Use Of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles Research Articles

A Review on the Use of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Aquaculture Feeds

Abstract Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to replace fishmeal (FM) or other plant protein sources and its effects on an aquatic animal’s growth performance and health system is rarely discussed. In recent times FM use in aquafeed has been a problem for the aquaculture industry because of the depletion of fish resources in the ocean and the high cost of FM. For that reason, researchers are focusing on reducing the cost of aquafeed production by lowering the inclusion of FM in aquafeed. One of the low-cost alternative protein sources to replace FM is DDGS. The present review discusses the compilation of available literature review and other works on the use of DDGS to replace FM in aquafeed and how it improves the growth performance, immune health system, and disease resistance in an aquatic animal. It focuses on the production of DDGS, the nutritional composition of DDGS, the chemical and physical characteristics of DDGS, and the effects of the DDGS inclusion in aquafeed on the aquatic animal. Apart from improving the growth performance of the aquatic animal when included in aquafeed, it also helps improve the immune health system of the animal. It also helps boost the immune system of the aquatic animal to fight diseases and increase disease resistance when included in aquafeed. Furthermore, DDGS also contains some constituents like carotenoids that help improve the meat quality of the animal when included in aquafeed. The current review also discusses the management and use of technology to improve the aquaculture industry, educate farmers on reducing diseases during the culturing periods, and increase productivity and profit in a friendly environment.

Evaluation of the use of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles in combination with canola meal on broiler performance and carcass characteristics

SUMMARY Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is an acceptable feed ingredient used as an alternative to corn or soybean meal in poultry diets. However, the unbalanced or low digestibility of amino acids in DDGS has been an issue and may be preventing its use at high levels. Canola meal (CM) contains high protein with well-balanced amino acids and can commonly be used as an economical alternative ingredient to soybean meal in poultry diets. Thus, the use of DDGS and CM together may improve the amino acid balance, performance, and carcass characteristics of broilers. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS in combination with CM in broiler diets. In a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, 1,920 one-day-old male Heritage broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments: 1) control (0% DDGS + 0% CM), 2) 6% DDGS + 0% CM, 3) 12% DDGS + 0% CM, 4) 0% DDGS + 7.5% CM, 5) 6% DDGS + 7.5% CM, and 6) 12% DDGS + 7.5% CM. Chicks (8 replicate pens, each with 40 chicks) were fed experimental diets from 0 to 48 d of age. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and to meet the digestible amino acid requirements of the birds. Performance was evaluated at 14, 21, 35, and 48 d of age, and carcass characteristics were measured at 49 d of age. Overall (0 to 48 d of age), the inclusion of up to 12% DDGS in the diet did not significantly affect BW gain or feed intake, but it did negatively affect FE. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the control diet did not significantly affect broiler performance; however, the diets containing 7.5% CM with 6 or 12% DDGS adversely affected performance as compared with the control diet. The inclusion of 7.5% CM in the diet of broilers negatively affected the carcass yield but positively affected the leg yield, regardless of the inclusion of DDGS. The inclusion of 12% DDGS in the diet of broilers increased the wing yield as compared with the nonsupplemented control diet. No interaction of DDGS and CM was observed in the carcass parameters measured, except for leg and wing yields. Thus, care should be taken when DDGS and CM are fed because negative effects on performance and carcass yield may be observed.

Nutritive value of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as an ingredient of poultry diets: A review

A rapid increase in corn use in ethanol plants, and subsequent creation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) by-products, has led to an increase in the use of DDGS in the diets of livestock. DDGS has been used all over the world as a dietary ingredient and this has necessitated more research to be conducted on its quality, nutritive values, and recommendations for feeding to poultry. Currently, there have been a limited number of research publications regarding corn DDGS as an ingredient of diets for poultry. Approximately 100 scientific papers can be found which cover a variety of topics, with various degrees of depth into each. The purpose of this review is to collate the available information to date on the application of corn DDGS as an ingredient of poultry diets that can be easily accessed by researchers and nutritionists. This review presents the current state of knowledge of nutritive values of various corn DDGS ingredients, summarizes recommendations for using DDGS in diets for laying hens, broilers and turkeys, and reports the environmental ramifications when utilizing corn DDGS in poultry feed. In spite of the great amount of variation in nutritional properties of corn DDGS originating from various sources, it has been concluded that good quality corn DDGS, especially when derived from new generation plants, can be a viable ingredient in poultry diets.

