Use Of Documentary Evidence Research Articles

Behind the Uniform: Police Violence and Abuse before EndSARS Protests in Nigeria (1999-2020)

This study explores the violence and abuse by personnel of the Nigeria Police before the EndSARS protests in Nigeria in October, 2020. Adopting the library research method, the study made use of documentary evidence from reports of reputable organizations, journals, working papers and newspaper articles to highlight that despite the existence of the constitution, international conventions, Police Codes, etc which are instituted and deployed to regulate the conduct of Nigeria Police, police violence and abuse of citizen’s rights were rampant and widespread before the EndSARS protests. It was found that while it may be considered that poor governance and poor funding contributed to Police violence and abuse in Nigeria, the root cause is situated in the history of having served as the instrument by which colonialists perpetrated the culture exploitation of Nigeria through violence, brutality, abuse and gross violation. It recommends the adoption of strategic police reforms that will emphasize re-orientation of the police in Nigeria through concerted training and re-training programs to wean it off the colonial vestiges of class inequalities and contradictions in the exercise of its powers. This will vitiate the usual resort to gross violation, the culture that encourages violence and rights abuse and make the Nigeria Police not just an efficient and effective body, but also a trusted and affective partner in security and nation building.

Idealizing a Dichotomy between Islam and Sharī‘ah: the Orientalist and Missiological Stereotype

The contacts between civilizations and struggle for domination are parts of human historical facts. Religion is seen as a major denominator in tracing cultural and traditional identity of a given community of people. Objective accounts of these contacts establish the tendency of collaborative orientalist and missiological prejudices separating Islam from Sharī‘ah through treatises and media misrepresentations. This study uses a qualitative approach by applying analytical and descriptive methods through the use of documentary evidence and literary works. Ideological prejudices and constructs against Islam and its law; Sharī‘ah are identified. Both enthusiasts and rejectionists of the two wings of the proverbial birds of orientalism and missionary evangelism reveals that the good image of Islam and Sharī‘ah is the consistent target, hence its distortion. It is submitted that hate authorship should be discountenanced to afford harmonious and peaceful co-existence among major faith-based adherents.

Differentiating Factors of the Process Approach in Service Organizations: Case Study of a Training Service Company

The process approach is one of the most important practices to manage enterprises. However, a limitation in the literature concerns the factors that characterize this management approach in service enterprises. This study seeks to show the differentiating factors of the process approach in services industries, useful to understand business processes and their management in the organizations in this sector. Qualitative research through a single case study in a training service company was carried out by observation, interviews and the use of documentary evidence to identify the factors. Findings show six differentiating factors (organization nature, process nature, process inputs and outputs, process control, human resources, and staff roles) which were classified into three categories: organization, process, and people. This will be beneficial and of value to managers of the service organizations to understand business processes and their management in enterprises.

Juridical Study on Implementation of Village Chairman Using E-Voting Method

Evidence is a problem that plays a role in the process of trial court examination which aims to find material truth. From the evidence, it is determined whether the defendant is guilty or not. At this stage of evidence, according to Article 52 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the defendant has the right to present mitigating evidence as a defense to give rise to the judge's conviction that he is innocent. The defendant's submission of mitigating evidence is to protect the rights of the defendant and uphold the principle of equality before the law. The evidence presented by the defendant to prove his innocence was documentary evidence. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the use of documentary evidence submitted by the defendant in a murder crime case and to find out the weaknesses and solutions to the use of documentary evidence submitted by the defendant in a murder crime case. This legal research uses empirical juridical research methods, by conducting descriptive analysis. This research uses a statutory approach, documents and field research. This legal research is also supported by the results of interviews with informants. Results of the study: The panel of judges accepted the use of documentary evidence by the panel of judges, but the strength of evidence could not be considered in the verdict. The reason is because documentary evidence is not independent evidence and must be supported by other evidence. In accordance with Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which regulates the minimum number of at least two valid pieces of evidence. The weaknesses of documentary evidence submitted by the defendant include: (a) From a formal perspective, that the power of proof of documentary evidence in a criminal case is controlled by the rules, namely Article 187 KUHAP, they must determine the conviction of the judge. Evidence in a criminal case to seek material truth, the judge is free and not bound by evidence. (b) In terms of material, whereas what is sought in criminal procedural law is material truth, then the consequence is that the judge is free to use or set aside a letter. Although there is no special regulation, according to the negative evidence system (negatief wettelijk bewijstheorie) adopted by the Criminal Procedure Code, namely there must be confidence from the judge regarding the evidence presented at trial. Even though from a formal perspective, the evidence is an official letter, but the value of perfection does not support it to stand on its own and must comply with the principle of the minimum limit of proof stipulated in article 183 KUHAP.

