Use Of Cosmetic Surgery Research Articles

Men’s use of cosmetic surgery and the role of traditional masculinity ideologies

In western countries, men are increasingly using cosmetic surgery. However, despite this trend, there remains a dearth of information on the prevalence, acceptance, and motivations behind men’s use of cosmetic surgery. Furthermore, the potential association between men’s use of cosmetic surgery and in particular male-specific cosmetic surgery procedures such as head hair transplant or penis enlargement and traditional masculinity ideologies (TMI) has not been investigated so far. For this purpose, a cross-sectional anonymous online survey was conducted among 241 self-identifying men aged 18 years or older from the German-speaking part of Europe. Participants responded to questions about cosmetic surgery use and experiences, and completed the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory—Short Form (CMNI-SF) and the Male Role Norms Inventory—Short Form (MRNI-SF) questionnaires to assess conformity with and endorsement of TMI. Of the 241 men investigated, 47 (19.5%) had undergone cosmetic surgery. The most common types of cosmetic surgeries reported were wrinkle treatment, eyelid correction, and head-hair transplant. Penis enlargement procedures were reported by three (6.4%) of the 47 men who had undergone cosmetic surgery. The main reasons for undergoing surgery were to feel better (72.3%) and look better (55.3%), while to increase sexual success (17.0%) and to increase manliness (14.9%) were also reported. Logistic regression models showed that higher conformity to TMI (CMNI-SF) was associated with higher odds of having undergone cosmetic surgery. The results highlight the overall increase in men’s cosmetic surgery use and its specific characteristics. The significant positive association between conformity to TMI and men’s use of cosmetic surgery suggests that men increasingly use cosmetic surgery as a means to assert power, success, dominance, and sexual success.

Inequality in Cosmetic Services and Surgery among Iranian Households in 2019: A Decomposition Analysis.

BackgroundThe demand for cosmetic surgery is on the rise worldwide, making it the common form of surgery globally while the use of cosmetic surgery being exponentially high in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate inequality in the use of cosmetic services and surgery (CSS) among Iranian households concerning demographic and socio-economic characteristics.MethodsThis study used data of 38960 Iranian household from the income-expenditure survey of the statistical center of Iran (SCI) in 2019. Concentration index (C) was used to measure inequalities in the use of CSS. Microsoft Excel sheet 2019 was used to extract the data, and the analysis was performed using Stata statistical package version 14.2.ResultsHouseholds with female head, with single head, households with 3 - 4 people, headed with undergraduate education person, households with insurance coverage, with higher socio-economic quintiles, rural households and residents of northwestern Iran were accounted for the highest use of CSS. Also, according to the decomposition analysis, wealth and education level are the two main factors in creating inequality, with wealth, having the highest positive share (88.11%) and education level having the most negative share (-5.26%) in creating measured inequality.ConclusionThe use of CSS is more concentrated in well-off households in Iran. As the resources of health system are limited, the government and the policy makers should have defined plans with regards to CSS use especially taking factors like socioeconomic status and education status of target groups in to account.

Cosmetic Procedures in Adolescents: What's Safe and What Can Wait

Teenagers between 13 and 19 years are increasingly seeking cosmetic procedures. They are suffering from anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem as a result of an obsession with body image and celebrity culture, fueled by social networking sites. Teenagers seek cosmetic procedures most commonly for traumatic scars, acne and acne scars, pigmentary abnormalities, hypertrichosis, hirsutism, and tattoo removal. They demand plastic surgery for nose deformities, breast asymmetry, ear abnormalities, and congenital deformities. The physical, emotional, psychological, social, ethical, and legal aspects must be considered while counseling adolescents. Not every teenager seeking cosmetic surgery is well suited for a procedure, and teens must demonstrate emotional maturity and an understanding of the limitations of these procedures and the risks involved. There should be a 3-month cooling-off period, followed by another consultation, which should be done in the presence of a parent. Only very essential surgery should be performed, giving realistic expectations on the outcome of procedures, as they rely too much on physical appearance to gain confidence. A psychiatric evaluation is essential to rule out body dysmorphic disorders in those repeatedly seeking treatment for minor defects. Sometimes, procedures are necessary to avoid social withdrawal and loss of self-esteem. Proper informed consent should be taken, explaining the benefits, limitations, and risks involved. Ideally, teenagers should not receive cosmetic or surgical procedures unless there are compelling medical or psychological reasons to do so. A successful aesthetic procedure in a mature teenager can have a positive influence, whereas surgery on an immature, psychologically unstable adolescent can have an adverse impact. This review discusses what is safe and what can wait, still there is limited evidence. There is a strong need for guidelines for the use of cosmetic surgery on children and teenagers.

