Use Of Different Fertilizers Research Articles

Novel Insights into Exogenous Phytohormones: Central Regulators in the Modulation of Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses in Rice under Metal(loid) Stress.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a research model for monocotyledonous plants. Rice is also one of the major staple foods and the primary crop for more than half of the world's population. Increasing industrial activities and the use of different fertilizers and pesticides containing heavy metals (HMs) contribute to the contamination of agriculture fields. HM contamination is among the leading causes that affect the health of rice plants by limiting their growth and causing plant death. Phytohormones have a crucial role in stress-coping mechanisms and in determining a range of plant development and growth aspects during heavy metal stress. This review summarizes the role of different exogenous applications of phytohormones including auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid, strigolactones, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, and salicylic acids in rice plants for mitigating heavy metal stress via manipulation of their stress-related physiological and biochemical processes, and alterations of signaling and biosynthesis of genes. Exogenous administration of phytohormones and regulation of endogenous levels by targeting their biosynthesis/signaling machineries is a potential strategy for protecting rice from HM stress. The current review primarily emphasizes the key mechanistic phytohormonal-mediated strategies for reducing the adverse effects of HM toxicity in rice. Herein, we have provided comprehensive evidence for the effective role of exogenous phytohormones in employing defense responses and tolerance in rice to the phytotoxic effects of HM toxicity along with endogenous hormonal crosstalk for modulation of subcellular mechanisms and modification of stress-related signaling pathways, and uptake and translocation of metals. Altogether, this information offers a systematic understanding of how phytohormones modulate a plant's tolerance to heavy metals and may assist in directing the development of new approaches to strengthen rice plant resistance to HM toxicity.

EFFECT OF ZINC AND BORON ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) IN PYUTHAN, NEPAL

The study was carried out to evaluate the production performance of hybrid maize variety Kanchan with the use of different fertilizers at field condition. The study was conducted with five treatments and four replications in single factor Randomized Complete Block Design. Treatment consists of farmer practice 80:50 NP2O5 kg ha-1, recommended dose 150:60:40 NP2O5K2O kg ha-1, recommended dose of NP2O5K2O + 15 kg ha-1 zinc, recommended NP2O5K2O + 2 kg ha-1 boron, and recommended NP2O5K2O + 15 kg ha-1 zinc + 2 kg ha-1 boron. At 90 days after sowing the leaf area index (LAI) was significantly higher with recommended dose of NP2O5K2O + Zn + B (2.46cm2) which was statistically similar with recommended dose of NP2O5K2O + Zn (2.39cm2) and recommended dose of NP2O5K2O + B (2.22cm2). Plant heights were the highest with recommended NP2O5K2O + Zn+ B at earlier stage of crop growth but was statistically similar among different treatments at later stage of crop growth. Days to 50% tasseling were the longest with farmer practice (74 days) while it was shortest in recommended NP2O5K2O + Zn+ B (69days). Anthesis silking interval was obtained the shortest in recommended NP2O5K2O + Zn +B (2.75days). Similarly, phenological character, cob length was highest (16.650cm) with recommended NP2O5K2O + Zn+ B which was statistically similar with recommended NP2O5K2O + B (16.725cm) and recommended NP2O5K2O + Zn (16.5cm). The lowest sterility (%) was obtained with the recommended NP2O5K2O +Zn+ B (9.5%) which was statistically similar with recommended NP2O5K2O + B (9.5%) and Rec. NPK +Zn (11.2%). The highest grain yield (9.01ton/ha), harvest index (0.45) and benefit cost ratio (1.92) were recorded with the recommended NP2O5K2O + Zn+ B while these parameters were the lowest with the farmer practice. Thus, the study showed that hybrid maize yield could be maximized with fertilization of 150:60:40 NP2O5K2O kg ha-1, Zn15 kgha-1 and B 2 kgha-1 and use of micronutrition such as Zn and B is beneficial to enhance growth and yield of hybrid maize.