Using of Letter Evidence by Defendant in Murder Crime

Evidence is a problem that plays a role in the process of trial court examination which aims to find material truth. From the evidence, it is determined whether the defendant is guilty or not. At this stage of evidence, according to Article 52 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the defendant has the right to present mitigating evidence as a defense to give rise to the judge's conviction that he is innocent. The defendant's submission of mitigating evidence is to protect the rights of the defendant and uphold the principle of equality before the law. The evidence presented by the defendant to prove his innocence was documentary evidence. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the use of documentary evidence submitted by the defendant in a murder crime case and to find out the weaknesses and solutions to the use of documentary evidence submitted by the defendant in a murder crime case. This legal research uses empirical juridical research methods, by conducting descriptive analysis. This research uses a statutory approach, documents and field research. This legal research is also supported by the results of interviews with informants. Results of the study: The panel of judges accepted the use of documentary evidence by the panel of judges, but the strength of evidence could not be considered in the verdict. The reason is because documentary evidence is not independent evidence and must be supported by other evidence. In accordance with Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which regulates the minimum number of at least two valid pieces of evidence. The weaknesses of documentary evidence submitted by the defendant include: (a) From a formal perspective, that the power of proof of documentary evidence in a criminal case is controlled by the rules, namely Article 187 KUHAP, they must determine the conviction of the judge. Evidence in a criminal case to seek material truth, the judge is free and not bound by evidence. (b) In terms of material, whereas what is sought in criminal procedural law is material truth, then the consequence is that the judge is free to use or set aside a letter. Although there is no special regulation, according to the negative evidence system (negatief wettelijk bewijstheorie) adopted by the Criminal Procedure Code, namely there must be confidence from the judge regarding the evidence presented at trial. Even though from a formal perspective, the evidence is an official letter, but the value of perfection does not support it to stand on its own and must comply with the principle of the minimum limit of proof stipulated in article 183 KUHAP.

Documentary data and the study of past droughts: a global state of the art

Abstract. The use of documentary evidence to investigate past climatic trends and events has become a recognised approach in recent decades. This contribution presents the state of the art in its application to droughts. The range of documentary evidence is very wide, including general annals, chronicles, memoirs and diaries kept by missionaries, travellers and those specifically interested in the weather; records kept by administrators tasked with keeping accounts and other financial and economic records; legal-administrative evidence; religious sources; letters; songs; newspapers and journals; pictographic evidence; chronograms; epigraphic evidence; early instrumental observations; society commentaries; and compilations and books. These are available from many parts of the world. This variety of documentary information is evaluated with respect to the reconstruction of hydroclimatic conditions (precipitation, drought frequency and drought indices). Documentary-based drought reconstructions are then addressed in terms of long-term spatio-temporal fluctuations, major drought events, relationships with external forcing and large-scale climate drivers, socio-economic impacts and human responses. Documentary-based drought series are also considered from the viewpoint of spatio-temporal variability for certain continents, and their employment together with hydroclimate reconstructions from other proxies (in particular tree rings) is discussed. Finally, conclusions are drawn, and challenges for the future use of documentary evidence in the study of droughts are presented.

