Use Of Crude Protein Research Articles

Effect of l-arginine and l-lysine supplementation in low-protein feeds on the growth of native chickens in the starter phase

Some feeds that are used as protein sources, such as fish meal and soybean meal, have a relatively high cost. Therefore, synthetic amino acids, such as arginine and lysine, can be used as alternative protein sources. This study determined the effect of L-arginine and L-lysine in low-protein feed on the growth of one- to six-week-old native chickens. A total of 250 one-week-old native chickens were divided into five treatments and five replications based on a completely randomized design. The treatments were T-2 (0.46% L-arginine + 0.42% L-lysine + 19% crude protein), T-1 (0.56% L-arginine + 0.51% L-lysine + 18% crude protein), T0 (0.66% L-arginine + 0.60% L-lysine + 17% crude protein), T+1 (0.76% L-arginine + 0.69% L-lysine + 16% crude protein), and T+2 (0.86% L-arginine + 0.78% L-lysine + 15% crude protein). The highest feed consumption occurred in the T0 and T+1 treatments (612.81±4.82 and 609.00±8.75 g/chick), and the T+1 group had the highest body weight and weight gain (296.08±1.09 kg/chick and 265.48±1.57 g/chick). The highest carcass weight and percentage at T+1 was 177.57±2.04 g/chick and 59.97±0.55%/chick, respectively. The best feed conversion was at T+1 (2.29±0.40). Statistical analysis showed that the treatment had a significant effect on feed consumption, body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, carcass weight, and carcass weight percentage (P<0.05). The levels of 0.76% arginine + 0.69% lysine increased the feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion, and carcass percentage of native chickens. The increase in L-arginine and L-lysine of 0.76 and 0.69% from 0.46 and 0.42%, respectively, suppressed the use of crude protein by 19.00% to 16.00% in the starter phase.

Açaí meal on diet digestibility for commercial laying hens

This study aimed to evaluate açaí meal in diets for commercial laying hens on apparent nutrient digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. A total of 72 Hissex White laying hens (52-wks-old) were distributed in a completely randomized design, where treatments consisted of a control diet and an experimental diet (25% açaí meal) with six replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5%. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected in digestibility of all evaluated nutrients. Hens fed diets with 25% açaí meal presented worse (p < 0.05) metabolization and use of energy content. It can be concluded that hens fed diets containing açaí meal presented better use of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates and mineral matter. However, there was worse use of dry matter, fiber carbohydrates and ether extract. This result directly affected the energy metabolism of the birds. The inclusion of açaí meal reduced the energy use.

Simulation of diets for dairy goats and growing doelings using nonlinear optimization procedures

The objective of this study was to simulate total dry matter intake and cost of diets optimized by nonlinear programming to meet the nutritional requirements of dairy does and growing doelings. The mathematical model was programmed in a Microsoft Excel(r) spreadsheet. Increasing values of body mass and average daily weight gain for growing doelings and increasing body mass values and milk yield for dairy does were used as inputs for optimizations. Three objective functions were considered: minimization of the dietary cost, dry matter intake maximization, and maximization of the efficiency of use of the ingested crude protein. To solve the proposed problems we used the Excel(r) Solver(r) algorithm. The Excel(r) Solver(r) was able to balance diets containing different objective functions and provided different spaces of feasible solutions. The best solutions are obtained by least-cost formulations; the other two objective functions, namely maximize dry matter intake and maximize crude protein use, do not produce favorable diets in terms of costs.

Faecal index to estimate intake and digestibility in grazing sheep

SUMMARYThe current research was carried out to evaluate the use of crude protein and fibre components in faeces for estimating intake and digestibility in sheep fed with pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke). The equations were developed from four trials in metabolism cages with 16 sheep in each trial. Each animal received a different quantity of millet leaves in the diet: 0·015, 0·020 and 0·025 dry matter (DM) as a proportion of live weight (LW) and ad libitum with at least 0·2 of daily feed refusals. Organic matter intake (OMI, g/day) was measured, through the difference between offer and refusals; total faeces were collected for 5 days, which was used to determine faecal crude protein (CPf, g/day and g/kg of organic matter (OM)), faecal neutral detergent fibre (NDFf, g/day and g/kg OM), faecal acid detergent fibre (ADFf, g/day and g/kg OM) and OM digestibility (OMD). Linear regression equations were calculated to determine the relationship between OMI and CPf (P<0·001, R2=0·90, relative prediction error (RPE=14·02%). A multiple linear equation was generated for OMI including CPf and NDFf (P<0·001, R2=0·94; RPE=9·25%). Hyperbolic (single and multiple) and exponential models were tested to estimate OMD, where the hyperbolic multiple model including CPf and NDFf showed lower RPE (3·90%). These equations for estimating OMI and OMD were evaluated on sheep grazing P. americanum fertilized with increasing levels of nitrogen (N) (50, 100, 200 and 400 kg N/ha), comparing measured and estimated OMI. The intake estimated by multiple regression (CP and NDFf) showed a higher R2 (0·98) and lower RPE (5·25%) than the simple (CPf only) linear equation (R2=0·94; RPE=20·45%). The results demonstrated the feasibility of using the faecal index generated in metabolism cages for estimating intake and digestibility in sheep grazing P. americanum.