Propensity to Undergo Cosmetic Surgery and Services in Seoul

NOTE: THIS ARTICLE WAS PUBLISHED WITH THE INFORMING SCIENCE INSTITUTE. Aim/Purpose........................................................................................................................................................... The focus of this study is to find the relationship between the components in Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) such as attitude, subjective norms (Media), subjective norm (celebrity), psychological attribute (self-esteem) and psychological attributes (social status) which influence Seoul Korea female intention to undergo cosmetic surgery in Seoul, Korea. Background............................................................................................................................................................. South Korea was ranked third in the world of cosmetic surgery in 2015. The Korean cosmetic surgery market is a promising market with 24% market share of the total world market. The market data about female willingness to undergo cosmetic surgery strongly suggests that marketers who work in the beauty and health industries associated with cosmetic surgery should pay attention to Seoul Korean women who are in the age group under 40 years old as the potential target market. In Korea, cosmetic surgery is frequently mentioned in normal conversation as a general topic and it is naturally settled as a culture. Methodology........................................................................................................................................................... The Seoul Korean female behavior with respect to use of cosmetic surgery is approximately determined by factors underlying the consumer’s behavioral intent. Thus, the theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) is used in this study because it attempts to explain consumer intentions and has a strong power of prediction of utility for a wide range of human behavioral attributes such as attitude, subjective norms (Media), subjective norm (celebrity), psychological attribute (self-esteem) and psychological attributes. A survey was conducted in Seoul, Korea where 400 female were interviewed by self-administrated questionnaire. Descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis and multiple regressions were used to examine the factors that influence Seoul Korean female intention to engage in cosmetic surgery. Contribution............................................................................................................................................................ This research provides an insight to the health and beauty industry, marketers, decision makers and academics on the factors that influence Seoul Korea female intention to engage with cosmetic surgery. Findings According to the research findings, Seoul Korean female attitude towards cosmetic surgery are generally positive, or favorable intention. That is to say, they usually think that the most effective way to improve their appearance and social status is to undergo cosmetic surgery. The study results (both qualitative and quantitative) support the proposition that the variables such as the media and the celebrities play important role in influencing females to do surgery. The results also provide important information to formulate and design strategies for the development and effective conduct of advertisements and promotions of cosmetic surgery. Lastly, other potential influencing factors were psychological attributes which are self-esteem and social status. Recommendations for Practitioners.................................................................................................................... It is suggested that psychologists can try to find the clinical roles in helping the cosmetic surgery patients by identifying patients who may not adjust well psychologically or psycho-socially after surgery. Psychologists can examine the issues related to cosmetic surgery due to the increasing popularity and the link between appearance, body image, eating disorders, sexual functioning and social phobia. Recommendations for Researchers............................................................................................................................................................... To help to fill in the research gaps, it is recommended to examine on how cosmetic surgery makes patients feel, how cosmetic surgery affects those around the recipients and what the effect of cosmetic surgery would be on children and teenagers. Impact on Society The increasing number of cosmetic surgery is having a dramatic impact on the Korean society. In Korea, the number of cosmetic procedures has nearly doubled in the past few years. Distorted perception of self-image, over dependence on the social media is enormous and cannot be overstated had also caused the dramatic rise of cosmetic surgery. The impact of social media has resulted in the rising demand for injectable facial fillers, liposuction, breast implants, buttock augmentation and Botox among younger generation. Future Research.................................................................................................................................................... It is suggested to conduct further research involving Korean females who have undergone cosmetic surgery. The extended research should attempt to determine the level of satisfaction towards non-core and post cosmetic surgery services. That is, after sales services, the skills and knowledge of the doctor, the clinic environment and other attributes that further define the total or augmented product.

Therapeutic uses and efficacy of botulinum toxin in orofacial medicine

Introduction: Botulinum toxin, primarily known for its use in cosmetic surgery, is also used for therapeutic purposes in many medical fields. It works as a muscle relaxant and inhibits glandular secretions. In the orofacial sphere, the use of this toxin is proposed in particular for disabling myofascial pain and aberrant salivary disorders. Methodology: A critical analysis of the literature, based on PUBMED data, concerning the orofacial indications of botulinum toxin was carried out. Results: The literature is abundant regarding the therapeutic interest of this toxin for several oral pathologies, but scientific merits vary markedly from one indication to another. Discussion: The musculorelaxant and antisecretory action of this toxin appears to be demonstrated in the case of bruxism, limitation of the mouth opening and in hypersialorrhea. On the other hand, its medical benefit is still not supported by scientific evidence for masseter hypertrophy, tonicity of the levator labii superioris muscles, sialocele fistulae and Frey's syndrome. Conclusion: Additional high-level studies, unbiased, randomized controlled trials, are required to eliminate the uncertainties that persist about the clinical impact of botulinum toxin and to justify the development of recommendations for good practice valid and credible.