A Political Elegy

A Political Elegy Beth McDermott (bio) Bonfire of the Sodomites: A Documentary Jim Elledge Main Street Rag Publishing Co. www.mainstreetragbookstore.com/product 80 Pages; Print, $14.00 What does it mean when a poet labels a collection of poems “a documentary”? Within the definition of “documentary,” Merriam Webster has the words “factual” and “objective” in all caps. As descendants of Socrates and the Western canon, we are predisposed to see poetry as anti-fact and therefore ill-equipped to document anything. Yet, there’s an impulse to employ documentation in poetry that desires to be read as though it has a serious grasp of the truth, especially if what is true isn’t pleasurable to hear. Think of Charles Reznikoff’s work in both Testimony (1978–1979) and Holocaust (1975). The use of documentary evidence becomes the primary material for Reznikoff, who chooses not to transform brute reality into the thoughts and feelings of a single speaker. And yet few poetry collections announce their intention to be read as a documentary with such obviousness as Bonfire of the Sodomites by Jim Elledge. A collection of poems about the UpStairs Lounge catastrophe of 1973, Elledge’s poems move chronologically through time to give the reader an understanding of the tragic loss of life that befell the gay community in 1970s America. Despite the horror of what happened that summer in the New Orleans French Quarter, little attention was paid to the case or the victims who perished at the scene. In a “Note to the Reader” prefacing the collection, Elledge writes: On June 23, 1973, someone set fire to the UpStairs Lounge, a gay bar in the French Quarter, killing thirty-two individuals in sixteen minutes. Considered “the largest mass-killing of gay people in the U.S.,” it was a hate crime, but a far more complicated one than the phrase might suggest. Published in 2017, Bonfire of the Sodomites sets out to explain the complicatedness of a hate crime to a society still mourning the Pulse nightclub shooting that killed forty-nine people. Yet, unlike the mass-murder that happened in 2016 Orlando, the mass-murder that occurred in 1973 New Orleans remains overlooked or unknown. In this sense, Bonfire of the Sodomites is politically motivated and unsentimentally elegiac. It’s political in the sense that it speaks out in angst over the lack of fair and just treatment for the thirty-two individuals killed by arson: people who weren’t considered significant enough to warrant effort on the part of authorities, acknowledgement by local or statewide government, or even mourning by New Orleans churches. As such, Elledge demands that we look at what happened while reticent to speak on behalf of the dead. In a New Directions Poetry Pamphlet titled Sorting Facts; or, Nineteen Ways of Looking at Marker (2013), Susan Howe writes: “Historical or geographical accident isolated us from the cold reality of mud and hunger.” The accidental isolation of time and space is what motivates Elledge’s reticence, without which I don’t think the book would be near as successful. What saves the book from exploiting the already exploited is its documentary structure. Howe writes that film documentarist Dziga Vertov listed among his techniques “substituting the appearance of truth for truth itself.” This is one of Elledge’s techniques, since Bonfire of the Sodomites is mostly composed of “published documents, including newspaper articles, interviews, and police reports.” The author’s note and the bibliography at the back of the collection both suggest that Elledge is concerned with fidelity to the truth; a brief tour through some of his sources proves how close he’s remained to facts and direct quotation, which can be identified throughout the poems by quotation marks. Having read both the poems and some of their source material, I could give you most of the details of what happened, but that’s the point of Elledge’s book. Certainly a shorter story could be told, but it would be heretical, not unlike the way Cleanth Brooks disparages paraphrasing a single poem. What Elledge does is take back from the indifferent media the details that are synecdochically inseparable from...

Effective use of instructional time: What is happening in our schools?

Effective use of instructional time has engaged the attention of many writers and researchers in recent times. This study investigated the effective use of instructional time in public senior high schools in the Northern Region of Ghana. 500 students were sampled from 7 public senior high schools to participate in the study. Three programmes of study, namely, general arts, general science, and home economics, were sampled for the study. The research design employed was a combination of a cross-sectional survey and the use of documentary evidence. The analysis was done using frequencies and a one-way ANNOVA. The analysis revealed that out of 364 days in a school year, only 177 days, representing 49% of the entire period, did public senior high schools engage in various school activities. The remaining 187 days, representing 51% of the period, were not used for any school learning activity. The findings further revealed that the three programmes of study were allocated equal amounts of time for classroom instruction. However, only 71% of this time is reflected in the school timetable as actual class engagement time. The majority of the students spent 58% of their entire school time actually engaged in classroom instruction. The study recommended that the Ghana Education Service should take steps to ensure improved efficiency with regard to the use of instructional time in public senior high schools. Efficiency in this regard can be improved by either reducing the number of school holidays in the year or reducing the hours spent on cocurricular activities to make room for more instructional hours.

Croesus and the Oracles

Abstract:Herodotus’ narrative of the testing of various Greek oracles by King Croesus of Lydia (1.46–54) has long been viewed with justifiable scepticism. A newly published verse dedication from the sanctuary of Apollo Ismenios at Thebes (Papazarkadas 2014: 233–48) sheds welcome light on Herodotus’ sources for this part of his Croesus-narrative. Herodotus’ account of Croesus’ testing of the oracle of Amphiaraus at Thebes appears to have been an imaginative extrapolation from the text of this inscription. But there is good reason to believe that Herodotus significantly misinterpreted the historical context and significance of the epigraphic text he had before him; in particular, the real author of the dedication is unlikely to have been King Croesus of Lydia, and may instead have been an Athenian aristocrat of the Alcmaeonid family. The new inscription from Thebes sheds light both on Herodotus’ use of documentary evidence and on the creative misreading of early epigraphic texts by Theban sanctuary personnel in the mid fifth century BC.

