Use Of Domestic Wastewater Research Articles

CO2 Uptake and Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Chlorella vulgaris

Various anthropogenic activities worsen climate conditions and cause water scarcity. As result, many studies have been conducted using microalgae to address these problems. Chlorella vulgaris is known to thrive in different type of environmental condition, making it beneficial for utilization. The objectives of this research were to combine the use of domestic wastewater (DWW) while at the same time inject CO2 in order to analyze C. vulgaris’ ability to perform CO2 uptake and wastewater treatment. Industrial CO2 gas cylinder was used to supply CO2 into the airlift photobioreactor (PBR) containing 40% and 60% DWW. C. vulgaris was inoculated into the biosystem and cultivated for 7 days. The results show that C. vulgaris can grow under high CO2 supply conditions and used DWW as a nutrient source. The efficiency of pollutant absorption, such as ammonia, phosphate, MBAS ranges from 82.28% to 98.91%. However, its productivity is still low, and the organic matter (BOD and COD) treatment in DWW is not yet optimal.

Biodiesel production and simultaneous treatment of domestic and livestock wastewater using indigenous microalgae, Chlorella sorokiniana JD1-1

In this study, the potential of Chlorella sorokiniana JD1-1 for biodiesel production was evaluated using domestic wastewater (DWW) as a diluent for locally-generated livestock wastewater (LWW). This strategy aimed to provide sustainable wastewater treatment, reduce environmental impacts, enhance cost-effectiveness, and promote biodiesel production. LWW was diluted with tap water and DWW at ratios of 75%, 50%, and 25% (v/v), and the effects on microalgal growth, nutrient removal efficiency, and lipid yield were evaluated. Although the maximum biomass concentration was observed in the artificial growth medium (BG-11) (1170 mg L−1), 75% dilution using tap water (610 mg L−1) and DWW (780 mg L−1) yielded results comparable to the exclusive use of DWW (820 mg L−1), suggesting a potential for substitution. Total nitrogen (TN) removal rates were consistently high under all conditions, particularly in samples with higher concentrations of LWW. Conversely, total phosphorus (TP) concentrations decreased under most conditions, although some displayed large increases. Further studies are necessary to optimize the nutrient balance while maintaining economic feasibility and maximizing biodiesel production.

Основные стимулы для использования сточных вод в целях орошения: лучшие мировые практики

Purpose: to determine the key incentives for developing irrigation in the regions of the country with a clear shortage of water resources through the use of domestic wastewater discharged from municipal sewage treatment plants. Discussion. The use of domestic wastewater for irrigation has been practiced by ancient civilizations. In modern realities, as earlier, irrigation with domestic wastewater and water of varying degrees of purification is most widely practiced by farmers and other consumers having land near municipal sewerage systems, which makes it easier to transport irrigation water and reduce financial costs for their post-treatment. In order to promote social and environmental policies on efficient wastewater disposal, various motivating mechanisms are used. The main positions that should be taken into account in the case of planning wastewater irrigation are highlighted. The data on using wastewater for irrigation in foreign practice are presented, the motivating mechanisms used to stimulate such usage and the current Russian and foreign standards used to assess the quality of treated wastewater are highlighted. In Russia, no additional incentive mechanisms for wastewater post-treatment of in irrigated fields are used. The main incentive is the ability to avoid payments and fines for discharge of wastewater of inadequate quality. Such an incentive works only for enterprises that carry out the removal and treatment of domestic wastewater, and there are no incentives for Russian farmers to develop wastewater for irrigation. Conclusions. Of particular importance are the financial indicators and economic benefits for the parties involved in the implementation of the process of irrigating crops with treated wastewater. If we focus on the international experience of motivating incentives, it is of particular interest to vary the payment for irrigation water depending on its quality and consumption amount.

