Use Of DNA Markers Research Articles

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOME BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL VARIANTS WITH PRODUCTIVITY PERFOMANCE IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of albumin, transferrin, haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrases phenotypes on a production trait (birth type) in west African dwarf goat population reared under free range extensive management system in south western Nigeria. Twenty one west African dwarf does with recorded birth types were considered for the work. Blood samples were collected from seven does each with records of single, twin and triplet kids birth respectively. The birth types were analyzed according to the genotypes or phenotypes of the polymorph systems (haemoglobin, transferrin, albumin and carbonic anhydrase) of does. Result of electrophoresis show that three phenotypes (AA, AB and BB) were obtained from all the four proteins. Homozygosity in haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase tend to align with single birth producing. The need for further study that will involve more number of goats covering larger areas, use of DNA markers and their relationship with economic traits as well as performance study for detailed understanding of breed characteristics, conservation and genetic improvement of WAD goats is required. The goat breeding field can benefit by the contribution of biochemical-genetic markers to optimize the selection criteria with a view to increasing the reproduction capacity of this species.

Genetic Potential of Grapevine in Türkiye

Grape cultivation and viticulture, have been practiced since ancient times and make grape one of the oldest cultivated fruit species in the world, holding an important place in the social and economic structure of Eastern and Western civilizations in every period. It was determined as a result of archaeological excavations that the origin of Anatolian viticulture dates back to 3500 B.C. Two of the eight gene centers determined by Vavilov in the distribution of plant gene centers around the world (Near East and Mediterranean) intersect on the territory of Türkiye. Our country has a very rich vine genetic potential, both for wild vine (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) and cultivated vine (V. vinifera ssp. sativa), which means that Türkiye is the homeland of grapes. Due to its geographical location, Türkiye has ecological conditions that can be considered ideal for the cultivation of table and wine grape varieties. On the basis of research in the field of viticulture, the protection of existing genetic resources and ensuring sustainability should be prioritized. Plant genetic resources are strategic resources for sustainable plant production and are critical to maintaining food security today and in the future. Studies have been carried out by many researchers from the past to the present regarding the identification of grapevine genetic resources available in our country. Studies on determining our grapevine genetic resources started with ampelographic studies and continued with the use of biochemical markers, and today they are continued with the use of DNA markers. In this review, our grapevine genetic resources and their importance are described.

Molecular Markers and Taxonomic Explosion in Herpetology: More or Less Robust Taxonomy? True and False Advantages of DNA Markers

Despite the increasing deficit of taxonomic expertise, the number of newly described species since the early 2010s has grown exponentially. This growth is related to the increased use of DNA markers in taxonomic descriptions. However, routine use of DNA markers in taxonomy did not bring practical taxonomy closer to the theory. Species are unique lineages with irreversible evolutionary pathways, and only the presence of distinct populations within the same geographic range, or at least the presence of narrow hybrid zones between the parapatric ranges is a conclusive evidence of evolutionary irreversibility. In the case of allopatric populations, only very high genetic distances, suggesting several tens of millions of years of independent evolution, can be used for validation of species status. This problem cannot be solved by the broader introduction of genomic phylogenies, which also fail to provide robust criteria for evolutionary irreversibility. We can hardly suppose that robust validation of species status is applicable to all or most of hundreds of thousands of animal species, including 20,000 amphibians and reptiles. Instead, practical taxonomy should concentrate on describing recognizable species, maintaining a trade-off between sufficiently detailed descriptions of world biodiversity and the applicability of these descriptions for practical use and metaanalyses, not pretending that formally described species reflect real lineages with independent and irreversible evolutionary pathways. Simultaneously, the non-critical elevation of the taxonomic status of individual geographic populations, contrary to the declared purpose of better-focusing conservation efforts, often has the opposite effect, leaving many formally described taxa outside the conservation umbrella.

Advances in genomics and genome editing for improving strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa).

