared to population norms. ConclusionsYoung adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD showed increased rates of comorbid mental health problems, which were predicted by current levels of ADHD symptoms. This suggests the importance of the continuing treatment of ADHD throughout the transitional years and into adulthood. Drug use and police contact were more common in ADHD but were not predicted by ADHD severity in this sample.

DSMs and the Brazilian psychiatric reform.

DSMs and the Brazilian psychiatric reform.

Tourette's: Syndrome, disorder or spectrum? Classificatory challenges and an appraisal of the DSM criteria

The fifth version of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) was released in May 2013 after 14 years of development and almost two decades after the last edition DSM-IV was published in 1994. We review the DSM journey with regards to Tourette Syndrome from the original publication of DSM 1 in 1952 till date. In terms of changes in DSM 5, the major shift has come in the placement of Tourette Syndrome under the ‘Neurodevelopmental Disorders’ alongside other disorders with a developmental origin. This review provides an overview of the changes in DSM-5 highlighting key points for clinical practice and research along with a snap shot of the current use of DSM as a classificatory system in different parts of the world and suggestions for improving the subtyping and the diagnostic confidence.

EPA-1233 – Meaningful psychiatric phenotypes emerge from a bayesian taxonomy of eye movements

Use of DSM and ICD nosology to stratify adult psychiatric illnesses poses significant practical challenges for biomarker discovery. Illness categories and subtypes have not been validated by objective tests. The epistemology and language of diagnostic psychiatric tools prevails during 2013–2014 while continuing to say nothing about the biological underpinnings of mental disorders. Assays mapped onto the current nomenclature remain contentious because empirical analyses and clinical intuition are often in conflict, producing’misclassifications’ that are difficult to interpret. DSM-5 revisions are obliged to incorporate empirical psycho-bio-physiological measurements supporting graduated dimensional descriptions of mental health disorders that properly reflect both quanta and spectra of variation extant in the population. Eye movements elicited by simple cognitive tasks are an endophenotypic bridge between the genetics, neuropathology, cognition, and ethno-sociocultural factors of the major neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. We have shown that multivariate measures of oculomotor dysfunction are capable of differentiating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and endogenous major depression cases with exceptional specificity (Benson et al (2012) Eur Psychiatry 27(Supp1):1; Benson et al (2013) Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 263(Supp1): S19). Here we used unsupervised Bayesian clustering to stratify cases and controls using only their eye movement data. Performance measures from smooth pursuit, free-viewing and steady fixation tasks were used. Twelve clusters described a continuum of phenotypes, associated with schizophrenia, bipolar, mixed affective cases, and undiagnosed controls. Composite clusters evinced cases with shared and/or comorbid symptoms and subclinical groups. Eye movement abnormalities through their task-related substrates represent an objective bottom-up approach to diagnosis outside current categorical systems.

Psychiatry's Integration with Medicine: The Role of DSM-5

Mental disorders represent a significant global burden whose effects are exacerbated by gaps in diagnosis and service provision. A substantial number of individuals seek services not through specialty psychiatric clinics but through primary care. Thus, the interface between psychiatry and the rest of medicine represents an appropriate area of focus in which to improve the detection and treatment of mental disorders. Development of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) can play a key role in this process. DSM-5 is expected to include specific revisions in diagnostic criteria, chapter organization, text structure, and classification approach that are designed to improve use of DSM by nonpsychiatrist physicians. Furthermore, revisions to DSM-5 will inform development of the primary care version of DSM-5. The goal is to publish a manual that enhances clinical utility in a manner that is concise and more amenable to use in primary care.

Impact of Combat on the Mental Health and Well‐Being of Soldiers and Marines

This presentation introduces a summary of leading edge research and recommendations for a number of changes regarding mental health needs and services for Veterans. Those Veterans who experienced combat exposure and those who have perceived their leadership negatively have greater risks for developing subsequent PTSD. Research data provide support for the use of Battlemind Training as a useful approach to prevent mental health issues at all phases of the deployment cycle. The author also challenges the current use of DSM–IVTR diagnoses with combat Veterans.