Book review: The Female Body: A Journey Through Law, Culture and Medicine

The Female Body: A Journey Through Law, Culture and Medicine, edited by Feuillet-Liger, Orfali and Callus provides a comprehensive and clear picture of the relationship between biomedicine and law in the context of the female body. In the 21st century, a range of different scientific and biomedical possibilities exist for women that would once have seemed impossible. How does the law regulate these advances in biomedicine? How does the law govern procreation in the light of the new reproductive technologies and challenges? How does the law interact with women who want to improve their physical appearance by the use of cosmetic surgery? How does the law engage with issues of genetic predispositions? Can biomedicine liberate women or does it further disempower them? These questions are analysed and answered in this book.

Medykalizacja kobiecego ciała na przykładzie operacji plastycznych

Medicalization of women’s bodies as exemplified by plastic surgeriesMedicalization of human condition including the medicalization of women’s bodies through the use of cosmetic surgery is advertised by the scientists as giving numerous benefits. At the same time, however, it undoubtedly raises many ethical and legal controversies regarding the validity of medicalization itself, possible directions of its future development and the means of social control over ongoing medicalization. In the case of medicalization of women’s bodies there are questions about its purpose and meaning, about the criteria of beauty and about constructing one’s picture based on the ideal model of „socially desired” body. Given a broad range and complexity of medicalization of human condition the author will first give a short introduction to the problem of medicalization and then will focus on the medicalization of women’s bodies through the use of cosmetic surgery whilst simultaneously giving arguments against its use and propagation.

Use of Microcannula Closed Syringe System for Safe and Effective Lipoaspiration and Small Volume Autologous Fat Grafting

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to provide background on methods of acquiring autologous adipose tissue as a tissue graft and a source of adult progenitor cells for use in cosmetic plastic surgery; to discuss the background and mechanisms of action of closed syringe vacuum lipoaspiration, with emphasis on accessing adipose tissues for use in aesthetic, structural reconstruction and regenerative applications; and to explain a proven protocol for acquiring high-quality autologous fat grafts with use of closed syringe, disposable, microcannula systems. Materials and Methods: An explanation is provided for the components of and the advantages of using the super Luer-lock and microcannulas system with standard Luer syringes. Equipment selection is described, and a sequential explanation is presented for conducting minimally traumatic lipoaspiration in small volumes, including use of blunt injection cannulas to reduce risk of embolism. Results: Thousands of autologous fat grafts have been used in cosmetic surgery and have proven safe and efficacious for use as part of lipoaspiration techniques for large and small structural fat-grafting procedures. The importance and advantages of gently harvesting the adipose tissue complex has become very clear in the past 5 years. A closed syringe system offers a minimally invasive, gentle system to mobilize subdermal fat tissues in a suspension form. Resulting total nuclear counts suggest that this approach achieves higher yields than use of applied vacuum systems that are always on and use a constant mechanical pump. Conclusions: Use of disposable closed syringe lipoaspiration systems featuring disposable microcannulas offers a safe and effective means of harvesting small volumes (<100 mL) of nonmanipulated adipose tissues and accompanying progenitor cells within the adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction. This article presents a practical step-by-step protocol for acquiring high-quality autologous fat grafts.

Ethical Consequences of the Positive Views of Enhancement in Asia

There are positive views towards use of science and technology in all Asian countries, and positive views towards use of enhancement in China, India and Thailand. After considering of the widespread use of cosmetic surgery and other body enhancements in Asian countries, and the generally positive views towards letting individuals make choices about improvement of themselves, the paper concludes that we can expect other enhancements to also be adopted rapidly in Asia. There will be future ethical dilemmas emerging from this with concepts of preservation of nature, flow with nature, and definitions of human-ness, along with concepts of harmony and social justice. Japan is less willing to engage in genetic enhancement compared to China, India and Thailand, despite widespread cosmetic surgery across Asia.