The cultivated strawberry, Fragaria ×ananassa, is a recently domesticated fruit species of economic interest worldwide. As such, there is significant interest in continuous varietal improvement. Genomics-assisted improvement, including the use of DNA markers and genomic selection have facilitated significant improvements of numerous key traits during strawberry breeding. CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing allows targeted mutations and precision nucleotide substitutions in the target genome, revolutionizing functional genomics and crop improvement. Genome editing is beginning to gain traction in the more challenging polyploid crops, including allo-octoploid strawberry. The release of high-quality reference genomes and comprehensive subgenome-specific genotyping and gene expression profiling data in octoploid strawberry will lead to a surge in trait discovery and modification by using CRISPR/Cas. Genome editing has already been successfully applied for modification of several strawberry genes, including anthocyanin content, fruit firmness and tolerance to post-harvest disease. However, reports on many other important breeding characteristics associated with fruit quality and production are still lacking, indicating a need for streamlined genome editing approaches and tools in Fragaria ×ananassa. In this review, we present an overview of the latest advancements in knowledge and breeding efforts involving CRISPR/Cas genome editing for the enhancement of strawberry varieties. Furthermore, we explore potential applications of this technology for improving other Rosaceous plant species.

Identification of QTLs and allelic effect controlling lignan content in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) using QTL-seq approach.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), an oilseed crop, is gaining worldwide recognition for its healthy functional ingredients as consumption increases. The content of lignans, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, is a key agronomic trait that determines the industrialization of sesame. However, the study of the genetics and physiology of lignans in sesame is challenging, as they are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors, therefore, the understanding of gene function and synthetic pathways related to lignan in sesame is still limited. To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted genetic analyses using F7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived from Goenbaek and Gomazou as low and high lignin content variants, respectively. Using the QTL-seq approach, we identified three loci, qLignan1-1, qLignan6-1, and qLignan11-1, that control lignan content, specifically sesamin and sesamolin. The allelic effect between loci was evaluated using the RIL population. qLignan6-1 had an additive effect that increased lignan content when combined with the other two loci, suggesting that it could be an important factor in gene pyramiding for the development of high-lignan varieties. This study not only highlights the value of sesame lignan, but also provides valuable insights for the development of high-lignan varieties through the use of DNA markers in breeding strategies. Overall, this research contributes to our understanding of the importance of sesame oil and facilitates progress in sesame breeding for improved lignan content.

The use of DNA markers in raspberry (Rubus L.) research: a review

Raspberry (Rubus L.) is one of the most common berry crops in horticulture. It is a valuable food product for humans and a raw material for food processing companies. The assortment of raspberries in Ukraine includes more than 30 varieties. Modern breeding and genetic programs are aimed at expanding genetic diversity and creating new raspberries varities. Molecular genetic methods are increasingly being used in both fundamental and applied research of Rubus species. This article presents an overview of the main types of molecular markers used to study genetic polymorphism of Rubus species. Out of the whole variety of available DNA markers, such molecular methods of analysis as RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, ISSR, SSR and SNPs have proved to be the most effective in solving problems related to genotypes, population polymorphism, genetic mapping, and phylogenetic studies of raspberries. Their high efficiency is associated with increased resolution, reproducibility, high informativeness, the possibility of analysis automatization, speed, simplicity and availability. These markers are a convenient tool for genomic selection and research of genetic diversity of not only the genus Rubus representatives, but also of all living organisms. As of retrotransposon markers, which make up the main part of the eukaryotes genome, there are few scientific papers on their use for the study of representatives of the genus Rubus, unlike other crops. Significant progress in raspberry breeding is associated with the development of modern sequencing technologies. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) allows simultaneous generation of a large number of SNP markers that are used to create genetic maps, identify pathogen resistance genes, map economically useful traits etc. Key words: Rubus, raspberry, DNA markers, polymorphism, selection.

Study of the structure of potato varieties to <i>Phytophtora infestans</i> (Mont.) de Bary, <i>Synchytrium endobioticum</i> (Schilb.), <i>Globodera pallida</i> (Stone), <i>Globodera rostochiensis</i> (Wollenweber), PVY, PVX in Primorsky Krai