Arsenic and Cadmium Risk Assessment in a Domestic Wastewater Irrigated Area Using Samples of Water, Soil and Forages as Indicators

The recent research was performed to investigate the toxicity of As and Cd in suburban area of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Water, soil and forage samples were collected for this purpose in summer and winter season and analysis was done via wet digestion to determine the concentration of selected heavy metals. The mean concentration of As and Cd in water was found above the permissible maximum limit. Mean concentration of Cd in soil and forages was lower than the allowed limit whereas As which was higher than the PML in forages. So, continuous use of domestic wastewater for irrigation purpose should be avoided in order to secure the area from any hazard in near future.

Integrated approach for microbial carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation process and wastewater treatment for the production of hydrocarbons: Experimental studies

The present study demonstrates the integration between carbon dioxide [CO2 (g)] fixation process with the wastewater treatment and simultaneous production of value added products utilizing Halomonas stevensii (H. stevensii). Laboratory scale experiments were conducted in a bio-reactor (semi-continuous mode) for 6 days to evaluate the potential of H. stevensii towards biofixation of CO2 (g) [10% (v/v)] in deionized water with 100 mM thiosulphate, domestic wastewater with 100 mM thiosulphate and domestic wastewater. H. stevensii grown on domestic wastewater showed maximum biomass yield, maximum specific growth rate and biomass productivity of 5.31 g L−1, 1.19 d−1 and 3.24 g L−1 d−1, respectively which are comparable with the results obtained from two other culture medias. The possibility for the simultaneous removal of various nutrients and pollutant such as NO3–, NH4+, PO43-, COD and SO42– were also carried out. FTIR and GC-MS analysis of leachate confirmed the presence of fatty alcohols and long chain hydrocarbons in all the three culture medias. The GC-MS analysis of cell lysate and supernatant in all the three culture conditions is dominated by the presence of hydrocarbons and fatty alcohols. Techno-economic analysis of the present system was carried out by estimating the total operating cost per batch and per kg of biomass produced. The assessment indicated the feasibility for the use of domestic wastewater as culture media as a replacement of deionized water with thiosulphate ions.

Bioelectricity Generation and Production of Ornamental Plants in Vertical Partially Saturated Constructed Wetlands

Energy production in constructed wetlands is a little-known field, as is the operation of vertical partially saturated constructed wetlands (VPS-CWs) that promote both aerobic and anaerobic microbial interactions. By doing so, bacterial degradation is increased, becoming the main mechanism of pollutant removal in constructed wetlands (CWs). For the first time, the generation of bioelectricity, together with the production of ornamental plants in vertical partially saturated constructed wetlands during the treatment of domestic wastewater, was evaluated. Six VPS-CW systems functioned as bioelectricity generators, where the systems were filled with red volcanic gravel and activated carbon as anode and cathode. Three systems were planted with Zantedeschia aethiopica and three with Canna hybrids plants. The development was measured through mother plants and shoots produced every 60 days. The input and output of each VPS-CW was monitored using control parameters such as BOD5, phosphates (P-PO4), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Bioelectricity, power, voltage, and current measurements were performed every 15 days for a period of 7 months. It was found that the VPS-CWs used as biobatteries in combination with the use of domestic wastewater as a substrate improved the development of the two evaluated plant species and stimulated growth and germination of new shoots. No significant differences were found between the different treatments (p ≤ 0.05). Likewise, an average efficient removal of BOD5 (98%) for both systems without statistical differences was observed (p ≤ 0.05), but for TKN and P-PO4, significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between systems planted with Z. aethiopica (TKN: 65%; P-PO4: 20%) and Canna hybrids (TKN: 69%; P-PO4: 27%). This method of water treatment and bioelectricity production with Canna hybrids was an efficient system that generated a great electric current (140 mA/m2), voltage (750 mV), and electric power (15 mW/m2), compared with those observed in systems with Z. aethiopica (60 mA/m2, 500 mV, 9 mA/m2).

