Use Of Contingent Valuation Method Research Articles

Value of recreation utility of the Polish Baltic coast – willingness to pay or willingness to declare?

The idea of improving the quality of the Baltic Sea enjoys common understanding and acceptance. An implementation of this idea requires a cost benefit analysis in order to define the correct scope of intervention. Monetary valuation of the benefits arising from the quality improvement was conducted for the Baltic Sea with the use of contingent valuation method, choice experiments, and travel cost method. Crucial sources for such valuation were the stated preferences of the respondents. Availability of ex-post data describing the occupancy rate of the swimming sites on the Polish stretch of the Baltic coast, collected for four consecutive years, makes it possible to compare two concepts i.e. the ex-ante declarations concerning willingness to use high quality environment and the actual consumers’ choices. The results reveal serious discrepancies between the ex-ante and ex-post methods.

On the use of contingent valuation method to assess factors affecting the contribution of local people for the management of water hyacinth in Lake Tana, northwestern Ethiopia.

The colonization of freshwater lakes by invasive alien species is increasingly alarming primarily owing to nutrient loads from the watersheds. For the sustainable management of invasive weeds, preventive methods, such as watershed management and sustainable agricultural practices, are recommended. Watershed protection activities by the upstream local community are believed to be effective measures to reduce nutrient loading to the receiving water bodies and hence help prevent the spread of water hyacinth. However, their willingness and potential contributions determine the effectiveness of watershed management activities. The objective of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the preferences and contributions (willingness to pay and willingness to contribute labor) of the local community for the management of water hyacinth in Lake Tana (Ethiopia). A contingent valuation method for a hypothetical market "prevention of water hyacinth infestation of Lake Tana through watershed management program" was used to collect data from 560 randomly selected households. A multivariable interval regression model was used to identify factors affecting the contribution of local people. The mean yearly willingness to pay and to contribute labor of the respondents was 435.4 Ethiopian Birr (US$ 10) and 22.4 man-days, respectively. The place of residence (rural/urban), educational level, private farm plot area, annual income, and water hyacinth-related conference participation significantly influenced the willingness to pay. Similarly, the willingness to contribute labor was strongly associated with place of residence, location, educational level, and household family size. The economic value derived from this study reflects community preferences, which could be an input for informed and evidence-based decision-making regarding the prevention of weed expansion and sustainable use of ecosystem services. Therefore, local, regional, and national authorities are advised to mobilize the local community to contribute labor and/or money so as to halt the expansion of the weed.

Assessing the Preservation of Parks and Natural Protected Areas: A Review of Contingent Valuation Studies

The existence of parks is particularly important and offers many benefits both to the environment and to humans. Parks are recreational spaces, which contribute to the improvement of the microclimate, reduce atmospheric pollution and protect biodiversity. Their importance for the urban environment is even greater because they offer pure oxygen to the city and people feel close to nature in them. The aim of this study is to review studies which took place globally as well as in Greece, relying on the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) for parks. The reason that this method is used is the valuation of non-market goods and services through the development of a hypothetical market. Additionally, a distinction is made among previous empirical studies depending on the nature of the parks and the country where the survey was conducted, while the disadvantages that must be considered from the use of Contingent Valuation Method are mentioned. According to the findings of the literature review, studies using Contingent Valuation in Greece, particularly in the case of urban parks, are limited. As far as we know, the valuation of existing urban parks has not yet been studied, so this could be a field for further research. The economic valuation of parks in a country like Greece, which suffered with the financial crisis, can lead to conclusions about the value that citizens attribute to parks and the identification of possible protest responses.

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF JOURNALS SUBSCRIPTION AT NEHRU LIBRARY, CCSHAU, HISAR, HARYANA

This Study is based on analysis of the Cost and benefits of the collection of print journal subscribed by Nehru Library, CCSHAU, Hisar, during the year 2015. This study quantified the benefits of journals acquiring by users (Research Scholars and Faculty Members) into financial circumstances (in Indian Rupees) by the use of Contingent Valuation Method. The benefits of journals are based on calculations of user how many time use of journals. For this aim, the total number of 150 and 70 questionnaires randomly was circulated among the Research Scholars (RS) and Faculty Members (FS) of CCSHAU, out of which 85 and 42 were filled and return back by accused, showing an overall response rate of 91.71% and 88% in order. The outcome evident that Cost-benefit Ratio (CBR) is 1:2.3 and Return on Investment (RIO) is 128%.