Relevance. One of the important directions of potato breeding is the creation of varieties resistant to a complex of diseases, such as late blight, viral and fungal infections, as well as parasitic nematodes. The use of DNA markers to identify valuable genotypes accelerates the selection process of resistant varieties, thereby increasing the efficiency of breeding.Methods. The aim of the study was to study the resistance of 23 potato varieties to the local isolate Phytophthora infestans (Mont.), as well as to determine the genes of resistance to pathogens: potato cancer, pale and golden cyst-forming nematodes, X and Y viruses, late blight. Potato leaves were treated with Putzilovka-2019 isolate inoculum and kept in the dark for 24 hours, then placed in a climate box. Records were kept on the 6th day after inoculation.Results. Latona, Bryansk delicacy, Gala, Dachny, Kazachok, Adretta varieties showed high resistance to late blight — 0.0% of leaf surface damage. High resistance to late blight was also demonstrated by the varieties Laperla, Belmonda, Impala, Violet, Zhukovsky early, Queen Anne, Sante, Amber, in which the leaf lesion area ranged from 3.0 to 10.0%. During molecular screening, the potato cancer resistance gene (Senl) Nl25 was detected in 22 varieties, the H1 resistance gene in 15 varieties, and the Gpa2 resistance gene in 9 varieties, the gene encoding resistance to virus X (Rxl) was detected in 13 varieties.

DNA Fingerprinting of Crops and Its Significance in Crop Improvement

One of the improvements made possible by the era of genomics is DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting can be used to detect a variety of genetic changes. In breeding programmes fingerprinting is used to improve productivity and performance. Variety differentiation was relied on morphological characteristics prior to the introduction of genomics and proteomics approaches. Although morphological markers have been used for decades, protein-based markers like isozymes were discovered in the middle of the twentieth century and used for fingerprinting and crop genetic variety assessments. But nowadays, the emergence of genome sequencing has led to the widespread use of genetic markers for crop fingerprinting. The discovery of DNA-based genetic markers has improved genetic research. For genetic diversity estimation, crop evolution, gene mapping and phylogeny, diploid/haploid crop appraisal, heterosis analysis, varietal identification by using marker assisted selection (MAS), highly polymorphic DNA markers are generated. The use of DNA markers for crop fingerprinting started with RFLPs that did not involve PCR and subsequently advanced to PCR amplifiable markers such as AFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, ISSRs, SNPs, and GBS.This review will provide an outlook on several types of markers and their significance in DNA fingerprinting of crops and possible applications, as well as suggestions for further research.

Screening of <i>Stb</i> leaf blotch resistance genes of the common wheat varieties

Currently, leaf blotch is one of the main problems in wheat production around the world. The use of DNA markers for screening a large amount of breeding material makes it possible to identify wheat leaf blotch resistance genes quickly and accurately. In this regard, the Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East named after N. V. Rudnitsky conducted a search for DNA markers linked to Z. tritici resistance in the genotypes of the collection material of common wheat. There were studied 75 spring and 12 winter bread wheat varieties for the presence of the Stb2, Stb11, Stb12 and Stb13 genes. As a result, Stb leaf blotch resistance genes were found only in 8.0 % of varieties. In the genotype of the spring wheat variety ‘Irmenka 1’, there was determined the presence of three loci of resistance Stb2, Stb11 and Stb13, which were responsible for age-related and juvenile resistance to the disease. The genes of juvenile leaf blotch resistance Stb11 and Stb13 were found in the genotype of the spring common wheat variety ‘Tertsiya’. The Stb2 gene controlling age-related leaf blotch resistance was found in the genotypes of spring wheat varieties ‘Dariya’, ‘Egisar 29’ and ‘Epos’. In the genotypes of winter varieties ‘Gene’ and ‘Ble-seigle’, there were found one gene Stb11 and Stb13, respectively. The Stb12 leaf blotch resistance gene was not identified in the studied wheat varieties. All spring and winter common wheat varieties with Stb-genes can be recommended as sources of leaf blotch resistance in breeding with highly productive varieties adapted to local conditions.