Fertirrigação no cultivo de capim e a diversidade microbiana do solo do Cerrado antes e após a produção de biomassa vegetal

A fertirrigação é uma técnica de aplicação de nutrientes para plantas via água de irrigação. As águas residuárias domésticas (ARD) têm elevadas concentrações de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), com isso surge a alternativa do reuso dessas águas como fonte de nutrientes no cultivo agrícola, reduzindo os impactos ambientes gerado por esse resíduo e diminuindo os custos na aquisição de adubos químicos na implantação das culturas. Contudo, as principais limitações do uso de ARD são a presença de sódio, e microrganismos coliformes fecais. Entretanto, estudos realizados na Universidade Federal de Tocantins têm demonstrado que o uso de ARD no solo do Cerrado para cultivo de capim tem baixo potencial de sanilização e sodificação do solo, sem alterações significativas nas propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e a biomassa vegetal não apresenta crescimento desses microrganismos. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as alterações na fertilidade e na diversidade microbiana (bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio e fungos micorrízicos) do solo do Cerrado após aplicação de ARD no cultivo de capim Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu. Os manejos de irrigação utilizados continha 0, 20, 40 e 60 % (m/v) de fertilizantes NPK oriundos de ARD que foi aplicado após o crescimento da plântula. As composições químicas e a diversidade microbiana foram determinadas nas amostras do solo. Nas amostras da planta determinou-se a massa seca e o potencial nutricional do capim. A adição de ARD alterou a abundância bactérias e fungos, mas a diversidade não teve alterações. Esse resultado pode ser devido à maior disponibilidade de NPK no solo. Não foram observadas alterações na composição nutricional do capim após a fertirrigação. Portanto, a ARD tem potencial para ser utilizado na fertirrigação de capim em solo do Cerrado.

The difference in chloride ion diffusion coefficient of concrete made with drinking water and wastewater

In this study, the chloride ion penetration of concrete made with drinking water and domestic wastewater of the anaerobic pond (non-potable water) were evaluated through the experimental tests and finite difference method. We considered three mix designs with water to cement ratios between 0.4 and 0.6 for each category. We experimented the chloride ion percentage of the first eight layers of each concrete and then calculated their chloride diffusion coefficient by using the finite difference method (Implicit method). The results showed that the use of domestic wastewater increased the chloride ion percentage and chloride ion diffusion coefficient. Moreover, the homogeneous surfaces of concrete samples in using drinking water transformed into a new arrangement with more pores and voids, which can be a consequence of the presence of wastewater’s impurities. Also, the high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) images and the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis of concrete surfaces before and after conducting the chloride ion test were provided to evaluate the morphological changes. Besides, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test at the 5% significance level showed no significant difference between the chloride ion percentage of concrete in the experimental test and finite difference method.

Potensi air limbah domestik sebagai pasokan air irigasi pada daerah padat penduduk dan krisis air

Indonesia merupakan negara yang paling rentan ketahanan pangannya dalam menghadapi defisit air. P.Jawa dan Bali telah mengalami defisit air irgasi sejak tahun 2003. Pengkajian potensi air limbah domestik untuk pasokan air irigasi dimaksudkan untuk alternatif sumber air baku dalam mengatasi defisit air di daerah padat penduduk seperi di P. Jawa dan Bali. Pengkajian menggunakan metoda analisis data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh dari berbagai literatur. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan potensi kuantitas air limbah domestik tahun 2020 rata-rata di Indonesia sekitar 228,12 m3/detik, sementara di P. Jawa sekitar 132,38 m3/detik dan di P. Bali sekitar 3,94m3/detik. Potensi nutrisi dalam air limbah domestik tahun 2020 di P. Jawa: Nitrogen sekitar 208.740 ton/ tahun atau setara dengan Urea 386.556 ton/tahun; Fosfor ton/tahun 41.748 atau setara dengan TSP 115.967 ton/tahun; dan Kalium 83.496 ton/tahun atau setara dengan KCl 185.547 ton/tahun. Manfaat dari penerapan kebijakan penggunaan ulang air limbah domestik untuk irigasi merupakan upaya mendukung pertanian yang berkelanjutan karena disamping dapat memasok air baku secara berkesinambungan pada saat defisit air, dapat pula sebagai sumber nutrisi untuk mensubtitusi kebutuhan pupuk. Penggunaan air limbah domestik untuk irigasi dapat pula memperbaiki struktur tanah dan mengurangi beban pencemaran yang masuk ke sumber air. Secara praktis, beberapa petani di sekitar Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik di Bojongsoang dan Perumnas di Cirebon telah menerima manfaat penggunaan air limbah domestik untuk irigasi terutama pada musim kemarau. Besarnya tingkat kesulitan memperoleh air merupakan faktor penting untuk keberhasilan pemanfaatan ulang air limbah untuk irigasi.