Chiefdoms, Collapse, and Coalescence in the Early American South by Robin Beck (review)

Reviewed by: Chiefdoms, Collapse, and Coalescence in the Early American South by Robin Beck Karl G. Lorenz (bio) Chiefdoms, Collapse, and Coalescence in the Early American South. By Robin Beck. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Pp. 316. $90.00 cloth) This book addresses the evolution of the Catawba nation of the Carolina piedmont using the regional archaeological and ethnohistorical records from the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries. Beck draws on social theories of structure and event to frame his arguments about the factors that led to the rupture and re-articulation of Native [End Page 656] tribal populations in this region. The Catawba endured great cultural upheaval during these centuries, including the cyclical collapse of many regional Mississippian chiefdoms in the fifteenth century, the sixteenth-century disruptions caused by Spanish exploration, and finally, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the destructive, long-lasting acculturating force of European colonial powers jockeying for control of the trade and territory of Native people. The book is thematically organized into three principal sections indicated by the book’s title: chiefdoms, collapse, and coalescence. The first section deals with the role played by the Mississippian chiefdom of regionally integrating populations of agriculturalists under the umbrella of a hereditary chief, whose authority was supported by a tributary economy of maize surplus and whose legitimacy was reinforced by mound ceremonialism. This system began to unravel as a result of the sixteenth-century intrusions of Hernando de Soto (1539–43) and Juan Pardo (1567–68) into the Carolina piedmont, which disrupted the established alliances between towns and villages associated with these tributary chiefdoms. Beck synthesizes compelling evidence from previous excavations for the archaeological identification of two chiefly centers named by de Soto and Pardo at the Mulberry (called Cofitachequi by de Soto/Canos by Pardo) and Berry (called Xualla by de Soto/Joara by Pardo) mound sites in the Carolina piedmont. In the second section, Beck contends that British market demand for slaves and animal skins was the principal cause of the collapse of the chiefdom structure. Beck relies heavily on documentary sources to argue that the slave-raiding Westo and Occaneechi tribes hastened the collapse of the chiefdom due to the loss of laborers for accumulating maize surplus and the loss of male warriors to provide defense. Moreover, British commodity exchange would have altered Native conceptions of status and prestige and, in turn, increased competition for leadership authority between the highest-ranking hereditary chief and lower-ranking warriors who were successful slavers and hunters. Finally, Beck documents the Native population loss from epidemic [End Page 657] diseases occurring after 1696 due to increased direct contact with British traders. Such population losses would have led to displacements of people from one river valley to the next. Here, Beck is on more tenuous ground as he attempts to link village names with varying degrees of spelling correspondences from one valley to the next, arguing that these name correspondences are evidence of population migrations. The third section of the book focuses mainly on the factors leading to Catawba coalescence, a process resulting from the replacement of chiefdoms with chieftaincies, which are defined as confederacies of autonomous tribal towns and villages of displaced descendants of some of the original piedmont chiefdoms. Beck cites several eighteenth-century historical accounts that testified to the changing allegiances of Catawba villages in their political dealings with Europeans and other Indian tribes. In summary, the book succeeds in synthesizing previous research by archaeologists and historians regarding the prehistory and history of the Carolina piedmont. Most of the ideas in this book for southeastern chiefdom collapse and subsequent coalescence are not new, but Beck has adapted them from other scholars to provide a working explanation for the transformation of the political organization of Native peoples of the Carolina piedmont. Interestingly, many of the arguments and much of the documentary support contained in chapters two and three appeared previously (sometimes verbatim) in a book chapter by Beck in an edited volume, Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone: The Colonial Indian Slave Trade and Regional Instability in the American South (2009). Nevertheless, his use of documentary evidence from four centuries of European contact is appropriate and quite thorough. His...

