Use Of Currency Derivatives Research Articles

Aversion to the use of foreign exchange hedging in state-owned enterprises: Evidence from China

Using a sample of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) listed in China from 2006 to 2017, we examine the impact of state ownership on foreign exchange (forex) hedging. We find that SOEs engage in forex hedging both less frequently and to a lesser extent than non-SOEs. These results are robust to a series of additional tests, such as difference-in-differences analyses, instrumental variable tests, and alternative explanation tests. The effect is particularly pronounced for SOEs with weaker internal controls, fewer professional auditors, and less marketization. We further find that the use of currency derivatives by SOEs hinders the promotion of managers. Furthermore, the prevalence of subjective performance evaluation in SOEs, as opposed to objective performance measures, affects managers' decisions regarding hedging, as evidenced by negative promotion–performance sensitivity when using financial derivatives. Overall, our study sheds light on the aversion of SOEs to forex hedging, providing insight into the conservative decision-making tendencies of SOE managers under political governance.

기업의 위안화 파생상품 사용에 대한 연구

This study examines that derivatives play moderating role between globalizaion and firm value period from 2011 to 2020. As Korean companies have a high level of globalizaion, exchange risk management of Korean companies is more essential. It .has a direct impact on corporate value. In order to examine whether the use of derivatives is efficient, we predicted that the use of currency derivatives as a means of risk management will contribute to an increase in corporate value. We also predicted the nonlinearity of the level of globalizaion. Results show that globalizaion has a non-linear relationship (U-shaped) with respect to the corporate value, and the appropriate use of currency derivatives strengthens the positive relationship between globalizaion and firm value. It proved that the use of currency derivatives play a moderating role between globalization and firm value.

Forex Risk Management by SMEs and Unlisted Non-financial Firms: A Literature Survey

In the recent globalised financial markets, financial markets are more integrated which leads to more foreign exchange risk for firms. In such scenario currency derivatives are top most operational hedging strategy to manage foreign exchange risk. This scenario is different in developed and emerging markets as turnover of derivatives is growing swiftly in emerging markets and uses of currency derivatives is common but lower in comparison to the interest rate derivatives. In emerging markets (Hong Kong, Singapore and Brazil) use of currency derivatives is fifty per cent of total derivative traded follow by equity derivatives and interest rate derivatives (Mihaljek and Packer, 2010). The benefits of doing hedging have been discussed by many finance experts. These include classic contribution by Miller and Modigliani (1958) and then by Smith and Stulz (1985). Several studies have employed the questionnaire approach for the analysis of exchange-rate exposure management in non-financial firms (e.g. Bodnar and Gebhardt, 1999; Hakkarainen et al., 1998; Bodnar et al., 1998; Marshall, 2000; Ceuster et al., 2000; Mallin et al., 2001). The most refered study is Bodnar et al. (1998), which considered publicly traded U.S. firms. The present study examines the forex risk management by SMEs and unlisted non-financial forms in the form of literature review.

The determinants of currency derivatives usage among Indian non-financial firms

PurposeTheoretical studies suggest that hedging helps firms to reduce their financial distress costs and underinvestment problem especially if the markets are imperfect. Hence hedging, through the use of currency derivatives, is one of the important financial policies for firms. The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the determinants of derivatives usage by Indian firms using financial disclosures on currency derivatives by non-financial constituents of S&P CNX 500 for 2009.Design/methodology/approachWe manually collect the data on foreign currency derivatives from firms’ annual reports for 2009 and then follow Haushalter’s (2000) approach to examine the determinants of firms’ decision to hedge. A firm can make its hedging decision at once, deciding whether to hedge and how much to hedge. Given the nature of dependent variable that is censored, it is appropriate to use Tobit regression. A firm can also decide its hedging decision in two steps by deciding first on whether to hedge and later how much to hedge. The former is modelled by probit regression and later by conditional regression.FindingsOur empirical evidence suggests that forwards are the main instruments for managing currency risk followed by options and swaps. The objectives, in the order of priority, are reduction in exposure associated with foreign currency receivables, foreign currency long-term loans and foreign currency payables. Firm’s decision to hedge is positively related to size, foreign exchange exposure and leverage, while negatively related to liquidity and investment opportunities. We find evidence of higher derivative usage by firms with both higher currency risk and higher financial distress costs.Practical implicationsThe findings of this paper will help corporates, researchers and regulators to understand firms’ motives behind hedging.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical study that examines the determinants of firm’s decision to hedge and the extent of hedging in the context of emerging economies like India.