Combined impact of sewage and industrial effluent on Rice (Oryza sativa) in Marh Block, Jammu (J&K)

Agricultural use of domestic waste water is a cheap way of its disposal as it is rich in organic materials and plant nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mn and Zn). Use of domestic waste water in agriculture may contribute considerable to alleviate the pressure in using fresh water resources. The present study has been carried out to study the effect of combined sewage and industrial effluent on rice crop. The observations revealed insignificant (p>0.05) stimulatory effect on shoot length, root length, no. of nodes, no. of leaves, no. of grains on panicle, dry wt. of whole plant, dry wt. of panicle and dry wt. of grains during Ist year study period and root length, no. of nodes, no. of leaves, dry wt. of whole plant and avg. wt. of grains during 2nd year study period. Whereas significant stimulatory effect was observed on avg. wt. of grains during 1st year study period and shoot length, no. of grains on panicle, dry wt. of panicle, dry wt. of grains during 2nd year study period.

Domestic Wastewater for Forage Cultivation in Cerrado Soil

Fertigation of agricultural crops that are not directly used in human food, with domestic wastewater is a viable alternative for the sustainable use of water resources. The development of agricultural practices that provide high productivity with the sustainability of agroecosystems has been a great challenge. Thus, our aims were to use of domestic wastewater in the planting of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, as an alternative for animal feed production in Cerrado soils, and to study the physical-chemical and microbiological impacts of the fertigation. These impacts were evaluated, respectively, by physical-chemical indicators content and diversity of nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the DGGE profile. The NPK contents of the wastewater were used to determine the five fertigation managements (M1 to M5). M1 and M2 managements had no wastewater and M3 to M5 contained 20, 40 and 60% of NPK from the wastewater. The managements in a completely randomized design with 20 plots and 4 replicates were distributed. Soil samplings prior to fertigation and at the end of the experiment were performed. Leaf biomass productivity was determined in three different grass cuts. After fertigation, changes in physical-chemical indicators and in the viable microbial cells counts were observed. The NPK of wastewater increased the abundance of NFBs and AMFs. Leaf biomass productivity per hectare was directly proportional to NPK concentration. In addition, wastewater did not alter the nutritional composition of Marandu grass. Therefore, the fertigation with domestic wastewater showed to be a viable and promising alternative for reuse of this water in Cerrado soil for animal feed production.

Peri-Urbanism in Globalizing India: A Study of Pollution, Health and Community Awareness.

This paper examines the intersection between environmental pollution and people’s acknowledgements of, and responses to, health issues in Karhera, a former agricultural village situated between the rapidly expanding cities of New Delhi (India’s capital) and Ghaziabad (an industrial district in Uttar Pradesh). A relational place-based view is integrated with an interpretive approach, highlighting the significance of place, people’s emic experiences, and the creation of meaning through social interactions. Research included surveying 1788 households, in-depth interviews, participatory mapping exercises, and a review of media articles on environment, pollution, and health. Karhera experiences both domestic pollution, through the use of domestic waste water, or gandapani, for vegetable irrigation, and industrial pollution through factories’ emissions into both the air and water. The paper shows that there is no uniform articulation of any environment/health threats associated with gandapani. Some people take preventative actions to avoid exposure while others do not acknowledge health implications. By contrast, industrial pollution is widely noted and frequently commented upon, but little collective action addresses this. The paper explores how the characteristics of Karhera, its heterogeneous population, diverse forms of environmental pollution, and broader governance processes, limit the potential for citizen action against pollution.