Historical climatology, Climatic Change, and implications for climate science in the twenty-first century

Historical climatology is the use of documentary evidence for the reconstruction of past climate. This paper gives a brief personal view of the development of the discipline from early times to the present day. Although several papers have been published on the importance of carefully analysing and evaluating all historical sources before they are used in climate reconstructions, several of them in Climatic Change, the use of unreliable, unanalysed data still persists. This may lead to false impressions of the climate of the past. In these times, when climate data are being used for political, as well as purely scientific ends, the cause of accuracy, as championed by Climatic Change, will best be served by emphasising, yet again, the importance of using only reliable data. A number of examples are given which illustrate these points. These include discussions on wine growing in England in medieval times, the Norse settlement of Greenland, and comments on the climate history of the past thousand years.

The Many Worlds of the Late Antique Diaspora: Supplements to the ‘Cambridge History of Judaism’ vol. IV

The fourth and final volume of the Cambridge History of Judaism , edited by Steven Katz, is an impressive achievement, covering a wide range of topics at a high level. But it also fails to make sufficient use of documentary evidence, both from the Land of Israel and from the Diaspora, and in particular of evidence which is either new or has been re-dated or reinterpreted. This review article points to some areas, for instance Jewish Aramaic, where documents on perishable materials or inscribed on stone could have made a contribution. But its main aim is to supplement the volume’s presentation of our evidence for Jewish life in Late Antiquity by surveying the sharply contrasting evidence from Eastern Europe and the Black Sea, Asia Minor, the Near East and above all Arabia, where the documentary evidence gives real substance to literary evidence for Jewish presence and influence in the period leading up to the preaching of Islam.

Cardiotocography revisited

The interpretation of cardiotocograph (CTG) evidence is a crucial feature in many legal claims. A case heard in the Court of Session in Edinburgh in June (Lowe v Yorkhill) is of interest to midwives for three reasons in particular. The first concerns the ability to assess intrapartum CTG recordings; the second is the use of documentary evidence that can be used when deciding whether clinical actions were negligent or not; and the third concerns the advisability of experts criticising the actions or opinions of those in another profession.

The reliability of assessment criteria for undergraduate medical students' communication skills portfolios: the Nottingham experience.

Some educators have argued that portfolios should not be assessed summatively because there is little evidence supporting the reliability of their assessment. This study aims to determine the reliability of assessment criteria used for a portfolio at the University of Nottingham. Two independent analysts assessed a random sample of portfolios (n = 100, 49.5%) using criterion-referenced assessment. Students' performances were examined against subjective items in five areas: 1) portfolio structure, 2) level of critical reflection, 3) level of skills development, 4) use of documentary evidence, and 5) use of relevant literature. These subjective judgements were later converted into quantitative scales ranging from 0 to 3 so that interrater reliability could be established. The level of agreement between the two analysts for the total percentage score was established using an intraclass correlation coefficient and for the individual items using weighted kappa coefficients. The level of agreement between the two raters for the total percentage score was 0.771 (95% CI = 0.678, 0.840), as measured by an intraclass correlation coefficient. The levels of agreement between the two raters for the individual items of the assessment criteria ranged from kappa=0.359 (item 3) to kappa=0.693 (item 4). This study provides some support for the summative assessment of portfolios. The findings suggest that discussion and negotiation between independent assessors can enhance the reliability of assessment criteria. Therefore, medical educators are encouraged to use such procedures in the summative assessment of portfolios.

The Documentary Evidence for Climate Change

This article explains and explores the use of documentary evidence for climate change throughout history. In so doing it takes the reader through a variety of sources and their different uses in reading climatic change. In itself it does not attempt to offer an actual picture of climate, but rather presents itself as a guide to assessing the importance of historical evidence in this field. It offers brief examples of content and interpretation and shows how the information gleaned there from may be backed up by more conventional scientific methods, while offering some insight into contemporary research on the matter.

Medieval settlement and landscape change on Anglesey

ABSTRACT In 1283 the Welsh kingdom of Gwynedd was conquered by Edward I of England and the royal lands of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd passed into the control of the English Crown. This case study will examine aspects of the bond settlements at two Anglesey maerdrefi (royal estate centres) in the two south-western commotes of Malltraeth and Menai. It will attempt to determine more closely their location and character and to chart the transformation of the landscape from the Age of the Princes, through the sale of Crown land in the seventeenth century, to the present day. Recent studies have drawn attention to the potential for locating the llysoedd of the Welsh princes of Gwynedd during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, at the core of their royal estates, through the use of documentary evidence and targeted fieldwork (Johnstone 1997). The work of Glanville Jones has considered the organisation of the maerdref in general and maerdref Aberffraw in particular (for example, Jones 1979). However, less attention has been paid, in detail, to the settlements of the bond tenants of the Prince, which it is argued, are likely to have been concentrated in nucleated villages (Carr 1982, p. 31), or to the ancillary components of the estates which constitute the immediate landscape. The components of medieval settlement on Anglesey are described in the context of the administrative and tenurial framework. These provide background to the study of settlement and landscape change on lands formerly held by the Princes of Gwynedd. The pattern is one of increasing consolidation of holdings and the amalgamation of individual small tenancies, with large properties in the hands of a small number of landowners. By the sixteenth century the enclosure of the open field with banks had begun. The dispersed arable quillets of an earlier landscape can be seen to have been increasingly brought together in parcels and closes. By the early nineteenth century, the superimposition of large fields, characterised by ruler-straight boundaries where once ran sinuous strips in open field, has obscured and all but obliterated the pattern of the medieval landscape.

