Use Of Combined Hormonal Contraceptives Research Articles

New recommendations on cerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis from the German consensus-based (S2k) guideline

Over the last years, new evidence has accumulated on multiple aspects of diagnosis and management of cerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis (CVT) including identification of new risk factors, studies on interventional treatment as well as treatment with direct oral anticoagulants. Based on the GRADE questions of the European Stroke Organization guideline on this topic, the new German guideline on CVT is a consensus between expert representatives of Austria, Germany and Switzerland. New recommendations include:• CVT occurring in the first weeks after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with vector vaccines may be associated with severe thrombocytopenia, indicating the presence of a prothrombotic immunogenic cause (Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia; VITT).• D-dimer testing to rule out CVT cannot be recommended and should therefore not be routinely performed.• Thrombophilia screening is not generally recommended in patients with CVT. It should be considered in young patients, in spontaneous CVT, in recurrent thrombosis and/or in case of a positive family history of venous thromboembolism, and if a change in therapy results from a positive finding.• Patients with CVT should preferably be treated with low molecular weight heparine (LMWH) instead of unfractionated heparine in the acute phase.• On an individual basis, endovascular recanalization in a neurointerventional center may be considered for patients who deteriorate under adequate anticoagulation.• Despite the overall low level of evidence, surgical decompression should be performed in patients with CVT, parenchymal lesions (congestive edema and/or hemorrhage) and impending incarceration to prevent death.• Following the acute phase, oral anticoagulation with direct oral anticoagulants instead of vitamin K antagonists should be given for 3 to 12 months to enhance recanalization and prevent recurrent CVT as well as extracerebral venous thrombosis.• Women with previous CVT in connection with the use of combined hormonal contraceptives or pregnancy shall refrain from continuing or restarting contraception with oestrogen–progestagen combinations due to an increased risk of recurrence if anticoagulation is no longer used.• Women with previous CVT and without contraindications should receive LMWH prophylaxis during pregnancy and for at least 6 weeks post partum.Although the level of evidence supporting these recommendations is mostly low, evidence from deep venous thrombosis as well as current clinical experience can justify the new recommendations.This article is an abridged translation of the German guideline, which is available online.

Hormonal contraceptive use after a first venous thrombotic event and the risk of recurrence in premenopausal women

BackgroundExtensive evidence is available on hormonal contraceptive (HC) use and the risk of a first venous thromboembolism (VTE) event. Despite recommendations to discontinue combined HC (CHC) use, some women continue or start its use after a first VTE. ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the VTE recurrence risk associated with HC use in premenopausal women. MethodsPremenopausal women with a first VTE included in the Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment of Venous Thrombosis study between 1999 and 2004 were followed for a recurrence until 2010. Data on HC use were available through linkage to the Dutch Foundation for Pharmaceutical Statistics. The risk of recurrence was assessed 1) during anticoagulant therapy and 2) after cessation of anticoagulant therapy. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs adjusted for age and body mass index at baseline and thromboprophylaxis use during follow-up. ResultsSix hundred fifty women were uniquely linked and followed for a total of 3538 person-years (median, 6.1 years), during which 57 VTE recurrences occurred. Five occurred (8.8%) during anticoagulation treatment, with no clear risk difference for CHC use vs nonuse (HR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.1-8.2). After anticoagulation cessation, CHC use was associated with a 2.4-fold higher risk of recurrence (HR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2-5.0) compared with nonuse. Recurrence risk for levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device use was similar to that for nonuse (HR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.3-3.1). ConclusionCHC use after a first VTE is safe during anticoagulant use but substantially increases the risk of a recurrent VTE event in absence of anticoagulant use. This study adds to the evidence regarding the use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device as a safe alternative.

Contraindicated use of modern contraceptives among mothers from a Pelotas Birth Cohort.

To describe the prevalence of contraindicated use of combined hormonal contraceptives, progesterone-only contraceptives, and intrauterine devices in mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort according to the WHO medical eligibility criteria. The biological mothers of children belonging to the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort who attended the 48-month follow-up were studied. The 48-month follow-up data were collected from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. Contraindicated use of modern contraceptives was considered to occur when these women presented at least one of the contraindications for the use of modern contraceptives and were using these methods. The prevalence of contraindicated use was calculated according to each independent variable and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The analyzed sample consisted of 3,053 women who used any modern contraceptive method. The prevalence of contraindicated use of modern contraceptives totaled 25.9% (95%CI: 24.4-27.5). Combined hormonal contraceptives showed the highest prevalence of contraindicated use (52.1%; 95%CI: 49.3-54.8). The prevalence of contraindicated use of modern contraceptives methods was greater in women with family income between one and three minimum wages, a 25-30 kg/m2 body mass index, indication by a gynecologist for the used method, and purchasing the contraceptive method at a pharmacy. The higher the women's education, the lower the prevalence of inappropriate use of modern contraceptives. In total, one in four women used modern contraceptives despite showing at least one contraindication. Policies regarding women's reproductive health should be strengthened.