Domestic wastewater as substrate for cellulase production by Trichoderma harzianum

Abstract Cellulase production using residues as substrate has been well described, as it is an interesting method of reducing the costs of processes, one of the main bottlenecks for the production of enzymes. This research describes for the first time the use of raw domestic wastewater, which is largely and continuously generated, as a culture base medium for cellulase production. The strain Trichoderma harzianum HBA03 was selected according to the highest activity produced for FPase (5.4 U/mL) and CMCase (8.2 U/mL). Peptone was selected as a nitrogen source and microcrystalline cellulose as the inducer for cellulase production, resulting in FPase activities of 5.6 and 5.0 U/mL and CMCase activities of 12.0 and 14.4 U/mL. The use of domestic wastewater as the culture medium led to an increase of 1.41 and 1.14 fold of FPase and CMCase production, respectively, compared to the synthetic medium. Production was also carried out in a bubble column reactor in which the maximum productivities achieved 10.2 U/L.h (FPase) and 64.6 U/L.h (CMCase). The presented results demonstrate the feasibility of the use of domestic wastewater for cellulases production, thereby contributing to the development of a sustainable process for reusing wastewater with a significant reduction in environmental impact.

Health Impact Assessment for Sustainable Water Management

Health Impact Assessment for Sustainable Water Management is a pioneering international text, exploring and developing this emerging discipline. It is the first to take an international perspective seeking to draw generic lessons from both the developed and developing nations’ experience in this new area of activity. The approach is being applied in policy development to strengthen the ‘evidence-base’ and across a wide spectrum of resource developments, industrial and urban infrastructure projects and in ‘aid’ projects in developing countries. This book illustrates the importance of considering health in water management developments and demonstrates the role of health impact assessment (HIA) in this process. Case-studies illustrate a range of management approaches to different system implementation issues and scale factors, ranging from domestic rainwater harvesting for the supply of non-potable water to a large-scale hydroelectric project. The concept, objectives, terminology and challenges of HIA are introduced and illustrated by case studies including rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse, sustainable drainage and evaluations of the health impacts of flooding. Developing country case studies include a small-scale irrigation project in Zimbabwe, a large hydro-electric scheme in Lao (Peoples Democratic Republic) and the implementation issues surrounding the use of domestic wastewater as a resource in demand by agricultural enterprises in Pakistan. The case studies illustrate different HIA approaches, including the use of quantitative and qualitative information and provide benchmarks of current practice for practitioners seeking to apply HIA in the emerging agendas in both developed and developing nations. The critical appraisals within each chapter offer both best practice exemplars as well as explanations of problems and mistakes of past project implementation, and define the requirements for the policy communities who will be increasingly required to accommodate HIA information in resource allocation decisions. As a result, this book will be of interest to planners, developers, policy makers, public health, environmental and water utility scientists and practitioners. ISBN: 9781780401874 (eBook) ISBN: 9781843391333 (Print)

Possible Use of Treated Wastewater as Irrigation Water at Urban Green Area

Ever increasing demands for fresh water resources have brought the reuse of treated wastewater into agendas. Wastewater has year-long potential to be used as an irrigation water source. Therefore, treated wastewater is used as irrigation water over agricultural lands and urban landscapes, as process water in industrial applications, as back-up water in environmental applications in water resources and wetlands of dry regions. The present study was conducted to investigate the possible use of domestic wastewater treated through pilot-scale constructed wetland of Adana-Karaisalı with dominant Mediterranean climate in irrigation of marigold (Tagetes erecta), commonly used over urban landscapes. Experiments were carried out between the dates May-November 2008 for 7 months with fresh water and treated wastewater. Plant growth parameters (plant height, plant diameter, number of branches) and flowering parameters (number of flowers, flower diameter, flower pedicle thickness) were monitored in monthly basis. Results revealed positive impacts of treated wastewater irrigations on plant growth during the initial 5 months between May-September but negative impacts in October and November. Similarly, treated wastewater irrigations had positive impacts on flowering parameters during the initial 3 months but had negative impacts during the subsequent 4 months. Such a case indicated shortened visual efficiencies of marigold. Therefore, treated wastewater can be used as an alternative water resource in irrigation of annual flowers, but better results can be attained by mixing treated wastewater with fresh water at certain ratios.