ҚАЗАҚТЫҢ ҚҰЙРЫҚТЫ ҚОЙ ТҰҚЫМЫНЫҢ ӨНІМДІЛІК БЕЛГІЛЕРІМЕН БАЙЛАНЫСҚАН КАНДИДАТ-ГЕНДЕРДІҢ АЛЛЕЛЬДІК ПОЛИМОРФИЗМІ

In recent years, research aimed at developing breeding methods based on the use of DNA markers associated with the level of productivity has become particularly important. The introduction of this technology into the domestic production of mutton is on urgent task of great practical importance for the development of this industry. In this regard, the goal was set to study the polymorphism of the alleles of growth hormone (GH2), insulin-like growth factor (IGF1), myostatin (MSTN), and fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4) genes associated with the productivity of Kazakh fat-tailed sheep. Blood samples were used to study animal DNA. The analysis of polymorphism in genes was carried out with the help of test systems that were specially designed to carry out research work in the laboratory of Molecular Bases of Breeding of the All-Russian institute of Animal Husbandry named after L.K. Ernst (Russia). During the study of polymorphic sistems of blood proteins, the degree of differentiation of the genetic structures of the Kazakh fat-tailed breed by alleles and genotypes of polymorphic proteins was determined. As a result of testing, it was revealed that in the population of Kazakh fat-tailed sheep, the GH2 and IGF1 genes are polymorphic and the MSTN and FABP4 genes are monomorphic. Identification of candidate genes associated with signs of meat productivity of the Kazakh fat-tailed breed can be used to develop marker breeding programs, the use of which in practice can significantly improve the efficiency of breeding work.

The use of DNA markers in soybean breeding to select photoperiod-neutral lines

The results of using DNA markers in the soybean breeding process to select photoperiod-neutral lines are presented. The studies were carried out in the foothill zone of the south-east of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of the scientific field station of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing in the conditions of 2020. The material for the study was 22 samples of soybean from ultra-early ripening (MG000) to middle late ripening (MGIII) groups used as parental forms for crosses and their 67 hybrid populations (generation F2-F4). DNA identification of the allelic variation of the E1, E3, E7 genes was carried out by PCR method using SSR markers. According to the results of DNA identification, ten samples of the most valuable parental forms of soybeans (carriers of two recessive alleles in the homozygous state e1e7) and 1 sample (the Maleta variety) carrying three recessive alleles e1e3e7 were identified. Based on the marker-associated selection from 355 individual plants of 67 hybrid populations, 9 plants carrying valuable recessive alleles e1e3e7 were isolated from such combinations as Zara x Maleta (hybrid population numbers: 1, 2, 7, 15) and Birlik x Rana (P-1) and 107 plants carrying valuable recessive е1е7 alleles from such populations as: Zara × Maleta (hybrid population numbers: 1, 9, 7, 13), Birlik x Hilario (P-10), Birlik × Toury (P-6), Birlik x Memory YuGK (P-5, M15 /2, M15/3, M15/4 and M20), Birlik x Pripyat (P-2), Lastochka × 234 (LT44/11, LT44/12). These samples can be sent for testing to the northern regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan as the lines that are weakly sensitive to the photoperiod.

Association of GH gene polymorphism with meat quality traits in meat and wool sheep

Increasing the productivity and effi ciency of lamb production is a key factor in the competitiveness of the meat sheep industry. Therefore, in order to conduct sheep breeding more effectively it is necessary to apply new approaches to increase and improve the quality of products.Considerable interest are modern technologies involving the use of DNA markers, which are widely used in national breeding programs of a number of countries with developed animal husbandry and have a signifi cant impact on improving productivity indicators. A significant number of genes associated with meat productivity and meat quality have been identifi ed. However, in sheep breeding, information about the main genes or loci that affect the growth characteristics and productive traits of sheep is relatively limited. Due to the growing interest in the production of young mutton and lamb, priority is given to the study of genes that control meat productivity. The greatest interests are studies on the evaluation of the polymorphism of the growth hormone (GH) gene, which controls growth and development, as well as infl uencing the meat productivity of sheep. In this regard, the purpose of this work was research aimed at fi nding associations between polymorphic variants of the growth hormone gene and the qualitative characteristics of meat in meat and wool sheep of the genotype ½ Poll Dorset × ½ North Caucasian Meat and Wool breed bred in the Stavropol Territory. The data obtained when studying the histostructure of the m. Longissimus dorsi, depending on the genotypes of GH gene, indicate that the muscle tissue in individuals with AB and BB genotypes was characterized by a large number of muscle fi bers by 5,7 and 6,4 %, their smaller diameter by 7,6 and 9,2 %, and a lower content of connective tissue compared to animals with the genotype AA of GH gene.