Fermented soybean meal as a vegetable protein source for nursery pigs: I. Effects on growth performance of nursery pigs

Four experiments were conducted using 671 nursery pigs to evaluate fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a new vegetable protein source for nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 192 pigs weaned at 19.2 +/- 0.3 d of age were fed 3 diets (8 pens per treatment) for 2 wk: a control diet (without FSBM) and 2 diets with 3 and 6% FSBM replacing soybean meal, followed by a common diet for the next 2 wk. In Exp. 2, a total of 160 pigs weaned at 21.6 +/- 0.2 d of age were fed 4 diets (5 pens per treatment) for 2 wk: a control diet (without FSBM but with 25% dried skim milk; DSM) and 3 diets with 3, 6, and 9% FSBM replacing DSM based on CP. Concentrations of CP, Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were kept consistent among diets in Exp. 1 and 2. In Exp. 3, a total of 144 pigs weaned at 22.1 +/- 0.2 d of age were fed 3 diets (6 pens per treatment) for 2 wk: a control diet (without FSBM but with 40% DSM) and 2 diets with 5 and 10% FSBM replacing DSM based on CP. Concentrations of CP, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and lactose were kept consistent among diets. In Exp. 4, a total of 175 pigs weaned at 20.7 +/- 0.4 d of age were fed 5 diets (5 pens per treatment) for 3 wk: a basal diet [15.5% CP without plasma protein (PP) and FSBM], 2 diets (18.4% CP) with 3.7% PP or 4.9% FSBM, and 2 diets (21.2% CP) with 7.3% PP or 9.8% FSBM. Concentrations of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were kept consistent among diets with the same CP concentrations. Pigs had access to feed and water ad libitum and their BW and feed intake were measured weekly for all experiments. Use of up to 6% FSBM replacing soybean meal improved (P < 0.05) G:F and diarrhea scores of nursery pigs (Exp. 1). Use of up to 9% FSBM replacing DSM reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F (Exp. 2). When lactose concentrations were equal, FSBM could replace up to 10% DSM without adverse effects on ADG and G:F (Exp. 3). Relative bioavailability of protein in FSBM to PP was 99.1% (Exp. 4). Collectively, FSBM can serve as an alternative protein source for nursery pigs at 3 to 7 wk of age, possibly replacing the use of DSM and PP but excluding the first week postweaning for PP when balancing for AA and lactose.

Diagnostic Manual–Intellectual Disability: A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons With Intellectual Disability, by R. Fletcher, E. Loschen, C. Stavrakaki, and M. First

Diagnostic Manual–Intellectual Disability: A Textbook of Diagnosis of Mental Disorders in Persons With Intellectual Disability, by R. Fletcher, E. Loschen, C. Stavrakaki, and M. First

Réponse à Perron et al. concernant leur texte : « Quelques remarques méthodologiques à propos du rapport Inserm Psychothérapie. Trois approches évaluées »