Use of combinations of canola meal and distillers dried grains with solubles in broiler starter diets

The development of the fuel ethanol industry has resulted in large quantities of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). This can partially replace corn and soybean meal in broiler diets, but the amino acids in DDGS are not balanced. Canola meal (CM) is a good protein source with a high amino acid content, so the combined use of DDGS and CM may improve the amino acid balance. A study was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS in combination with CM in broiler diets. In a 6 × 6 factorial arrangement, 1,080 one-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to diets with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% DDGS of known composition; within each level of DDGS, diets contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% CM from 0 to 18 d of age. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Diets were formulated to meet digestible amino acid requirements and were fed as a 3.17-mm pellet. Body weight and feed consumption were measured at 18 d of age. In addition, feed bulk density and percentage of fines were evaluated. The DDGS and CM levels as well as their interaction significantly affected feed intake and BW (P < 0.05). Moreover, feed intake and BW declined dramatically with the increasing inclusion of CM. However, no significant difference was noted in FCR due to dietary DDGS and canola levels. Percentage of fines and diet bulk density were influenced significantly by dietary DDGS and CM levels as well as by their interaction. The percentage of fines increased with increasing combinations of DDGS and CM. However, the effect of dietary DDGS and canola concentrations on feed bulk density did not show a clear trend. By regression analysis, percentage of fines had a significant impact on feed intake and BW gain but failed to show any clear-cut relationship between bulk density and performance factors. Therefore, when DDGS and CM are used in combination, the total level of the 2 ingredients in the formulation should be considered.

Optimal dairy farm adjustments to increased utilization of corn distillers dried grains with solubles

The purpose of this paper was to identify effective dairy farm management adjustments related to recent structural changes in agricultural commodity markets because of expanded biofuels production and other market factors. We developed a mathematical programming model of a representative dairy farm in New York State to estimate the effects of changes in the relative prices of important feed components on farm profitability, identify optimal adjustments for on-farm feed production, crop sales, and dairy rations that account for expanded utilization of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and point out potential implications of these adjustments on whole-farm nutrient planning. We mapped out an effective farm-level demand curve for DDGS by varying DDGS prices relative to other primary feed ingredients, which allowed us to compare DDGS utilization at alternative market conditions. Had the relative prices of major feed ingredients remained at their historical averages, our results suggest that there is only modest potential for feeding DDGS through supplementation in rations for dry cows and heifers as a substitute for soybean meal. However, the relatively lower DDGS prices experienced in 2008 imply an expanded optimal use of DDGS to include rations for lactating cows at 10% of the total mixed ration. Despite these expanded opportunities for DDGS at lower prices, the effects on farm net returns were modest. The most important considerations are perhaps those related to changes in the phosphorus (P) levels in the dairy waste. We showed that including moderate levels of DDGS (10%) in rations for lactating cows did not significantly increase P excretion. However, if the rations for dry cows and heifers were supplemented with DDGS, P excretion did increase, resulting in sizable increases of plant-available phosphorus applied to cropland well beyond crop nutrient requirements. Although our results show that it is economically optimal for the dairy producer to incorporate DDGS into these rations, some operations will be unable to accommodate the additional P because of existing nutrient management recommendations, soil P status, and the number of acres available for manure spreading.

Properties of solvent extracted low-oil corn distillers dried grains with solubles

Corn-based ethanol is exponentially growing in the US, as is the need for valuable uses for coproducts of the production process, such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Currently, DDGS is used as livestock feed, thereby replacing some corn components in animal diets. As the industry continues to grow, there will be an increased need to find additional uses for DDGS. Physical and chemical properties of coproduct streams are becoming increasingly investigated, as these characteristics affect many aspects of utilization, such as target species, optimal dietary substitution rates, transportation, flowability, and behavior during storage. Potential avenues for future use of DDGS may include value-added feed, food, and industrial products. Additionally, much interest lies in extracting oil from DDGS to produce bio diesel and other products. If oil is extracted from DDGS, the resulting chemical and physical properties of the remaining constituents may be substantially altered. The objective of this study was to quantify, using standard laboratory methods, physical and chemical property values for low-oil DDGS. The extracted DDGS exhibited water activity, thermal properties, bulk density, and angle of repose values similar to unmodified DDGS. Color values were substantially lighter, however. Additionally, fat levels (2.7% db) were much lower, while protein (34.0% db) and fiber (8.4% db) were higher than traditional DDGS. Results from this study will be valuable to ethanol manufacturers and livestock producers alike, as more uses for ethanol coproducts are implemented. Thus more value can be extracted from the humble kernel of corn.