Molecular and genetic analysis of potato cultivars from the collection of VSC RAS for resistance to phytopathogens

Growing potatoes in the traditional way is a long and difficult process. The use of DNA markers, which are closely related to genes for resistance to diseases and pests, significantly enhances the search for breeding valuable samples and significantly expands the horizons of the sample of tested material and, thus, significantly reduces the time required to create new potato varieties. With the help of DNA markers, you can select offspring with certain combinations of certain genes. This is especially important if genes control the same trait, for example, resistance to a particular pathogen. This allows the creation of genotypes with high resistance to phytopathogens. As a result of molecular screening of potato samples, it was revealed that the PVX marker of the gene for resistance to virus X (Rx) was diagnosed in 7 of the studied samples. The Ry186 marker of the Rychc gene was not found among the samples of the studied sample. Markers RYSC33, YES3-¬3A linked to the Ryadg and Rysto genes were found in 2 samples. A DNA marker of the gene for resistance to aureus cyst nematode (H1) and a marker of the gene for resistance to pale nematode (Gpa2) were found in five genotypes.

DNA markers in oat breeding for crown rust resistance (a review)

Crown rust is the most harmful disease of oat (Avena sativa L.) around the world. The purpose of this review is to analyze and generalize the available information about DNA markers developed for oat breeding for resistance to crown rust. The review reveals the mechanisms of the A. sativa resistance to the fungus Puccinia coronata Corda f. sp. avenae Erikss. which causes crown rust disease. Special attention is paid to the race-specific resistance caused by the action of Pc genes and the nonspecific resistance controlled mainly by the loci of quantitative traits. Strategies for creating resistant genotypes and the role of molecular markers in oat breeding for crown rust resistance are discussed. Currently, research is focused mainly on the search for and development of molecular markers related to the oat race-specific resistance to P. coronata.The article presents the technological advantages and disadvantages of the existing DNA markers. KASP, TaqMan and HRM markers are currently the most promising technologies for identifying crown rust resistance genes. The validated SCAR and STS markers for the Pc39, Pc68, Pc91, Pc94 genes are recommended as the most available for implementation in practical oat breeding. The results of recent studies on identifying loci of nonspecific resistance to P. coronata are also presented. In general, the use of DNA markers has significant potential for creating oat genotypes resistant to crown rust under present-day conditions. DNA markers of various types are recommended for practical use, in particular for pyramiding genes and increasing the resistance period of new cultivars. Introduction of DNA markers into oat breeding will increase with the growth of molecular genetic data and the improvement of technologies for identifying genes and loci associated with both race-specific and nonspecific resistance of oat to P. coronata.

Assessing non-LUS stutter in DNA sequence data

Forensic DNA analysis is among the most well-recognized and well-developed forensic disciplines. The field’s use of DNA markers known as short tandem repeats (STRs) offer a robust means of discriminating individuals while also introducing challenges to the analysis. One of these challenges, stutter, is the result of a non-biological artifact introduced during PCR. The formation and amplification of these stutter products can occur at rates as high as 15–20% of the parent allele. The challenge inherent in this process is differentiating stutter artifacts from true alleles, particularly in the presence of a minor contributor. Traditionally, DNA profiles are obtained using capillary electrophoresis (CE), where amplified DNA fragments are separated by size, not sequence, and the identification of stutter is performed on a locus-specific level. The use of CE-based fragment data rather than sequence-based data, has limited the community’s understanding of the precise behavior of stutter. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) data provides an opportunity to better characterize stutter, permitting a more accurate means of detecting both size- or longest uninterrupted stretch (LUS)-based stutter but also allele and motif-specific stutter characteristics. This study sheds light on the value of characterizing motif- and allele-specific stutter, including non-LUS stutter, when using MPS methods. Analysis and characterization of stutter sequences was performed using data generated from 539 samples amplified with the ForenSeq and PowerSeq 46GY library preparation kit and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq FGx. Assessment of non-LUS stutter begins with calculating stutter rates for all potential stutter products at a given locus (and allele), additionally, the occurrence of these discrete stutter products were quantified. Results show that although the LUS sequence stutters at a higher rate than non-LUS motifs, the non-LUS stutter products do occur at detectable levels and potentially influence sequence-based mixture analysis. The data indicate that the stutter from one motif or allele can be distinguished from another motif or allele based on their unique stutter rates; however, the number of stutter products from each motif or allele may similarly make up the overall pool of stutter products. Motif- and allele-specific stutter models provide the most comprehensive analysis of sequence stutter rates and provide the ability to differentiate stutter sequences more accurately from true allele stutter. This information provides a foundation for including the characterization of non-LUS stutter products when analyzing DNA profiles, specifically mixtures with potential low-level contributors.

