Use Of Cough Syrup Research Articles

Adverse childhood experiences, individual-level risk and protective factors, and recent drug use in a community sample of Nigerian women.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with a wide range of health problems and health-compromising behaviors, including drug use, but are understudied in sub-Saharan Africa. Further, some data suggest that some types of ACEs are more strongly associated with outcomes than others. We investigated associations between different types of ACEs and recent drug use among 2,011 women living in Katsina State, Nigeria. This community-based survey included questions on ACE exposure, modifiable individual-level risk and promotive factors, and past-year drug use. Tobacco, cannabis, and the nonmedical use of cough syrup with codeine and tramadol were the most frequently used drugs. Logistic regressions revealed that across most drugs, ACEs reflecting abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, but not community violence, increased the likelihood of drug use, odds ratios (ORs) = 1.30-3.10. Ease of access to drugs, ORs = 1.33-2.98, and personal religiosity, ORs = 1.19-2.27, also enhanced the risk of drug use, and higher depressive affect was associated with codeine, OR = 1.27, and tramadol use, ORs = 2.42. Practicing religious rites, ORs = 0.38-0.70; disapproval of drug use, ORs = 0.36-0.57; and perceived harm from drug use, ORs = 0.54-0.71, reduced the likelihood of drug use. Efforts to prevent abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction; reduce access to drugs; treat depression; and increase disapproval and harm associated with drug use may reduce drug use in the context of ACE exposure.

Drugs Abuse among Adolescent School Dropouts in Sokoto State, Nigeria: Exploring Adverse Effects on Academic Potential and Relations

This study aimed to assess the use of drugs among adolescents who have obtained only a primary school certificate in Sokoto and its consequent effect on academic potential and relations. The study was executed using a cross-sectional survey, and data were collected with a questionnaire from 300 respondents selected through a snowballing sampling technique. Eighty cohorts served as control for the study as well. The results show that respondents are Hausa/Fulani Muslims, 15-17 years old, single, have obtained a primary certificate, and are males (100%). They use cigarettes more than the cough syrup. Most of them were victims of drug abuse for a year and a minority for over two years. Most respondents spent 500 Naira on drugs, some spent 300 Naira, and others spent 200 Naira daily. The influences of the drug are: a majority face peer pressure and a minority are influenced by elder/brother. The effects felt on their body due to the drugs mainly were headache, sleep disorders, and tiredness. The others include mental illness, sickness, and loss/lack of morals. Ways to control drug abuse among adolescents are mostly employment and prevention of selling. There is a significant difference between the respondents' drug use and academic potential at p<0.05. There is indeed a harmful use of cough syrup and cigarettes among adolescent dropouts in Sokoto, with many effects. Job creation and prevention of accessibility are needed.
 Keywords: Primary Education, School dropout, Academic Potential, Skoto

Cough Syrup Use in Infants, A Dangerous Practice

Sleep disturbance is a very common finding in patients with persistent cough1. This is especially apparent in infants with common cold or influenza and the continuous crying can lead to considerable distress for the parents. Cough syrups which are easily available as over the counter medications can induce sleep, and many parents turn to this medication when their infant is suffering from persistent cough.

Nonmedical Use of Cough Syrup Among Secondary Vocational School Students: A National Survey in China.

Nonmedical use of cough syrup (NUCS) among secondary vocational school (SVS) students has been an increasing concern for public health in China, but no data were available. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characters of NUCS as well as its risk factors among SVS students in China.From September 2013 to December 2014, a total of 13,614 SVS students were purposively selected through multistage sampling in 6 cities of China. Information on NUCS, demographics, family background, smoking and alcohol consumption, impulsiveness, sensation seeking, and parental monitoring were collected. Logistic regression was used to explore factors related to NUCS.The 12,923 (94.9%) valid responses (16.3 ± 1.0 years old, and 52.6% men) reported 3.47% (95% confidence interval: 3.15–3.79%) lifetime NUCS. Logistic regression indicated that smoking, part-time job experience, high level of impulsiveness, and sensation seeking were risk factors for NUCS, whereas urban living and high parental monitoring were protective ones.NUCS was prevalent among SVS students. Interventions that target on smoking, impulsiveness and sensation seeking control, improvement on parental monitoring may have considerable impact on NUCS among SVS students.

EPA-1011 - A case series of codeine cough syrup induced psychotic illness in a national addictions management service

Introduction Codeine Induced Psychotic Disorder is a poorly characterized illness but is increasingly being reported amongst cough mixture abusers. A study done in Hong Kong found that substance induced psychotic disorder is the most common psychiatric diagnosis amongst cough mixture abusers. Objectives/Aims We aim to describe the clinical characteristics of patients referred to our National Addictions Management Service with a diagnosis of Substance Induced Psychotic Disorder secondary to Codeine cough syrup use. Methods A retrospective audit of clinical records was done for patients seen at our National Addictions Management Service from Apr 2007 to Mar 2013 with a diagnosis of Substance Induced Psychotic Disorder secondary to codeine use. Patients with a prior primary psychotic disorder diagnosis were excluded from the study. Results 11 patients (9 male, 2 female) out of a total of 48 patients with substance induced psychotic disorder had used codeine cough syrup. 4 of the patients had concomitantly used other substances as well. The age range of the patients was 28-45 yrs with a mean of 37.3 yrs. The duration of hospitalization during their psychotic episode ranged from 4-38 days with a mean of 13.5 days. 10 out of 11 patients were started on antipsychotics at baseline. At the end of a one year follow up period, two patients had their diagnosis revised to that of schizophrenia. Conclusions Codeine Induced Psychotic disorder is increasingly being seen amongst codeine abusers and more research is needed to better characterize this condition and determine the biological mechanisms behind it.