Appraisal Soil Quality in the Agrarian Society of Pir Panjal Himalayas

Background: The present study pertains to appraise the soil fertility in the foot hills of Pir Panjal by measuring different physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the foothill of Himalayas. Study area with unique physiographic and socio-economic identities have attributed to the soil fertility. Methods: Soil tests were carried at Soil Testing Laboratory (STL), Department of Horticulture. Soil samples at 1-30 cm depth were collected from 10 sample sites selected through composite sampling. Samples were collected randomly keeping in mind the maximum areal coverage. From each site, three sub samples were taken from selected locations to have holistic view of the soil fertility. Conclusion: The study showed deficiency of N & K in all the soil samples, with little variations in other parameters. Sample sites adopting organic farming showed optimum soil fertility. In the study we concluded that practice of adapting organic fertilizers is suitable for maintaing soil fertility. Least perception in the use of different fertilizers (organic & inorganic) a potent cause in the soil deformities in the region.

Value-added products from wastewater reduce irrigation needs of Arundo donax energy crop.

Irrigation restrictions due to drought periods related to climate change, would affect different crops, especially to non-food crops. In this regard the effect of irrigation reduction should be studied in energy crops in order to obtain a sustainable bioenergy cropping system. Arundo donax, has been considered a crop with high water requirements, it has nevertheless been proven to be drought tolerant. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the effect of reduced irrigation combined with the use of different fertilizers. This work studied the combined effect of value-added products (VAPs) from wastewater (treated sewage sludge) or traditional inorganic fertilizers, and irrigation reduction in Arundo donax crop in a 2-year pot experiment. Plant biometric characteristics, chemical properties and biomass yield were studied as well as the effect of treatment on soil properties. Results showed that under reduced irrigation conditions, biomass production was reduced, especially during the second year. Organic treatments from sewage sludge minimize the effect of irrigation reduction. In these treatments, biomass yield for reduced irrigation was similar to that of the control treatment with irrigation at field capacity. For this reason, it is recommended to use VAPs from wastewater as organic amendments enabling water restriction with lower effect on Arundo production.

Production and quality of Sweet Grape tomato in response to foliar fertilization with boron

ABSTRACT Boron (B) fertilizer application for tomato crop can be carried out by applying the nutrient to the soil or by spraying liquid solutions on leaves. The use of different fertilizers containing B can interfere in fertilization efficiency, since the performance of each product can be determined by its physicochemical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application efficiency of two boron-based commercial foliar fertilizers applied at two time intervals and their possible effects on production components of Sweet Grape tomato. An experiment was conducted under commercial hydroponic system in split-split plot scheme that combined two doses of boron in the nutrient solution [sufficient (25 µmol L-1) or insufficient (6.25 µmol L-1)], two intervals between foliar sprays of B (seven or 14-day intervals) and two commercial foliar fertilizers [boric acid (0.34 g L-1) and sodium octaborate (0.36 g L-1)]. A positive effect of boron foliar fertilization was observed on the productivity or on fruit quality when a condition of B deficiency was noticed in plants, without significant difference in effects concerning the two B-source and the frequency of these applications.

The comparison of social networks between organic and conventional hazelnut producers in Samsun

This study was carried out to reveal the sources of communication and social network of organic and conventional hazelnut producers in Samsun province. The primary and basic material of the study is the data obtained from the surveys, interviews and observations of the organic and conventional hazelnut producers in Camlica, Yuksekyayla villages and Agcaguney town. Both producer groups were compared in terms of their social networks and communication channels especially on the use of different fertilizers by making suggestions on how to develop it. The results of the research showed that socio-economic status of the organic hazelnut producers was better than conventional producers in terms of land size, income, cooperation capacity, risk management and agricultural supports. Social Network Analysis (SNA) has shown the graphs of communication networks among the producers, their relationships with different public, private and mass media information sources and especially revealed leader farmers whom functioned as source of information transfer (or even blocker) among them. The relationships in organic hazelnut producers’ communication network in the village are strong, dense and information sources are varied. On the contrary, the relationships in communication network of conventional hazelnut producers were looser, strong and information sources were uniform. The main source of technical information for both groups of producers was the experienced leader farmers; as for organic producers, the heads of the local organic producers' union was the main information source in terms of commercial, legal and organizational aspects. In other words, both organic and conventional producers rely on knowledge and experience of producers who take on the role of opinion leader within the village. Therefore, innovation and knowledge transfer to farmers can be delivered through these opinion leaders. As a result of the research, it can be said that institutional information sources do not adequately support organic and conventional hazelnut growers. Thus, organic producers developed their local knowledge source based on their on-farm trials and experiences and shared this knowledge within their peer groups. However, this information needs to be supported with scientific findings.