Former long-term use of combined hormonal contraception and glucose metabolism disorders in perimenopausal women: A prospective, population-based cohort study.

Current use of combined hormonal contraceptives worsens glucose tolerance and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus at late fertile age, but the impact of their former use on the risk of glucose metabolism disorders is still controversial. This was a prospective, longitudinal birth cohort study with long-term follow-up consisting of 5889 women. The cohort population has been followed at birth, and at ages of 1, 14, 31 and 46. In total, 3280 (55.7%) women were clinically examined and 2780 also underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at age 46. Glucose metabolism indices were analyzed in former combined hormonal contraceptive users (n = 1371) and former progestin-only contraceptive users (n = 52) and in women with no history of hormonal contraceptive use (n = 253). Compared with women with no history of hormonal contraceptive use, those who formerly used combined hormonal contraceptives for over 10 years had an increased risk of prediabetes (odds ratio [OR] 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-9.2) but not of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Former progestin-only contraceptive use was not associated with any glucose metabolism disorders. The results persisted after adjusting for socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol consumption, parity, body mass index and use of cholesterol-lowering medication. Former long-term use of combined hormonal contraceptives was associated with a significantly increased risk of prediabetes in perimenopausal women, which potentially indicates a need of screening for glucose metabolism disorders in these women.

Combined hormonal contraceptive use is not protective against musculoskeletal conditions or injuries: a systematic review with data from 5 million females

ObjectiveAssess the association between combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) use and musculoskeletal tissue pathophysiology, injuries or conditions.DesignSystematic review with semiquantitative analyses and certainty of evidence assessment, guided by the Grading of...

(090) Immunohistochemical Staining of Elastin in the Vestibule

Abstract Introduction The vestibule is an external genital structure lying 90° to the vaginal canal opening. During the thrusting movements associated with penetrative sexual activity, the vestibule undergoes significant stretching during both invagination and evagination. The vestibule also undergoes extreme stretching during childbirth. The rete pegs in the non-keratinized squamous epithelium facilitate the ability of the vestibule to mechanically stretch. More importantly, however, the vestibular lamina propria, with nerves, blood vessels, glands, needs to contain a high density of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins with stretching capabilities. In particular, the ECM protein elastin endows skin structures with the ability to stretch, recoil, and have elasticity. Elastin has previously been shown to influence mechanical stretching properties of tendons. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the density of elastin proteins in the vestibule in reproductive age patients as there are currently limited data. Methods A total of 7 reproductive age patients with normal sex steroid hormone values and complaints of entrance dyspareunia were diagnosed with neuroproliferative vestibulodynia and subsequently underwent complete vestibulectomy. Tissue blocks were created from the specimen, and 5 μm sections studied with immunohistochemical staining with primary antibody. Sections were then counterstained with Gill-modified hematoxylin. Results In all vestibular specimen, there was very high density of elastin underneath the epithelium in rete pegs and throughout the entire lamina propria (Fig 1). There is a density gradient with the highest density immediately deep to the basement membrane of the epithelium. Elastin fibers were arranged in all orientations: coronal (frontal), sagittal (longitudinal), and transverse (axial) planes. Conclusions The high density of elastin fibers in rete pegs and throughout the lamina propria in a multi-planar orientation is suggestive of extreme stretching capability in eugonadal vestibular tissues. The highest density of elastin staining was seen immediately below the basement membrane of the epithelium, which may provide tissue integrity and shear resilience to the epithelial layer. In sex steroid hormone insufficiency states such as menopause or with use of combined hormonal contraceptives, individuals may develop loss of introital elasticity and fissures due to a deficiency of the ECM protein elastin. More research is needed on elastic fiber production, organization, and integration with other cutaneous extracellular matrix proteins, and how they may be affected by sex steroid hormones. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Endoceutics, Inc.