Uncommon Foreign Body Reaction Caused by Botulinum Toxin

Botulinum toxin is composed of 7 botulinum toxin antigenic subtypes. It is produced by Clostridium botulinum bacterial fermentation. Several botulinum toxin subtypes are under investigation for clinical use, but only botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is currently approved for cosmetic use because of its clinical safety profile and efficacy. The use of BTX-A in cosmetic facial procedures is a reliable way to enhance aesthetics in the face and is becoming commonplace in oral and maxillofacial surgery. This article reports an uncommon complication after Botox injection in the upper lip, for cosmetic reasons, originating a mass in the anterior region of the maxilla, which leads to failure in orthodontic treatment. Knowledge of the site anatomy, pharmacology, and dose of BTX-A before its use in cosmetic surgery should be strengthened.

A comparison of laws preventing unnecessary canine cosmetic surgery in Italy and in the Czech Republic

Many invasive procedures, including surgery (ear cropping, tail docking, and debarking in the dog), are performed on dogs for purely cosmetic reasons or convenience. These procedures, also known as “cosmetic surgery”, fall into a variety of categories from the questionably unethical to the undoubtedly criminal, because they are mostly carried out solely to alter a dog’s physical appearance. Although in several European countries these procedures are banned, except when performed by a veterinarian for medical reasons, veterinarians are often requested to perform them for various reasons. Though controversial, canine cosmetic surgery continues to be performed, reaching epidemic proportions. The authors summarize legislation, individual positions and veterinary attitudes regarding cosmetic surgery in Italy and the Czech Republic. Additionally, they explain the ways in which the law is being used in the two countries to prevent these unnecessary procedures, and how current and future anti-cruelty laws can stop unethical use of cosmetic surgery.

An internet of old things

This paper reflects upon the temporal characteristics of the emerging phenomenon known as the ‘Internet of Things’. As objects become individually tagged with unique identities through the addition of small electronic chips or bar codes, their history is recorded and made available to others across a network. The advent of this ever-growing catalogue of histories means that every object will be ‘in touch’ with its current and previous owner at all times and suggests that while we as owners might like to ‘forget’ about an object, we will never truly be detached from them. However the author suggests that there exists a social and cultural inertia that is tied to a teleological perception of time and that the weight of this is hampering opportunities for the Internet of Things to embrace old things. The paper uses a series of cultural coordinates to explore our relationship with personal and social histories including the use of cosmetic surgery to correct hereditary characteristics and films from the last five years that demonstrate a more creative approach to understanding the past. Ultimately the author uses a research project that he is involved in to explore the potential for digital technology to network the past and develop an ‘Internet of Old Things’.

Effect of Perioperative Hyperbaric Oxygen on Bruising in Face-lifts

Effect of Perioperative Hyperbaric Oxygen on Bruising in Face-lifts

Copies Without Originals: the Psychodynamics of Cosmetic Surgery

The use of cosmetic surgery and procedures has sharply increased in recent years. This paper outlines an object-relational framework for understanding the unconscious fantasies that may drive the pursuit of body modification and proposes three categories of such fantasies. For some individuals, the pursuit of “beauty” through cosmetic surgery provides a psychic retreat from the reality of dependency as the self retreats into believing that it can create itself (the self-made fantasy). For others, it is a means for creating a felt-to-be ideal self, thereby averting the pain of the loss of an object that would love and desire the self (the perfect-match fantasy). For still others, it may be the only means of expelling an object felt to be alien or polluting that is unconsciously identified with the body (the reclaiming fantasy).

Anesthesia in Cosmetic Surgery.

Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. cobas@miami.eduAnesthesia in Cosmetic Surgery. Edited by Barry L. Friedberg, M.D. Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pages: 263. Price: $95.00.You know you are in for an interesting read when in the foreword the author is compared to Einstein in 1905. The implication of the foreword is that novel theories, whether about relativity or anesthesia for cosmetic surgery, may initially be considered heresy but prove to be correct over time. Anesthesia in Cosmetic Surgery does not disappoint readers: It is an engrossing book with novel ideas about one of our fastest growing fields of specialty.The book is divided into two main parts. The first is dedicated to the description of anesthesia techniques, while the second deals with peripheral, but nonetheless important, aspects of the practice of anesthesia in an office setting. It also includes two very interesting appendixes covering nutrition in the patient undergoing cosmetic surgery and another curiously covering a contributor’s own experience as an expert witness in judicial cases.The first thing that catches your attention when reading this book is the dedication and passion Dr. Friedberg has put into the development of what he calls “minimally invasive anesthesia” (MIA). This is the name he has chosen to give to a drug combination of propofol, ketamine, and clonidine supplemented with Bispectral Index monitoring, which he claims is practically infallible and has minimal side effects for patients undergoing cosmetic surgery. This MIA technique is the foundation of the book, and the tediousness of its description is counterbalanced by the enthusiasm and self-promotion that the author provides. The self-promotion includes frequent references to the author’s personal case log and experiences with MIA, both of which are used to support most of the book’s contentions about the utility of MIA.Therein rests the book’s main limitation: Most of the methods presented and supportive evidence are developed from the author’s personal perspective. The efficacy of MIA is not cemented by outcomes from large clinical trials. On the other hand, the book is written by authors well versed in the area of cosmetic surgery, making it a valuable apprentice-type text. The final result reads mostly as a how-to, easy-to-follow book rather than an extensive review.Some specific chapters are worth mentioning. The chapter on lidocaine use in cosmetic surgery is an excellent source for understanding how the concept of dosing and megadosing of this local anesthetic has become so prevalent. One is hard-pressed to find strong evidence on the currently recommended maximum dose of lidocaine of 7 mg/kg when using epinephrine in cosmetic surgery settings. The chapter, well written and unobtrusive, provides a clear insight of how this maximum dosage came to be and provides valuable tips on using this drug safely for cosmetic surgery.The chapter on regional blocks for cosmetics surgeries of the head and neck is well organized, with numerous illustrations and photographs depicting their performance. Another interesting chapter, albeit rather short, discusses preanesthetic assessment. This chapter includes a subsection on herbal supplements that are so prevalent today, especially in the cosmetic surgery population.The book also covers important aspects of cosmetic surgery such as the psychological aspects of the patient undergoing cosmetic surgery, regulations that govern ambulatory surgical centers in most states, and business, politics, and medicolegal considerations in the realm of office-based anesthesia. These chapters are compact and full of useful information, even for those who practice outside that setting.Whether Dr. Friedberg becomes the Albert Einstein of anesthesiology remains to be seen. However, his book seems to hold value for those who care for patients undergoing ambulatory processes when a premium is placed on rapid operating room turnover, attaining street readiness, and maximizing patient satisfaction.Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. cobas@miami.edu

Self-esteem and cosmetic surgery: is there a relationship between the two?

This article addresses the correlation between a patient's self-esteem and the demand for and use of cosmetic surgery. The greater purpose of this article is to broaden nurses' understanding of the profound influence of self-esteem as it relates to cosmetic surgery patients and their decision to have surgery.

Cosmetic surgery for people with learning disabilities: considerations for adult protection practice

This paper explores the ethical issues surrounding the use of cosmetic surgery for and by people with learning disabilities. Although such interventions are less common in Britain than in the US, there is a growing interest in the use of cosmetic surgery to correct perceived defects in appearance and speech impairment. However, the assumed potential of cosmetic surgery brings adult protection concerns into stark relief.

Laser blepharoplasty for making double eyelids in Asians.

The double-eyelid operation is a cosmetic procedure performed primarily on Asians who have no supratarsal folds. The goal in Oriental blepharoplasty is to ensure a stable double-eyelid fold with predictable and long-lasting results. Candidates for this procedure desire attractive eyelids with a natural-looking fold. Today, the CO2 laser is used as a surgical tool by plastic surgeons, and its use in cosmetic surgery has recently been expanded to blepharoplasties. We used the high-power CO2 laser (UltraPulse; Coherent, Santa Clara, Calif.) in the double-eyelid operation. Between September of 1995 and September of 1999, a total of 241 patients underwent laser double-eyelid operations at Korea University Medical Center and Dr. Choi's Aesthetic Clinic, with an average follow-up of 18 months. By using the CO2 laser, we could create a stable double-eyelid fold with long-lasting results. The rate of fold release was 2 percent, which was less than the rate using the conventional scalpel incision method. The CO2 laser contributed to a reduction in pain or discomfort after the operation; therefore, patient comfort and early recovery could be enhanced after double-eyelid surgery. In the healing of the incision line, it showed mild redness for 3 weeks, but long-term follow-up showed the scar produced by the laser appeared to be equal in quality compared with the conventional method. Laser blepharoplasty is a useful and effective method to create a stable and attractive double eyelid for Asian patients.

Facial surgery and children with Down's syndrome.

Abrief flurry of media coverage followed a recent television documentary which looked at cosmetic surgery for children and adults with Down's syndrome (‘Changing Faces’, Carlton, 24 November, 1998). The use of cosmetic surgery to improve looks, and therefore social acceptance, was pioneered during the early years of the Second World War. Since then many consenting adults have used cosmetic facial surgery as a method of altering, and perhaps improving, looks.

Cosmetic surgery: The psychiatric perspective

Increased use of cosmetic surgery has led to a growing concern with its psychiatric aspects. This paper reviews psychiatric evaluation of candidates for surgery; considers the rhinoplasty patient as a prototype; examines psychiatric complications of the surgery; and summarizes the outcome in these cases.