Use of Currency Derivatives in India

The introduction of currency derivatives in India was done a decade back and from then on there have been many changes that have been implemented in the trading system in this regard. The paper gives a glimpse of derivatives in general and currency derivatives in particular. It aims to assess the development of currency derivatives in India. To study the growth of the currency derivatives, the number of contracts traded, trading volume and open interest at NSE are studied. The period of study conducted is from 2008-2009 to 2016-17. It is hoped that the currency derivatives market will develop faster and it will be a good choice for all the market participants in the near future and it will find its way in the Indian economy. This paper also explores the factors which determine the usage of currency derivatives by Indian Companies. One of the objectives is to know the development patterns of currency derivatives in India with respect to National Stock Exchange (NSE).

Measuring Efficiency of Using Currency Derivatives to Hedge Foreign Exchange Risk: <i>A Study on Advanced Chemical Industries (ACI)</i> in Bangladesh

Firms with greater growth opportunities and tighter financial constraints are more likely to use currency derivatives. This suggests that firms might use derivatives to reduce cash flow variation that might otherwise preclude firms from investing in valuable growth opportunities. Although in Bangladesh, the use of currency derivatives to hedge foreign exchange risk is not popular among the existing firms engaged in foreign exchange transactions, there are a few firms such as ACI & General Motors etc with extensive foreign exchange-rate exposure and economies of scale in hedging activities are more likely to use currency derivatives. This is because, given the potential shifts in the supply of or demand for currency, firms and individuals who have assets denominated in foreign currencies can be affected favorably or unfavorably. These firms may want to alter their currency exposure in order to grab benefit or hedge risk from the expected movements of exchange rates. This study provides a detailed analysis along with a background on currency derivatives which are commonly used by some of large firms existing in Bangladesh in order to capitalize on or hedge against expected exchange rate exposures measured by these firms. In this paper, we have also divulged an analytical framework for measuring exchange rate exposures accelerating the use of currency derivatives in foreign exchange market of Bangladesh.

An Empirical Study on Factors Affecting the Usage of Currency Derivatives with Reference to India

The present paper examines the use of currency derivatives in order to understand the driving forces behind its usage. The analysis carried on 83 non-banking Indian firms revealed that firms with greater growth opportunities and less financial constraints are more likely to use currency derivatives. This result suggests that firms might use derivatives to reduce cash flow variation that might otherwise preclude firms from investing in valuable growth opportunities. The overall analysis reveals that debt ratios i.e. foreign currency borrowing and long term debt ratio along with the income ratios like export ratio and profit before tax are the important micro-economic variables for using currency derivatives.

Exchange rate exposure and the use of foreign currency derivatives in the Australian resources sector

In this paper, we provide a re-examination of the exchange rate exposure and foreign currency derivative use by Australian resources firms in the 2006–2009 period which is characterized by increased volatility caused by the global financial crisis. In particular, we consider the interaction of a resources firm's exchange rate risk exposures, foreign currency derivative use and the global financial crisis simultaneously. Conforming to expectations, our results indicate that more companies are significantly exposed to exchange rate risk since the onset of the financial crisis. However, there is a lack of evidence that the use of foreign currency derivative is more effective in alleviating exchange rate exposures during the crisis as opposed to the pre-crisis period.

Foreign currency derivative use and shareholder value

This paper investigates the effect of foreign currency (FC) derivative use on shareholder value. Exposures are broken down by currency, by whether the currency is appreciating or depreciating and by whether exposures are symmetric or asymmetric. We find that derivatives are effective in reducing overall FC exposure but there is no evidence of value creation through the application of a program that identifies and targets only loss causing exposures. We also find that FC derivative use has no significant effect on firm value in the overall sample and when the sample is broken down by exposure type and derivative product.