Flowability and handling characteristics of bulk solids and powders – a review with implications for DDGS

Much research regarding handling and storage characteristics of bulk solids has been conducted over the years. Physical properties of granular solids play a significant role in their resulting storage and flow behaviour, and are therefore essential to design appropriate, efficient, and economic bulk solids handling and storage equipment and structures. Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) is a bulk material that has been widely used as a protein source for ruminants and non-ruminants for more than two decades. Distillers grains are energy and nutrient dense, and are often used as a replacement for corn in animal diets. With the exponential growth of the fuel ethanol industry in the last few years, large quantities of distiller’s grains are now being produced. To effectively utilize these feeds in domestic and international markets, however, these co-product streams are increasingly being transported greater distances, and must be stored until final use. DDGS flow is problematic as it often becomes restricted by caking and bridging which occurs during transportation and storage. This issue probably results from a number of factors, including storage moisture, temperature, relative humidity, particle size, time, or temperature variations, to name a few. The objective of this study was to review the primary factors affecting flowability, handling, and storage of granular solids and powders, as well as appropriate testing methodologies for these materials. Considering these will be helpful when examining granular flowability and storage challenges for byproduct feeds, including those surrounding the use of DDGS. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IAgrE.

The use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in poultry nutrition

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product of the ethanol industry produced by dry mill ethanol plants. During the fermentation process starch from the grain is converted to ethanol and CO2, concentrating the remaining nutrients in DDGS by 2–3 times. In the European Union the favoured use of renewable energy sources has encouraged increased production of biofuels. The increase of bio-ethanol production has resulted in large quantities of DDGS entering the feed raw material market. Because of its high nutrient quality, related to the typically gentle drying and processing it receives, DDGS obtained from the modern ethanol industry may be used as a feed for monogastric animals with good results. The main problem in the use of DDGS for poultry is its high variability of nutrient content and availability.Results from different laboratories on the use of DDGS as feed component for poultry are discussed in the article. Based on the results presented, DDGS obtained from the modern ethanol plants is an acceptable ingredient of poultry diets and can be safely fed at 5–8% in starter diets for broilers and turkey, and 12–15% in grower-finisher diets for broiler and turkey and diets for laying hens.

Dynamic Water Adsorption Characteristics of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

ABSTRACTDistillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is one of the coproducts obtained from dry‐grind ethanol manufacturing. As the ethanol industry is growing exponentially, the production of DDGS has been significantly increasing as well. To optimize the use of DDGS, it has to be economically transported from one part of the country to other parts, and stored efficiently. But DDGS has some flow issues, which often makes storage and transportation very problematic. So the objective of this study was to investigate the dynamic water adsorption characteristics of DDGS with four soluble levels at four temperatures and four relative humidities. Three mathematical models were then used to fit the adsorption data (Peleg, Pilosof, and Singh‐Kulshrestha). As there was no model available for describing the water adsorption characteristics of DDGS with varying soluble levels at various temperature and relative humidity conditions, a new comprehensive model was developed. The new model, Ganesan‐Rosentrater‐Muthu (GRM) model, encompassed soluble level, temperature, and relative humidity effects, along with time and moisture content. The GRM model (R2 = 0.94; F =16503.90) provided a good description of DDGS water adsorption behavior and can be used to predict the dynamic adsorption of water in DDGS for a broad range of storage conditions.

Development of a Standardized Nutrient Matrix for Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

The rapid increase in production of ethanol from corn and other grains has resulted in growing quantities of byproducts, primarily distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The use of DDGS in poultry diets is not new, but the supply of product encourages the use of higher percentages than has typically been used in the past. As greater quantities are used in the diet, it becomes increasingly essential that accurate nutrient values be assigned to the product. This review attempts to summarize results from various laboratories to provide a nutrient matrix that can be used to evaluate the potential use of DDGS in poultry feeds.

Biodegradation of Pentachlorophenol in Soil Slurry Cultures by Bjerkandera adusta and Anthracophyllum discolor

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) belongs to a class of environmental pollutants which have a high toxicity and are resistance to degradation. White-rot fungi are potential candidates for treating PCP-contaminated soils because of their high capability of degrading a wide range of xenobiotics. A series of laboratory-based studies was developed to determine the range of PCP concentration in soil (100, 250, and 350 mg of PCP/kg of soil) which could be degraded by two white-rot fungi: Bjerkandera adusta and Anthracophyllum discolor. Both fungi were grown on Kirk medium and on distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The highest PCP degradation was attained by A. discolor using DDGS (95% after 28 days). The use of DDGS increased both PCP degradation and the production of ligninolytic enzymes, although no correlation was found between them. The process was scaled up to a 5 L reactor, in which 81% PCP was degraded after 28 days. The absence of ligninolytic activity of this culture indicates that other enzymatic systems may be participating in the degradation of PCP.