The publication of the report by experts from Inserm (France) about the efficacy of psychotherapies (2004) has raised many criticisms, mainly from psychoanalysts. The criticisms of Perron, Brusset, Baruch and Emmanuelli, professors of psychology, published on Internet (www.techniques-psychotherapiques.org) in 2004, attack the methodology that they say introduced numerous biases in favour of cognitive behaviour therapies (CBT) compared to psychodynamic psychotherapies (PP). In order to argue against these criticisms, I have selected ten points raised by this group that seemed to represent the essence of their criticisms. Perron et al. say that the Inserm report is neither objective nor scientific; although this report cannot be fully objective due to its narrative nature, it is, nevertheless, based on empirical studies that satisfy scientific criteria for quality and that are well documented. * Perron et al. suggest that the Inserm report contains numerous biases; it is not possible to avoid all statistical biases so this criticism is an attack on accepted scientific methodology. * Perron et al. do not provide any evidence in favour of their criticism that the meta-analyses included in the report have accumulated biases due to prejudices common among psychotherapy researchers; even if researchers were all subject to therapy allegiance, this would not lead, systematically, to biases in favour of CBT. * Perron et al. state that meta-analyses automatically reinforce biases from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), whereas I argue that biases in RCTs are not systematically accumulated, and that the sensitivity of meta-analyses to doubtful RCTs can be tested by comparing results from analyses with and without these studies. * They also say that, in RCTs, the comparability between groups cannot be complete, however, the aim is not identity, and the comparability can be empirically tested after randomisation. * They also declare that the use of DSM automatically favours CBT, however, despite the fact that DSM is unsatisfactory even for biological psychiatrists and CBT therapists; no unanimously accepted alternative system has yet been identified. * Perron et al. say that the use of quantitative assessment of the psychotherapy outcome favours CBT because of an epistemological split between descriptive-nosological and functional-psychodynamic approaches. However such approaches are not clearly exclusive from each other, and a reduction of psychiatry into only two approaches does not fit with the observed variety of etiological hypotheses. * The statement that the functional-psychodynamic approach is contradictory with quantitative assessment of outcome is challenged by the fact that numerous outcome instruments for psychodynamic assessment exist. Furthermore, I have examined the size of the differences between CBT and PP, by selecting studies and meta-analyses that report the direct comparison of these therapies, but this does not provide evidence of major differences. Therefore, the existence of major bias in favour of CBT, due to either the use of DSM, symptom rating scales or other causes, is not supported by these facts. * The accusation that studies included in the Inserm report did not assess patients from control groups at endpoint has being found to be untrue. * The argument that the various effect size statistics used in the meta-analyses give rise to major bias is very unlikely. However, the authors overlooked the more important problem of pooling different outcome measures. * The allegation that a bias in favour of CBT was induced because there were more studies conducted with CBT than with PP is false, because the number of studies does not influence the effect-sizes. The Inserm report does, however, because of the presentation of results by DSM disorder and emphasis on absolute efficacy studies, find more positive results for CBT than for PP compared with no treatment. In conclusion, Perron's et al. criticisms are, in fact, against the application of scientific methodology to the assessment of the efficacy of psychotherapies as a whole. Nevertheless, the Inserm report has some weaknesses; the low number of studies of PP, the lack of direct comparisons between CBT and PP, the fact that multiple efficacy criteria were not taken into consideration, and the problem of comorbidities which was insufficiently taken into consideration.

船体中央断面最適設計の実用化と高速最適化システムの開発に関する研究

A high-speed optimization system, which can be connected to user-friendly evaluating design candidates system, is developed here in order for handling a large number of de`sign variables with aim of supporting ship design. There are many design variables and complicated constraint conditions in ship structure design. Moreover, their relations are so complicated and some of them rely on the designer's tacit knowledge. In order to solve such problems, design process of ship structural design is analyzed by the use of DSM and PPM, and optimization system which can generate actual solutions of designer is developed. In the system, Microsoft Excel is used for handling complicated constraints. However, connecting an Excel file to an optimization engine as an external module makes computational time tremendously large in optimization process. In order to overcome this drawback, a program source file is created from an Excel file automatically and connected with a main part of optimization system. DLL file system, which makes dynamic linkage possible, resulting that any designer can solve optimization problems easily, is also used here. Mid-ship section is designed by not only the proposed optimization system but also a commercial optimization system. The proposed optimization system can give the same design with only 3% of computational time used for commercial optimization system.

Comments on “Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond”

Comments on “Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond”

Comments on "Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond"

Comments on "Psychopathology in Neuropsychiatry: DSM and Beyond"

The impact of the type of anaesthesia on cognitive status and delirium during the first postoperative days in elderly patients

Postoperative confusion and delirium is a common complication in the elderly with a poorly understood pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to examine whether the type of anaesthesia (general or regional) plays a role in the development of cognitive impairment in elderly patients during the immediate postoperative period. Forty-seven patients > 60 yr of age and undergoing major surgery were randomly allocated to receive either regional or general anaesthesia. The mental status of the patients was assessed preoperatively and during the first three postoperative days with the Mini Mental State Examination. The incidence of delirium was also examined during the same period with the use of DSM III criteria. Overall, during the first three postoperative days, the mean Mini Mental State Examination score decreased significantly (P < 0.001). However, this decline was very significant only in patients assigned to receive general anaesthesia (P < 0.001) compared to regional anaesthesia. Nine patients developed delirium but the type of anaesthesia did not affect its incidence. The only important factor for the development of delirium was preexisting cardiovascular disease irrespective of anaesthesia type (P < 0.025). Elderly patients subjected to general anaesthesia displayed more frequent cognitive impairment during the immediate postoperative period in comparison to those who received a regional technique.