Estimating the Outdoor Recreational Value of Chitgar Forestial Park of Tehran with the Use of Contingent Valuation Method (CV)

Among issues related to the environment, one of the most important issues is pricing the environment. In the present study, the outdoor recreational value of Chitgar Jungle Park of Tehran and its visitors' willingness to pay per visit (WTP) were estimated by using Contingent Valuation method (CV) and 140 questionnaires based on dichotomous choice. The results revealed that 30 percent of the surveyed people were willing to pay an entrance fee and the mean willingness to pay for each visitor was estimated at 3076 Rials and its total annual recreational value was estimated at 5 billion Rials. Among the effective variables on individuals' visit of this park, recommendation, income, per-visit cost, family size, and visits during a year were 1% significant; park facilities and quality were 5% significant; and the visitors' use of personal vehicles, education, type of house, as well as job were 10% significant.

Protest response and willingness to pay for culturally significant urban trees: Implications for Contingent Valuation Method

The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) could assist green-space planning, management and appreciation by assigning a monetary value to urban trees. However, the use of CVM is limited by its inherent methodological weaknesses. A critical concern is the existence of a large proportion of survey respondents providing zero willingness-to-pay (WTP) and that these responses are not amenable to economic theory — known as ‘protest’ responses. Censoring protest responses from further treatment is a common practice, which warrants reconsideration in light of our CVM survey results. The survey involved 800 residents requested to state their WTP for preserving the culturally significant stonewall trees in urban Hong Kong. About 28% of respondents returned a zero WTP. For all respondents the strength of protest beliefs was assessed, and the relationship between protest beliefs and WTP were examined. Our analysis produced contradictory results: some protest items varied negatively with WTP as expected, but other items increased with it. Respondents' stated positive WTP harbored latent protest beliefs which are related to non-economic preference. The findings stand at odds with the assumptions underlying the censoring treatment and raise questions about the validity of WTP estimates. These methodological implications should be taken into account in using CVM.

基于生境等价分析法的胶州湾围填海造地生态损害评估

围填海造地的生态损害是指围填海造地所引致的海洋生态系统服务功能的下降,包括生物资源消失、生态调节功能减弱以及生物栖息地破坏等。针对胶州湾围填海造地规模及其生态影响,使用生境等价分析法,对围填海造地的资源和生态服务功能的受损程度和补偿规模进行了评估。结果表明,1988-2005年胶州湾填海造地的资源生态受损程度为41.33%,以退田还海作为修复工程,修复期为8a,在5%的折现率水平下,修复工程的规模应为22.47 km²,才能使被填海域的生态服务功能恢复到初始水平。这一结论可作为地方政府对胶州湾围填海造地实施生态修复建设和生态补偿管理的技术依据。;Assessing the extent of habitat damage resulting from sea reclamation could help policy makers meet the necessary requirements for developing policies on marine ecological damage compensation and ecological restoration. Recently in China, increasing research has been conducted to monetize the ecological damage resulting from reclamation by using revealed and expressed preference techniques, such as travel cost and contingent valuation methods (CVM). The results provide new approaches to quantify ecological impacts, as well as socially and economically based management suggestions to inform policy makers. But the use of CVM, or other revealed preference techniques, for estimating non-use values remains controversial because these techniques tend to overstate actual losses. Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA) is a tool for assessing natural resource damage, and has been used in the United States and Europe to identify replacement habitats for a number of coastal habitats injured through oil spills, hazardous substance release, vessel groundings and other anthropogenic actions. Termed service-to-service, this habitat-based approach seeks to determine the amount of restoration needed to compensate for natural resource losses. HEA is specifically used to find replacement habitats that can provide ecologically equivalent services to those that are lost from the damaged habitat. Jiaozhou Bay, a semi-enclosed bay supporting the coastal city of Qingdao, is undergoing rapid industrialization and urbanization, and facing huge pressure from reclamation to expand its usable space. Data from previous research shows that during 1958-2006, the Jiaozhou Bay's sea area was reduced by 33%, mainly as a result of reclamation. Focusing on the scale of reclamation of Jiaozhou Bay, and its ecological impact during 1988-2005, this paper assesses ecological damage using the HEA method. The results show that approximately 35 km²of Jiaozhou Bay has been reclaimed. The total damage to ecosystem services during 1988-2005 was 41.33%, which represented the combined damage to biological resources, tidal volume, environmental capacity, wetland landscape, and biodiversity. For a restoration project that reclaims farmland into sea, the scale of restoration should be 22.47 km²at the discount rate level of 5% to achieve the reclaimed sea's initial ecological service level. HEA is based on the provision of restoration services that are equivalent to the level of natural resource damage, and this method requires discounting the future cost and benefit. Parameter sensitivities are analyzed showing that the two parameters of restoration time and discount rate will affect the result significantly; the increased discount rate and restoration time will lead to a reduction in the restoration project area. Following damage to a natural area, a restoration project is urgently needed to reduce the resulting ecological damage. We conclude that HEA offers a viable alternative to traditional economic analysis when potential injuries to ecological services resulting from reclamation are being evaluated. Furthermore, our results could be used as a technical reference for local governments when conducting ecological restoration, as well as a tool for ecological compensation management for the highly efficient allocation of marine resources. The HEA method is only beginning to be applied in China, and theoretical discussions have not yet commenced. However, it provides promise for the continuation of in-depth empirical research into the future.