Influence of organic fertilization on growth and productivity of mini pumpkin

Pumpkin is one of the ten most produced vegetables in Brazil, with few studies related to the use of different fertilizers in its cultivation. Due to predominance of families formation with small numbers of children and the increasing demand for foods that are easier to prepare, and then reduced size, products with different characteristics have been developed, such as the mini pumpkin. The objective of this work was to evaluate development and productivity of mini pumpkins cultivated as a result of the application of different fertilizers. The experiment was developed in the experimental area of the Fronteira Sul Federal University, ChapecA³-SC. Treatments used were Chicken manure (8,000 kg ha-1), Mushroom humus (12,000 kg ha-1), Mineral fertilizer (Urea: 90 kg ha-1, Triple superphosphate: 430 kg ha-1; Potassium: 125 kg ha-¹), and control (without fertilization). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with six replicates. Each plot was composed of 4 mini pumpkin plants, spaced 1.0 x 1.0 m, which represented the useful plot. The variables evaluated were: main branch length; number of branches per plant, number of leaves per stem; leaf area; number and weight of fruits per harvest, with multiple harvests. Data were submitted to normality analysis and Cochran's test (homogeneity of variances) and Tukey Test (5%). When there was no homogeneity of variances and normal distribution, data transformations were carried out and again the tests of normality and homogeneity. Data that did not present normal distribution and homogeneity of variances, even after transformation, were analyzed by the Kruskal Wallis test (non-parametric analysis) using the statistical software ASSISTAT®. The results showed that there were no significant differences between treatments for the variables length of branch, leaf area, number of branches, leaves and fruits, for diameter and height of the fruits of the mini pumpkin plants. There is no influence on mini pumpkin plants growth using chicken manure, mushroom humus or mineral fertilization (NPK) as fertilizers. Production of mini pumpkin fruits is greater with use of organic fertilization as chicken manure. Organic fertilization with chicken manure, stands out in terms of productivity and is indicated for the mini pumpkin cultivar as precursor of satisfactory results

Priming Effect Induced by the Use of Different Fertilizers on Soil Functional Diversity

Agricultural practices, such as the use of fertilizers, can change the structure and function of soil microbial community. Monitoring and assessing the soil microbiota and its dynamics related to different factors can be a powerful tool for understanding basic and applied ecological contexts. The main objective of this paper was to assess the changes of carbon turnover rate and the microbial metabolic activity, when different types of fertilizers were used, process called priming effect. A microcosm experiment was designed and performed under controlled temperature and humidity and the soil samples were analyzed using the MicroResp technique. Results show that the integration in soil of different carbon sources, such as green manure, can lead to a positive priming effect and integration of mineral fertilizers can lead to negative priming effect. The carbon sources with the highest respiratory activity were α-ketoglutaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, while the lowest respiratory activity was obtained in case of arginine.

Variation in alpha radioactivity of plants with the use of different fertilizers and radon measurement in fertilized soil samples.