Codeine Cough Syrup Use among Sexually Active, African‐American High School Youths: Why Southern Males Are Down to Have Sex

The American Journal on AddictionsVolume 16, Issue 2 p. 144-145 Codeine Cough Syrup Use among Sexually Active, African-American High School Youths: Why Southern Males Are Down to Have Sex Ronald J. Peters Jr. DrPH, Corresponding Author Ronald J. Peters Jr. DrPH School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasAddress correspondence to Dr. Peters, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin, Suite 2618, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCharles Amos Jr. PhD, Charles Amos Jr. PhD School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorAngela Meshack DrPH, Angela Meshack DrPH School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorCharles Savage MS, Charles Savage MS The Fifth Ward Enrichment Program, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorMichael M. Sinclair MSW, Michael M. Sinclair MSW School of Social Work, Radford University, Radford, VirginiaSearch for more papers by this authorLena T. Williams MPH, Lena T. Williams MPH School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorChristine Markham PhD, Christine Markham PhD School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this author Ronald J. Peters Jr. DrPH, Corresponding Author Ronald J. Peters Jr. DrPH School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasAddress correspondence to Dr. Peters, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin, Suite 2618, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorCharles Amos Jr. PhD, Charles Amos Jr. PhD School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorAngela Meshack DrPH, Angela Meshack DrPH School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorCharles Savage MS, Charles Savage MS The Fifth Ward Enrichment Program, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorMichael M. Sinclair MSW, Michael M. Sinclair MSW School of Social Work, Radford University, Radford, VirginiaSearch for more papers by this authorLena T. Williams MPH, Lena T. Williams MPH School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this authorChristine Markham PhD, Christine Markham PhD School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TexasSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 April 2010 https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490601186246Citations: 13Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume16, Issue2March‐April 2007Pages 144-145 RelatedInformation

Codeine Cough Syrup Use Among African-American Crack Cocaine Users

While studies show evidence of a clear problem with the prevalence of crack cocaine and codeine cough syrup use separately, the relationship between these substances of abuse and concurrent polydrug use is unknown. In an attempt to ascertain beyond anecdotal evidence, the authors carried out a cross-sectional study among 482 Mrican-American crack users to investigate the differences between those who were concurrently codeine cough syrup users and those who were not codeine cough syrup users in Houston, Texas. Logistic regression indicated that codeine use was significantly associated with lower participant age and lower education; codeine cough syrup users were significantly more likely than nonusers to not have a main sexual partner. in addition, codeine users had significantly higher odds of ever trading sex for money, marijuana use, and fry use. These findings are important in determining the “cultural novelties” relative to crack and codeine use among younger Mrican Americans.

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Guidelines and Asthma Management Practices Among Inner-City Pediatric Primary Care Providers

Most surveys of pediatric outpatient asthma management obtain information from parents and caregivers. Studies based on surveys of primary health-care providers are sparse. Suboptimal outpatient management may play a role in the high hospitalization rates among inner-city asthmatic children. Asthma management practices were compared between hospital-based and community-based primary care providers (PCPs). Adherence to National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) guidelines was evaluated, along with practices not clearly defined in the guidelines such as use of oral cough medicines and albuterol suspension. An 8-point questionnaire was administered to 48 community-based and 32 hospital-based PCPs practicing in inner-city neighborhoods. The questionnaire addressed three "positive" practices (classification of asthma severity, use of asthma action plan, and use of a spacer) and three "negative" practices (use of cough syrup, use of albuterol suspension, and preferential use of leukotriene modifiers instead of inhaled corticosteroids as the first line of preventive therapy). Response options were as follows: never, rarely, sometimes, and always, scored from 0 to 3. The two physician groups were compared on score means for the positive and negative practices using a t test with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Overall, the rate of adherence to the positive practices was high, with no significant difference between the two groups. Negative practices, while present in both the groups, were reported significantly more often by the community-based group, particularly the use of cough suppressants and albuterol suspension. Greater emphasis is needed to increase the awareness among PCPs of the NHLBI guideline recommendations, as suboptimal outpatient asthma management may contribute to the disproportionately higher hospitalization rates among inner-city asthmatic children. Clarification on the use of potentially harmful medications and those of doubtful value need to be incorporated in the guidelines. The extent to which these negative practices contribute to the elevated pediatric hospitalization rates warrants further investigation.

Sticky Business: Patterns of Procurement and Misuse of Prescription Cough Syrup in Houston

Reports of recreational codeine cough syrup use have increased in Houston and in the state of Texas. Occasional and polydrug users increasingly have consumed codeine cough syrup (with or without alcohol or other drugs) over the past three years, accounting for a $40 increase in the price of an eight-ounce bottle on the underground economy. News stories regarding syrup abuse and reports of deaths by codeine overdoses suggested the need to explore this emerging drug trend. The investigator conducted a literature search of scientific journals and news media, interviews with community authorities, and guided interviews with 25 adults who reported using codeine cough syrup in the 30 days preceding their interviews. Participants were recruited through snowball sampling; interview transcripts were coded and content analyzed. Polydrug users reported a penchant for codeine syrup because it carries fewer legal consequences, is perceived as “safer” than illegal drugs, and is either free or inexpensive for users with Medicaid or private insurance. Participants reported methods for procuring syrup from physicians and hospital emergency rooms which they consumed or traded for money, goods, or services. Consumption patterns for chronic and occasional users are described. Reported side effects include a drowsy relaxed high, fatigue, loss of coordination, constipation, and urinary retention.