Keynes and Harrod on the Classical Theory of Interest: More on the Origin of the Only Diagram in the General Theory

Rod O'Donnell's (1999a, 1999b) and James Ahiakpor's (1999) contributions on the origin of the only diagram in J. M. Keynes's General Theory raise some interesting points regarding the use of documentary evidence for interpreting authors' ideas or specific passages in their writings.

Cusworth Park: the making of an eighteenth-century designed landscape

ABSTRACT The construction of the landscape park at Cusworth Hall, Doncaster, the work of the designer Richard Woods, is exceptionally well documented. The core of the landscape, including a lake system, rock arch and cascade, remains intact but semi-derelict. The use of documentary evidence in conjunction with the physical fabric of the site enables a closer understanding of the working methods, earthworks and landscape contouring involved in making a landscape park. Plans, contemporary maps and the Memoranda produced by Woods for his foreman illustrate the adaptation of an existing landscape of medieval origin and the application of contemporary technology to create an eighteenth-century landscape park.

Privacy or help? The use of curtain positioning strategies within the maternity ward environment as a means of achieving and maintaining privacy, or as a form of signalling to peers and professionals in an attempt to seek information or support.

Midwives in the local maternity unit had noted that the interactions between women within the ward environment had started to decline. Women were spending long periods of time behind curtains drawn around their bed space. The staff hypothesized that this was because women desired the privacy of a single room. The literature review revealed a lack of understanding of the concept of privacy within a ward environment from a nursing or midwifery perspective. The review therefore, concentrated on the information offered by the fields of psychology and sociology. This study aimed to observe the methods women use to maintain or preserve their privacy within the ward environment. An ethnographic approach was used incorporating use of documentary evidence, participant observation and discussion, field maps and field notes. The findings of this study centred around the use of curtain positioning, subsequently referred to as 'signalling'. The strategies employed by women included complete closure for total withdrawal, semi-closure for seeking information or support, and partial closure of curtains around the individual's bed space for periods of solitude or rest. The findings have implications for both general and maternity hospital wards but in particular, wards within maternity units that incorporate women with mixed methods of infant feeding, or women in labour mixed with either postnatal or antenatal women.

An Interview with Anthony F. C. Wallace

Like Jan Vansina, the subject of the interview published in the spring 1995 issue of the journal, Anthony F. C. Wallace will need little introduction for readers of Ethnohistory. His list of publications reads like a primer for practitioners of the ethnohistorical craft. He is perhaps best known for his pathbreaking use of documentary evidence to reconstruct and explain the psychosocial dynamics of dreaming; the roles of religious, social, and economic innovators; and the structure and function of revitalization movements. A forceful advocate of fine-grained, small-scale intensive analyses, he continually called on anthropologists to direct attention to relationships between individuals and their cultures at a time when most of his colleagues confined themselves to larger-scale studies of cultural collectivities. Wallace's recognition of the importance of the interplay between individuals and society is already evident in his first published book, King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung, an ethnohistorical account of the life and times of a complex and controversial Indian leader. Initially published in i949, and long recognized as a classic in Delaware ethnohistory, it was reprinted in i99i. Enlarging on this perspective during the next two decades, Wallace produced influential articles analyzing the structure and function of revitalization movements and assessing the psychosocial dynamics of dreaming. During this time he also wrote the major theoretical works Culture and Personality (i96i; rev. ed. I970) and Religion: An Anthropological View (i966). He then applied the theoretical perspectives laid out in these works in a series of seminal ethnohistorical case studies, most notably The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (I970), Rockdale: The Growth of an American Village in the Early Industrial Revo-