Metadata analysis indicates biased estimation of genetic parameters and gains using conventional pedigree information instead of genomic-based approaches in tree breeding

Forest tree improvement helps provide adapted planting stock to ensure growth productivity, fibre quality and carbon sequestration through reforestation and afforestation activities. However, there is increasing doubt that conventional pedigree provides the most accurate estimates for selection and prediction of performance of improved planting stock. When the additive genetic relationships among relatives is estimated using pedigree information, it is not possible to take account of Mendelian sampling due to the random segregation of parental alleles. The use of DNA markers distributed genome-wide (multi-locus genotypes) makes it possible to estimate the realized additive genomic relationships, which takes account of the Mendelian sampling and possible pedigree errors. We reviewed a series of papers on conifer and broadleaf tree species in which both pedigree-based and marker-based estimates of genetic parameters have been reported. Using metadata analyses, we show that for heritability and genetic gains, the estimates obtained using only the pedigree information are generally biased upward compared to those obtained using DNA markers distributed genome-wide, and that genotype-by-environment (GxE) interaction can be underestimated for low to moderate heritability traits. As high-throughput genotyping becomes economically affordable, we recommend expanding the use of genomic selection to obtain more accurate estimates of genetic parameters and gains.

SCREENING OF POTATO SELECTIVE AND COLLECTING MATERIAL FOR RESISTANCE TO PVM AND PVS USING DNA MARKERS

The article presents the research results on the assessment of potato samples that were created in the laboratory of potato genetics and varieties that are cultivated in the collection nursery of RUE «Scientific and Practical Center of the NAS of Belarus for
 Potato, Vegetable and Fruit Growing», for resistance to PVM and PVS, and detection of resistance sources to these pathogens with the use of DNA markers. Based on the research results, a number of stable forms was found with the following markers: SC878885 to the Gm gene, GP250510, UBS8221079 to the Rm gene and markers SCG17321 and UBC811660 to the NS gene, which can be used in potato selection for virus resistance.

Genotyping of potato samples from the GenAgro ICG SB RAS collection using DNA markers of genes conferring resistance to phytopathogens.

Wart (a disease caused by Synchytrium endobioticum) and golden cyst potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis), which parasitize the roots of the host plant, cause signif icant damage to potato crop. Both of these disease factors are quarantined in the Russian Federation, and each registered variety is tested for resistance to their most common races and pathotypes. The main method of opposing such diseases is by the development of resistant varieties. An important step in this process is the selection of resistant genotypes from the population and the estimation of the resistance of hybrids obtained by crosses during the breeding process. Conducting a permanent phenotypic evaluation is associated with diff iculties, for example, it is not always possible to work with pathogens, and phenotypic evaluation is very costly and time consuming. However, the use of DNA markers linked to resistance genes can signif icantly speed up and reduce the cost of the breeding process. The aim of the study was to screen the GenAgro potato collection of ICG SB RAS using known diagnostic PCR markers linked to golden potato cyst nematode and wart resistance. Genotyping was carried out on 73 potato samples using three DNA markers 57R, CP113, Gro1-4 associated with nematode resistance and one marker, NL25, associated with wart resistance. The genotyping data were compared with the data on the resistance of the collection samples. Only the 57R marker had a high level of correlation (Spearman R = 0.722008, p = 0.000000, p < 0.05) between resistance and the presence of a diagnostic fragment. The diagnostic eff iciency of the 57R marker was 86.11 %. This marker can be successfully used for screening a collection, searching for resistant genotypes and marker-assisted selection. The other markers showed a low correlation between the presence of the DNA marker and resistance. The diagnostic eff iciency of the CP113 marker was only 44.44 %. Spearman’s correlation coeff icient (Spearman R = –0.109218, p = 0.361104, p < 0.05) did not show signif icant correlation between resistance and the DNA marker. The diagnostic eff iciency of the NL25 marker was 61.11 %. No signif icant correlation was found between the NL25 marker and resistance (Spearman R = –0.017946, p = 0.881061, p < 0.05). The use of these markers for the search for resistant samples is not advisable.