Use of combined hormonal contraceptives in women with uterine fibroids: opinions of practitioners

BACKGROUND:Uterine fibroids are increasingly diagnosed in patients of reproductive age. Combined hormonal contraceptives provide reliable protection against unwanted pregnancy and help to reduce or eliminate various clinical manifestations of uterine fibroids. In practice, obstetrician-gynecologists have barriers to prescribing combined hormonal contraceptives to patients with uterine fibroids.
 AIM:The aim of this work was to study the features of the clinical approach of obstetrician-gynecologists to the management of patients with uterine fibroids interested in combined hormonal contraception.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS:The method of voluntary anonymous questioning was applied to 366 obstetrician-gynecologists. The work experience of 62.1% (n= 227) of doctors was 10 years or more. The questionnaire included questions about various aspects of the use of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception in women with uterine fibroids.
 RESULTS:Only every second (47.5%;n= 174) obstetrician-gynecologist correctly assigns uterine fibroids to the first category of acceptability for combined hormonal contraceptives. The presence of an asymptomatic submucous myomatous node (FIGO 12) or dysmenorrhea in women with uterine fibroids is considered by 29.0% (n= 106) and 5.7% (n= 21) of obstetrician-gynecologists, respectively, as a contraindication to the use of combined hormonal contraceptives. Every ninth participant (11.4%;n= 42) believes that the presence of uterine fibroids limits the duration of use of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception to 15 years. Almost half (45.6%;n= 167) of the respondents believe that combined hormonal contraceptives have various effects on uterine fibroids (cause regression or growth of fibroids, increase the risk of new fibroids). More than half (53.3%;n= 195) of the respondents are not informed about the reduction in the risk of developing uterine fibroids when using combined hormonal contraceptives for five years or more.
 CONCLUSIONS:In the analyzed cohort of experienced obstetrician-gynecologists, we identified their barriers to prescribing combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception for women with uterine fibroids. Those are incomplete awareness of the acceptance criteria for combined hormonal contraceptives and insufficient awareness of the lack of effect of combined hormonal contraceptives on the size of existing myomatous nodes and a decrease in the risk of developing uterine fibroids when using combined hormonal contraceptives for five or more years.

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception.

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception.

Modern women choose contraceptive vaginal ring

This survey introduces up-to-date statistic data on women’s reproductive health considering current control methods. It includes literature analysis on the contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR) use. Evidential medicine proves that CVR is a long-standing, safe and effective birth control method. CVR usage definitely wins the battle against oral contraception and prolonged contraception methods. The survey includes current patients’ survey results concerning CVR usability particularly during sex. VR’s effect on vagina microbiota and cervix epithelium is also covered, considering the discussions on cervix cancer increase caused by long-term use of combined hormonal contraceptives. Recently, there has been some positive trend towards the protection of reproductive health. However, we have to admit that there are still many unresolved issues, in particular, unavailability of adequate family planning counselling services and advanced effective birth control methods. The pharmaceutical market is saturated with various birth control methods. A careful analysis of medical history details and test results makes it easy to choose the best possible and safe birth control method with due regard of the patients’ wishes. Bearing in mind the less pronounced systemic effect, ease of use, and a favourable safety profile, the choice of CVR as a birth control method seems to be the best solution for women

Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives Induce Similar Unfavorable Metabolic Effects in Women with PCOS: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

This clinical trial aims to compare hormonal and metabolic changes after a 9-week continuous use of oral or vaginal combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We recruited 24 women with PCOS and randomized them to use either combined oral (COC, n = 13) or vaginal (CVC, n = 11) contraception. At baseline and 9 weeks, blood samples were collected and a 2 h glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to evaluate hormonal and metabolic outcomes. After treatment, serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels increased (p < 0.001 for both groups) and the free androgen index (FAI) decreased in both study groups (COC p < 0.001; CVC p = 0.007). OGTT glucose levels at 60 min (p = 0.011) and AUCglucose (p = 0.018) increased in the CVC group. Fasting insulin levels (p = 0.037) increased in the COC group, and insulin levels at 120 min increased in both groups (COC p = 0.004; CVC p = 0.042). There was a significant increase in triglyceride (p < 0.001) and hs-CRP (p = 0.032) levels in the CVC group. Both oral and vaginal CHCs decreased androgenicity and tended to promote insulin resistance in PCOS women. Larger and longer studies are needed to compare the metabolic effects of different administration routes of CHCs on women with PCOS.