Replacement of fish meal with wheat gluten in diets for Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus): Effect on whole-body amino acid concentrations

The feasibility of replacing fish meal with wheat gluten (WG) in diets for Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus) was studied. Four diets were produced containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% WG (60% crude protein and 27% lipid (dry matter (DM) basis)). The lysine concentration in these diets were 4.0, 3.6, 3.1 and 2.6% (dehydrated form), respectively. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of 60 g halibut in a 56-day comparative slaughter experiment. The data were analysed by ANOVA and regression. Fish growth (specific growth rate, overall mean 1.25 ± 0.03%/d) and feed efficiency (overall mean 1.63 ± 0.03 g gain/g DM intake) were good in this trial and were not influenced by dietary WG level. The whole-body protein concentration decreased significantly and the crude lipid concentration tended to increase with increasing dietary WG. These observations were taken as indications of problems with amino acid metabolism, and it was assumed that the diet containing 2.6% lysine was deficient in this amino acid. It was observed that the method of expression of the amino acid concentrations in the body was crucial for the detection of significant differences among treatments. Based on our results, we caution the use of crude protein as the denominator in the expression of amino acid concentrations. The finding in this dataset that dietary effects on the percentages of some amino acids in the fish are dependant on the use of hydrated or dehydrated amino acids encourages us to express the amino acids in the protein-bound (dehydrated) form, which also represents the form in which the overwhelming majority of amino acids are present in the body. The results from this trial indicate that WG is a suitable replacement protein source for fish meal, even at a high inclusion level of 20% of the diets. A further increase in the dietary WG level to 30% should be done with caution unless the diets are supplemented with lysine.

Identification of VCP/p97, Carboxyl Terminus of Hsp70-interacting Protein (CHIP), and Amphiphysin II Interaction Partners Using Membrane-based Human Proteome Arrays

Proteins mediate their biological function through interactions with other proteins. Therefore, the systematic identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions have become a powerful proteomic strategy to understand protein function and comprehensive cellular regulatory networks. For the screening of valosin-containing protein, carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP), and amphiphysin II interaction partners, we utilized a membrane-based array technology that allows the identification of human protein-protein interactions with crude bacterial cell extracts. Many novel interaction pairs such as valosin-containing protein/autocrine motility factor receptor, CHIP/caytaxin, or amphiphysin II/DLP4 were identified and subsequently confirmed by pull-down, two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. In addition, assays were performed to validate the interactions functionally. CHIP e.g. was found to efficiently polyubiquitinate caytaxin in vitro, suggesting that it might influence caytaxin degradation in vivo. Using peptide arrays, we also identified the binding motifs in the proteins DLP4, XRCC4, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, which are crucial for the association with the Src homology 3 domain of amphiphysin II. Together these studies indicate that our human proteome array technology permits the identification of protein-protein interactions that are functionally involved in neurodegenerative disease processes, the degradation of protein substrates, and the transport of membrane vesicles.

Factors Affecting Requirement and Use of Crude Protein in Calf Starter

In five trials 385 calves under 12 wk of age were used to study effects of factors related to utilization of crude protein on performance of young dairy calves. Calves abruptly were changed to starters containing 1.35% urea without apparent toxicity, and in one trial urea was as effective as soybean meal as a protein supplement. Sulfur supplementation to starters already containing .2% sulfur apparently stimulated starter consumption by calves previously adapted to urea. Dried whey was beneficial in starters containing urea when calves had been fed dry feeds for a short time. The requirements for protein exceeded 11.7% of air dry starter for weaned calves to 12 wk of age.

SOME TRENDS IN GRASSLAND FARMING IN EUROPE

IN an assessment such as this, one could cover a wide range of topics fairly shallowly or a lesser number in a bit more depth. I have opted for the latter. The topics discussed will embrace some trends in dairying, beef farming, sheep farming, hill country farming, and land use generally, species and variety usage in grassland farming, use of crude protein produced from pasture, and some implications of energy usage.