Генетическая структура стада по генам GDF9, GH у овец Волгоградской и Эдильбаевской пород

Aim. The study of the genetic structure of sheep of the Volgograd and Edilbaevsky breeds according to the GDF9, GH genes. Materials and Methods. The research was carried out in herds of sheep from leading breeding plants, on the basis of Don State Agrarian University and Volga Region Research Institute of Manufacture and Processing of Meat-and-Milk Production. Biosamples of skin and cartilage tissue from the auricles were taken from sheep by plucking an area of 1 cm² for molecular genetic studies. Evaluation was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Endonucleases BstHH HaeIII were used to restrict the amplified regions of the GDF9 and GH genes. The presence and frequency of alleles and genotypes for the GDF9, GH genes were determined based on the results of a molecular genetic study. Results. The article is devoted to the study of the genetic structure of sheep of the Volgograd and Edilbaevsky breeds. One of the important resources for creating highly productive animals is the use of marker selection as an additional criterion for the selection and selection of breeding animals. The use of DNA markers for the selection of animals containing desirable alleles of genes of economically valuable traits is one of the new scientific approaches to solve this problem. The development of sheep breeding in our country will allow using the available natural and human resources in rural areas, as well as obtaining high-quality lamb through the use of resource-saving technologies. The aim of the work was to study the genetic structure of sheep of the Volgograd and Edilbaevsky breeds according to the GDF9, GH genes. To perform molecular genetic studies, samples of ear plucks (tissue from the auricle) with an area of 1 cm2 were taken from sheep. The assessment was carried out by PCR-PDRF. In all the studied groups of sheep, A and B allelic variants of the GDF9 gene, alleles A and B of the GH gene were established. The analysis of the data revealed a breed aspect in the distribution of the frequency of alleles and genotypes of the GDF9, GH genes in the populations under consideration. Conclusion. The results of the study of the genetic structure of the populations of sheep of the Volgograd and Edilbaevsky breeds showed that the frequency distribution of alleles and genotypes of the growth hormone (GH) and differential growth factor (GDF9) genes have some features associated with the breed affiliation of the studied sheep.

Показатели мясной продуктивности свиней пород ландрас и йоркшир в зависимости от генотипов по генам MC4R, MYOD1, MYF4

Abstract. The need for effective DNA marking of the performance traits of animals is increasing every year, since the use of DNA markers in breeding can increase performance of animals by up to 20 %. This determines the relevance of scientific research in this area. Our paper presents an analysis of the results of genetic testing according to genes-markers for performance traits: MC4R, MYOD1, MYF4, held during 2019-2020. The subject of the research was populations of purebred young pigs of Yorkshire and Landrace breeds bred at the State Enterprise “ZhodinoAgroPlemElita”, Minsk region. DNA analysis was carried out in the laboratory of animal genetics of the State Scientific 1nstitution “1nstitute of Genetics and Cytology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus”. Zoology engineering and molecular genetic methods (PCR/RFLP) were used. 1t has been determined that the frequency of occurrence of the preferred allele A of the MYF4 gene in the animals tested made 0.126–0.298, A-MC4R – 0.184–0.345, and C-MYOD1 – 1.0–0.532, respectively. A comprehensive system for assessing the breeding value of Yorkshire and Landrace pigs based according to the МС4R, MYOD1, MYF4 marker genes, developed in the course of research, made it possible to identify preferred alleles and find correlation with performance traits, which ensured increase in the average population values: for self-performance – by 2–4 %, for fattening traits – by 2.7–12.5 %, for meat traits – by 2.8–34.4 %. The novelty lies in the fact that in our research we propose a cheaper method for detecting genetic polymorphisms associated with economically useful traits of pigs using the DNA technology of multilocus genotyping in multiplex reactions, in comparison with genomic analysis using chips (matrices) with 50–60 thousand of SNP.