An assessment of household willingness to pay for curbside recycling: A comparison of payment card and referendum approaches

Curbside recycling is a tool that communities use to reduce the need for landfill space. This study provides contingent valuation estimates of household willingness to pay (WTP) to continue a curbside recycling program in the face of budget cuts. Comparisons of two forms of the contingent valuation method (CVM) are provided: a single bounded referendum and a payment card. Neither approach emerges as unambiguously superior. Response rates were virtually identical. Both approaches show that support for curbside recycling is highly sensitive to price. Regression results from the payment card provided a more thorough identification of socio-demographic variables associated with WTP than the referendum, but the explanatory power of the two regressions did not differ significantly. The referendum estimates of mean WTP exceed those from the payment card, although the disparities are less than those typically reported in the CVM literature. Local policy makers cited the CVM results as influencing their decisions regarding funding options for the future of the program, and seemed to appreciate the fact that the two approaches provided a fairly narrow range of estimates of WTP. In an era when more of the burden of financing of environmental programs is being shifted to the local level, use of CVM to estimate the WTP of consumers for highly disaggregated goods and services designed to achieve environmental improvement will likely become more relevant to local decision makers who are interested in understanding their constituents' views.

The Effects of Information on Willingness‐to‐Pay Values of Endangered Species

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 80, Issue 5 p. 1214-1220 Abstract The Effects of Information on Willingness-to-Pay Values of Endangered Species Jennifer Tkac, Jennifer Tkac graduate student, Department of Agricultural Economics, McGill University.Search for more papers by this author Jennifer Tkac, Jennifer Tkac graduate student, Department of Agricultural Economics, McGill University.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 1998 https://doi.org/10.2307/1244227Citations: 46 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume80, Issue5December 1998Pages 1214-1220 RelatedInformation

Estimating the Benefits of Environmental Enhancement: A Case Study of the River Darent

The provision of leisure facilities is usually assessed on their value to users. This paper outlines the use of contingent valuation methods in an ex ante appraisal of the costs and benefits of enhancing river flow for recreational purposes in a low flow river. A number of rivers in England and Wales experience low flows, especially during summer months, due to over abstraction of water, creating a trade-off between leisure uses and the demands of water consumers. The sequential benefits of enhanced flows are estimated from those associated with abstraction up to licensed limits: to river flow at 70% of licensed abstraction levels; to flow levels required for an environmentally acceptable flow regime, which would permit leisure activities such as fishing, enhanced scenic walking and wildlife encounters. These benefits are compared to the costs which would be incurred to achieve these enhanced flow regimes. The study illustrates the importance of including non-user benefits in benefit-cost analysis, if leisure provision is to be provided in certain areas.

The Benefits of Alleviating Low Flows in Rivers

A number of rivers in England and Wales experience low flows, especially during summer months, due to over-abstraction of water. This paper outlines the use of contingent valuation methods in an ex ante appraisal of the costs and benefits of low-flow alleviation, using the River Darent in Kent as a case study. Both use and passive use values are estimated. The sequential benefits of enhanced flows are estimated from those associated with abstraction up to licensed limits, to river flow at 70% cent of licensed abstraction levels, to flow levels required for an environmentally acceptable flow regime. These benefits are compared with the costs which would be incurred to achieve these enhanced flow regimes.

Some Issues in Discrete Response Contingent Valuation Studies

The use of survey or contingent valuation methods to estimate an individual's valuation of non-marketed goods, especially environmental resources, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Initially, research efforts in this area were viewed by a majority of the economics profession with considerable skepticism. However, with the increased need for information on individuals’ valuation of a whole range of environmental resources and limitations on the ability of indirect market-based methods for valuing all of these resources, there has been a substantial increase in the use of contingent valuation methods to provide this information. Indeed, a recent state-of-the-art assessment (see Cummings et al. [1984]) of the contingent valuation method (CVM) has been able to develop a set of reference operating conditions under which it was reasonable to expect the CVM approach would yield estimates with accuracy that was approximately comparable to the indirect methods. Clearly the definition of these conditions is a judgmental one. Nonetheless, it was based on a substantial number of comparative studies evaluating the relationship between CVM and indirect market estimates of the benefits associated with changes in specific environmental resources. Moreover, it does reflect the changing attitude toward the CVM approach. It is therefore particularly appropriate to consider new directions in the development of the contingent valuation method.