The use of foreign currency derivatives, corporate governance, and firm value around the world

This paper examines the impact of currency derivatives on firm value using a broad sample of firms from thirty-nine countries with significant exchange-rate exposure. Derivatives can be used for managers' self-interest, for hedging or for speculative purposes. We hypothesize that investors can appeal to a firm's internal (firm-level) and external (country-level) corporate governance to draw inferences on a firm's motive behind the use of derivatives, since well-governed firms are more likely to use derivatives to hedge rather than to speculate or pursue managers' self-interest. Consistent with this explanation, we find strong evidence that the use of currency derivatives for firms that have strong internal firm-level or external country-level governance is associated with a significant value premium.

Currency hedging and corporate governance: A cross-country analysis

This paper examines the impact of the strength of governance on firms' use of currency derivatives. Using a sample of firms from 30 countries over the period 1990 to 1999, we find that strongly governed firms tend to use derivatives to hedge currency exposure and overcome costly external financing. On the other hand, weakly governed firms appear to use derivatives mostly for managerial reasons. These results are robust to alternative measures of corporate governance, various subsamples, the use of foreign denominated debt as an alternative strategy to hedge currency exposure, and a potential selection bias. Overall, the results serve as the first comprehensive evidence of the impact of firm- and country-level corporate governance on firms' use of derivatives.

Corporate Governance and the Hedging Premium around the World

This paper examines the impact of currency derivatives on firm value using a broad sample of firms from thirty-nine countries with significant exchange-rate exposure. Derivatives can be used for managers’ self-interest, for hedging or for speculative purposes. We hypothesize that investors can appeal to a firm’s internal (firm-level) and external (country-level) corporate governance to draw inferences on a firm’s motive behind the use of derivatives, since well-governed firms are more likely to use derivatives to hedge rather than to speculate or pursue managers’ self-interest. Consistent with this explanation, we find strong evidence that the use of currency derivatives for firms that have strong internal firm-level or external country-level governance is associated with a significant value premium.

The Impact of the Use of Derivatives and Operational Hedging on Foreign Currency Risk Exposure

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the use of derivatives and operational hedging on the foreign exchange risk exposure for a sample of 181 Australian multinational corporations. A two-stage market model is used, resulting in the implementation of a cross-sectional time series model, to test for the effect of the combined use of those two hedging activities on the exposure coefficients and to test whether the use of currency derivatives is a complement to operational hedging. The study finds that the combined use of these two hedging strategies are effective in reducing the firm's exposure and currency derivatives are a complement to operational hedging activities.

O Uso de Derivativos Cambiais pelas Empresas Brasileiras: uma Investigação Empírica

Este artigo estuda o uso de derivativos de moeda para uma amostra de empresas brasileiras não-financeiras de 1996 a 2004. O trabalho verifica que algumas das hipóteses apresentadas pela teoria do hedging ótimo são capazes de explicar a decisão acerca da utilização e o volume de derivativos utilizados pelas firmas brasileiras. Além disso, o estudo mostra que o ambiente macroeconômico e fatores específicos do país não analisados na literatura empírica existente também são importantes na determinação da política de gerenciamento de risco das empresas e que o uso de derivativos de moeda tem um impacto na decisão das firmas sobre sua estrutura de capital e composição da moeda de sua dívida.

The Importance of Corporate Foreign Debt in Managing Exchange Rate Exposures in Non‐Financial Companies

Abstract This empirical study of the exchange rate exposure management of Danish non‐financial firms listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange shows that debt denominated in foreign currency (‘foreign debt’) is a very important alternative to the use of currency derivatives. The results show that the relative importance of foreign debt is positively related to (1) the extent of foreign subsidiaries, (2) the relative value of assets in place, and (3) the debt ratio. The pivotal role of time horizon is emphasised. These findings are important to firms in other countries with open economies.