Nutrition and growth of the conilon coffee after application of treated wastewater

The use of domestic wastewater in agriculture reduces the production cost due to the concentrations of nutrients for plants, besides water saving and reduction of environmental impact caused by launching in the water bodies, thus its use is becoming increasingly common in agricultural production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrition and initial growth of the Conilon coffee after application of domestic wastewater. The experiment was conducted in a 13x4 split-plot design, where main plots consisted of 13 clones and four depths of irrigation in sub-plots, being three depths of treated wastewater equivalent to one third, two third and 100% of the crop water demand, and a control irrigated with supply water, in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The results showed that application of the effluent was not sufficient to meet the nutritional needs (N, P and K) for nitrogen and potassium of the Conilon coffee, however, the increment in applied depths caused higher uptake of nitrogen and potassium resulting in best initial growth of the crop.

A STUDY ON “EXERGETIC” DESIGN METHOD TO EFFICIENTLY UTILIZE NUTRIENT MATTER CONTAINED BY DOMESTIC WASTEWATER

This paper describes a study on “exergetic” design method to efficiently utilize nutrient matter contained by domestic wastewater and its results. The followings were found. An algorithm to purify domestic wastewater and to efficiently utilize its nutrient matter is derived. Only in the case of purifying wastewater by the combination of soil and vegetation such as small wetland, if the area of a vegetation site is 5-13m2 at least, exergy production by plants absorbing nutrient matter will exceed exergy consumption by a power plant and the other mechanical eguipment. Cascade use of domestic wastewater must be significant. A combined treatment septic tank or a multi-layering soil tank consumes “chemical exergy”, vegetation site fixes of chemical exergy and absorbs “concentration exergy”, and outdoor thermal environment is cooled by “wet exergy” consumption in summer. If the area of vegetation site is 20-40m2 at least, exergy production by palnts will exceed exergy consumption by power plant and vehcles transporting compost on 50km/year.

Removal of bacteria by filtration in planted and non-planted sand columns

In order to diminish hygienic hazards from pathogens, the elimination of pathogenic bacteria in a pre-treatment step is important for the use of domestic wastewater for irrigation purposes. Therefore, we analysed the removal of bacteria in laboratory-scale model sand filters simulating vertical flow systems of constructed wetlands (CW). Sand-filled glass columns were planted with Juncus effusus or Phragmites australis and non-planted columns were used as controls. Processes of bacteria removal such as adsorption, lysis, and the biotic effects caused by plants, protozoa, and Bdellovibrio were studied with E. coli as a model bacterium. E. coli suspensions (10 8 cells ml −1) were trickled on the columns by intermittent loading under non-water-saturated operation conditions. In non-planted and sterilized sand columns, an initial removal of cells was observed in the range as expected by the adsorption capacity of the sand columns. After loading of the sand with cells, an increasing reduction of the cell concentrations by 3–4 orders of magnitude in the effluent was registered up to volumetric loads of more than 548 ml l −1 day −1 (230 mm day −1). In planted columns, no higher levels of removal were observed. Predation by protozoa, which were found in concentrations up to 10 4 ml −1 in the effluent, is considered to be the main reason for the elimination. However, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus was also found in plaque-forming units of about 10 4 g −1 sand, suggesting that this bacteriovorous bacterium plays an additional role in the removal process. In a second series of experiments, domestic wastewater was applied and removal efficiencies up to four orders of magnitude of the cfu's of coliform bacteria, faecal streptococci, and salmonellae were observed. Considering the transpiration of the plants, higher removal efficiencies were found in the planted variants. Protozoa and Bdellovibrio were detected in the domestic wastewater in varying concentrations, suggesting that predation and lysis were the major removal mechanisms.