BackgroundPeople are exposed to ionizing radin from the radionuclides that are present in different types of natural sources, of which phosphate fertilizer is one of the most important sources. Fertilizers are commonly used in agricultural field worldwide to enhance the crop yield.Materials and methodsIn the present investigation, a control study was carried out on the lady’s finger plants grown in earthen pots. To observe the effect of fertilizers their equal amounts were added to the soil just before the plantation. The alpha track densities were measured using solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs), a sensitive detector for alpha particles.ResultsThe measured alpha track densities (T cm−2d−1) in lady’s finger plants on top and bottom face of leaves after 30, 50 and 70 days of plantation varied from 49 ± 11 to 206 ± 2.6, 49 ± 16 to 248 ± 16 and 57 ± 8.5 to 265 ± 32 respectively in various leaf samples.ConclusionsThe alpha track densities were found to vary with nature of fertilizers added to the soil and an increase was also observed with time. The alpha track densities were also measured in soil samples mixed with different fertilizers. The radon exhalation rates in various soil samples and soil to plant transfer factor (TF) of alpha tracks were also calculated.

Measurement of fertilizers induced radioactivity in tobacco plants and elemental analysis using ICAP–AES

It is widely accepted that tobacco smoke is the leading cause of lung cancer worldwide. The alpha radioactive content present in tobacco smoke and increasing number of lung cancer cases explain the importance of investigation. The use of different fertilizers may cause alteration in the metabolism of plants causing different response towards uptake of different element and radionuclides. In the present study, the estimation of alpha radioactivity induced by use of different fertilizers in tobacco leaves was made using solid state nuclear track detector (LR-115) to identify the relative presence of radionuclides in the plants. The radon exhalation rates from the tobacco plant were carried out to confirm the presence of radium or emission of radon from plant. The elemental analysis of tobacco plant by inductively coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrometry provides a way to understand the difference occurred in metabolism caused by the use of fertilizers. The alpha track densities were found to vary with nature of fertilizers added to the soil and an increase was also observed with time. The radon mass exhalation rates in various tobacco plants were found to vary with type of fertilizers used.

Uso de diferentes fertilizantes na produção em vasos de Gladiolus hortulanus L. H. Bailey var. White Friendship, em Ilha Solteira (SP)

<p><em>Gladiolus hortulanus</em>, também conhecida como palma-de-santa-rita, é uma planta originária da África tropical e do sul, sendo utilizada para ornamentação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de <em>Gladiolus hortulanus </em>L. H. Bailey var. White Friendship, com a utilização de diferentes fertilizantes. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Casa de Vegetação climatizada, (Pad & Fan e temperatura ambiente de 25° C +/- 3, lux = 7,16X10) da Faculdade de Engenharia – Unesp, Campus de Ilha Solteira, no período de 25 de agosto a 04 de dezembro de 2007. Foram utilizados 3 gramas dos fertilizantes Osmocote (19-06-10), NPK 04-14-08, Basacote 3M e Floranid N32, em vasos de 1,3 litros, preenchidos com substrato comercial Plantmax. Foram também avaliados o número de botões florais, número de flores, altura da haste floral, perímetro da haste floral, teor de clorofila das folhas e análise de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas. Concluiu-se que, para o padrão comercial recomendado pela Cooperativa Holambra (categoria III) e Ceagesp (categoria longa), os melhores tratamentos foram Basacote 3M e NPK 04-14-08.</p>

Fertilizers for Daphnia sp. (Crustacea, Cladocera) production in experimental tanks

The current study was aimed at investigating the use of different fertilizers - dicalcium phosphate, biosolid and quail feces - as a strategy for water fertilization in Daphnia sp production. It was used twenty-four 100-L tanks of asbestos cement distributed in a completely randomized split-plot design with six replicates, with plots in the three kinds of fertilizers (biosolid, dicalcium phosphate, and quail feces) and a control without fertilization (WF) and subplots at the times of assessment (days 8 and 13). It was assessed the biomass production of Daphnia sp. and the following water quality parameters: chlorophyll a, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, ammonia and organic nitrogen, total phosphorus and total hardness. There was a significant correlation between the values of chlorophyll a and biomass weight of Daphnia sp, which indicates interactions between phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. The maximum weight of Daphnia sp. biomass is found in tanks fertilized with quail feces (35.98 g), followed by the biosolid (16.80 g), control without fertilization (6.75 g) and dicalcium phosphate (5.24 g).