The Importance of Corporate Foreign Debt as an Alternative to Currency Derivatives in Actual Management of Exchange Rate Exposures

This empirical study of the exchange rate exposure management of Danish non-financial firms listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange shows that debt denominated in foreign currency (foreign debt) is a very important alternative to the use of currency derivatives. The results show that the relative importance of foreign debt is positively related to (1) the extent of foreign subsidiaries, (2) the relative value of assets in place, (3) the size of the firm, and (4) the debt ratio. The pivotal role of time horizon is emphasized. These findings are important to firms in other countries with open economies.

Managing Foreign Currency Risk with Derivatives: Evidence from UK Non-Financial Firms

The paper reports the results of an empirical study into the foreign exchange risk management of large UK non-financial corporations. Using a sample of FT UK 500 non-financial firms for 1999, I examine the impact of currency derivatives on firm exchange-rate exposure, the factors that prompt corporations to hedge, and the factors that affect their decision on how much to hedge. I find a strong negative association between foreign currency derivative use and firm exchange-rate exposure, suggesting that firms use derivatives as a hedge rather than to speculate in the foreign exchange markets. The evidence also shows that a firm's currency exposure through foreign operations and import/export activity is a very important factor that prompts firms to hedge. And the size of the firm is positively related to the foreign currency hedging decision, indicating that larger firms are more likely to hedge than smaller firms.

Why firms hedge with currency derivatives: an examination of transaction and translation exposure

This article examines Swedish firms' use of currency derivatives to provide empirical evidence on the determinants of firms' hedging decisions. The study uses survey data in combination with publicly available data.The use of survey data makes it possible to differentiate between currency derivative usage aimed at hedging translation exposure and that aimed at hedging transaction exposure. This is of interest since translation exposure and transaction exposure tend to affect firms differently. The results are consistent with the conjecture that firms hedge transaction exposure with currency derivatives to increase firm value by reducing indirect costs of financial distress or alleviating the underinvestment problem. No evidence is found to support the notion that translation exposure hedges are used to increase firm value.

Why firms in the UK use interest rate derivatives

Evidence reported by Geczy, Minton and Schrand (1997) showed that foreign exchange risk had a significant influence on the use of currency derivatives but that interest cover and financial leverage did not. In this study, we suggest that the reason why foreign exchange risk was significant but interest cover and financial leverage were not significant in the evidence was because currency derivatives were used to measure the dependent variable. We verify the validity of this suggestion by testing the influence of interest cover and financial leverage on the use of interest rate derivatives. Our sample comprises 140 firms in the UK, 48 of which use interest rate derivatives. Evidence observed shows that interest cover and financial leverage have a significant influence on the use of interest rate derivatives and that foreign exchange risk does not. We also compare the previous evidence referred to above with our results to determine whether there is a difference between the factors that motivate firms to use currency derivatives or interest rate derivatives. The result of the comparison indicates that dependence on overseas product and capital markets, tax, institutional shareholding and economies of scale are the factors that motivate firms to use currency derivatives. The result also indicates that high interest cover (i.e. interest/profit before interest and tax)or total debt ratio, economies of scale and directors’ shareholding are the factors that motivate firms to use interest rate derivatives.

Firmwide Risk Management of Foreign Exchange Exposure by U.S. Multinational Corporations

This paper investigates the impact of firmwide risk management practices on the foreign exchange exposure of 208 U.S. multinational corporations (MNC) over the period 1994 to 1998. Firmwide risk management is the coordinated use of both financial hedges, such as currency derivatives, and operational hedges, described by the structure of a firm's MNC foreign subsidiary network, to manage currency risk. We find that the use of currency derivatives, particularly forward contracts, is associated with reduced levels of foreign-exchange exposure. Furthermore, MNCs with dispersed operating networks have lower levels of currency exposure. These findings are robust to alternative ways of measuring foreign-exchange exposure. Finally, our results strongly support the view that MNCs hedging in a coordinated manner can significantly reduce exposure to currency risk. These results strongly suggest that operational and financial hedges are complementary risk management strategies.