Primary care clinicians' use of standardized psychiatric diagnoses.

Treatment of child mental health (MH) problems should be informed by psychiatric diagnosis. Whether primary care clinicians (PCCs) use standardized psychiatric diagnostic criteria to direct the treatment of child MH problems is unknown. This study investigated PCCs' use of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria during office visits. The data were obtained from 3674 children ages 4-15 years who were recognized as having one or more MH problems during office visits by clinicians participating in the Child Behaviour Study. Parents completed questionnaires before seeing the clinician. Clinicians completed a survey after the visit. The primary outcome was whether PCCs used standardized criteria to generate a diagnosis for children with recognized MH problems. Clinicians used DSM criteria in 23% of visits in which a psychosocial problem was recognized, and 57% of PCCs reported no use of DSM. DSM criteria were used most frequently (38% of visits) when PCCs reported attention problems. Medications were much more likely to be prescribed during visits when PCCs diagnosed using DSM criteria (63% of visits vs. 19% when criteria were not used). However, only 51% of psychotropic medication prescriptions were based on a DSM diagnosis. Clinicians used standardized criteria infrequently, and primarily to diagnose attention problems.

Psychological Evaluation after Cardiac Transplantation: The Integration of Different Criteria

Background: The psychological evaluation of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation is currently based on DSM-IV criteria. An alternative diagnostic and conceptual framework has been proposed by an international group of psychosomatic investigators. The aim of this study was to compare these new criteria (Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research, DCPR) with DSM-IV in a population where a high prevalence of psychological problems is expected (heart-transplanted patients). Method: 129 consecutive patients who underwent heart transplant surgery were assessed according to DSM-IV and DCPR criteria. Results: The results showed a higher number of diagnoses made using the DCPR than with the use of the DSM-IV. At least one DCPR diagnosis was found in 85 (66%) patients, whereas at least one DSM diagnosis was present in 23 (18%) patients. The number of DCPR diagnoses was almost the triple of DSM criteria. While patients who were given a DSM diagnosis frequently had additional DCPR diagnoses, many patients with DCPR criteria did not fulfill any DSM criteria. Four DCPR syndromes appeared to be particularly frequent: demoralization, type A behavior, irritable mood and alexithymia. Conclusions: The joint use of DSM and DCPR criteria was found to improve the identification of psychological factors which could result in a worsening of quality of life in heart-transplanted patients.

Assessing Somatization in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Integration of Different Criteria

Background: Psychiatric assessment of somatization (the tendency to experience and communicate psychological distress in the form of physical symptoms and to seek medical help for them) currently rests on DSM criteria. An alternative diagnostic and conceptual framework has been proposed by an international group of psychosomatic investigators. The aim of this study was to compare these new criteria (Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research, DCPR) with DSM-IV in a population where a high prevalence of psychosocial problems is expected (functional gastrointestinal disorders, FGID). Method: One hundred and ninety consecutive patients with FGID in a tertiary care center were assessed according to DSM-IV and DCPR criteria. Results: The number of the 12 DCPR diagnoses was almost double that of DSM diagnoses. Only 9% of the patients were not identified by DCPR criteria, whereas this occurred in 25% of patients using DSM criteria. While patients who were given a DSM diagnosis frequently had additional DCPR diagnoses, many patients with DCPR syndromes did not fulfill any DSM criteria. Four DCPR syndromes appared to be particularly frequent and accounted for almost three quarters of the total diagnoses (alexithymia, persistent somatization, functional symptoms secondary to a psychiatric disorder, demoralization). Conclusions: The joint use of DSM and DCPR criteria was found to improve the identification of psychological factors in FGID. The results may pave the way for changes in DSM classification of somatoform disorders.

Psychiatric diagnosis, natural categories, and DSM-IV

The history, development, and use of DSM IV are reviewed, together with a consideration of the most significant departures from DSM-III-R. Conceptual analysis is focused on principles of organization and in particular possible conflation of prototypes as typical of mental operation, and as the building-blocks of a diagnostic artifact. Arguments for the importance of the DSM-IV and the merit in investing time and effort in its mastery are advanced