MP27-14 ELASTIN STAINING OF THE VESTIBULE

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP27-14 ELASTIN STAINING OF THE VESTIBULE Alyssa Yee, Alain Dury, Johanne Ouellet, Barry Komisaruk, Sue W Goldstein, and Irwin Goldstein Alyssa YeeAlyssa Yee More articles by this author , Alain DuryAlain Dury More articles by this author , Johanne OuelletJohanne Ouellet More articles by this author , Barry KomisarukBarry Komisaruk More articles by this author , Sue W GoldsteinSue W Goldstein More articles by this author , and Irwin GoldsteinIrwin Goldstein More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003255.14AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The vestibule is an external genital structure lying 90° to the vaginal canal opening. The vestibule consists of non-keratinized squamous epithelium with numerous rete pegs, underlying lamina propria with nerves, blood vessels, glands, and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. During thrusting movements associated with penetrative sexual activity, the vestibule undergoes significant stretching during invagination/evagination. The vestibule also undergoes extreme stretching during childbirth. Elastin is an ECM protein in microfibrils that endows skin structures with ability to stretch, recoil, and have elasticity. Elastin has previously been shown to influence mechanical properties of tendons; degraded or abnormal elastin structures caused by aging or disease may contribute to pain and increased risk of injury. There are limited data on elastin in the vestibule in reproductive age patients and its role in vestibular elasticity/integrity. METHODS: 7 reproductive age patients with entrance dyspareunia from neuroproliferative vestibulodynia, with normal values of testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone, underwent complete vestibulectomy. Tissue blocks were created from the specimen, and 5 υm sections studied with IHC primary antibody. Finally, sections were counterstained with Gill-modified hematoxylin. RESULTS: In all vestibular specimen, there was very high density of elastin underneath the epithelium in rete pegs and throughout the entire lamina propria. There is a density gradient with the highest density immediately deep to the basement membrane of the epithelium. Elastin fibers were arranged in all orientations: coronal (frontal), sagittal (longitudinal), and transverse (axial) planes. CONCLUSIONS: The high density of elastin fibers in rete pegs and through the lamina propria in a multi-planar orientation is suggestive of extreme stretching capability in eugonadal vestibular tissues. The highest density of elastin staining was seen immediately below the basement membrane of the epithelium, which may provide tissue integrity and shear resilience to the epithelial layer. More research is needed on elastic fiber production, organization, and integration with other cutaneous extracellular matrix proteins, and how this may change during androgen insufficiency states such as menopause or with use of combined hormonal contraceptives. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e367 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Alyssa Yee More articles by this author Alain Dury More articles by this author Johanne Ouellet More articles by this author Barry Komisaruk More articles by this author Sue W Goldstein More articles by this author Irwin Goldstein More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Women’s attitudes about combined hormonal contraception (CHC) - induced menstrual bleeding changes - influence of personality traits in an Italian clinical sample

Objectives We investigated the attitudes to change the frequency of menstrual bleeding by using combined hormonal contraception (CHC). Personality characteristics were also explored. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in two university hospitals in northern Italy. Current, past and never CHC users (n = 545; age 18–44 years) completed a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). Results Forty-five percent of responders (n = 301) would prefer to change their bleeding frequency by using CHC. A flexible regimen was the preferred choice (n = 80; 33%) followed by extended regimens to bleed every 3 months (n = 54; 22%) or to never bleed (n = 43; 18%). The main positive reasons were to avoid dysmenorrhea (43%) and have more freedom in sexual (36%) and active (35%) life, whereas the main reason for a negative attitude was ‘menstrual rhythm is natural’ (59%). Age had a significant influence on women’s willingness to change menstrual frequency by using CHC [>39 years (57%), 30–39 years (31%) and <30 years (46%)] (χ2: 9.1; p = 0.01). Never users significantly reported a more negative attitude (71%) in comparison with past (51%) and current users (49%) (χ2: 18.7; p = 0.001). Personality traits played a role, with higher scores of openness (p = 0.005) and extraversion (p = 0.001) in women with a positive attitude. Conclusions Almost half of our study sample reported a preference for changing their menstrual pattern by using CHC. Flexibility was the preferred choice across age and use of CHC. Personality characteristics (openness and extroversion) might influence attitudes toward CHC-induced menstrual bleeding changes.

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception: a Cochrane systematic review

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease COVID-19 is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic events. Individuals with COVID-19 using hormonal contraception could be at additional risk for thromboembolism, but evidence is sparse.MethodsWe...

The Thromboembolism Risk with Combined Hormonal Contraceptives: Current Status and Prescribing Practice

The Thromboembolism Risk with Combined Hormonal Contraceptives: Current Status and Prescribing Practice Abstract. The use of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) increases not only the risk for venous thromboembolism, but also for arterial thromboembolism. The risk for thromboembolism is the same for non-oral CHC (patches, vaginal rings) as for oral CHC. Risk factors such as age >35, obesity, smoking and a positive family history need to be recognized and considered in contraceptive counselling. Elaborate information concerning risks and benefits is mandatory. This applies to first-time as well as long-term users. Careful investigation of the history is required, and the risk factors need to be re-evaluated at yearly prescription. It is also very important to inform the patients about the early symptoms of thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, so that therapy can be started immediately. Apart from these risks, CHC may have beneficial effects on organs such as the ovaries, the endometrium and the general well-being for many women. When prescribing a CHC for the first time or when changing to another preparation, one should always weigh up whether certain benefits justify prescribing a preparation with a slightly higher risk of thrombosis compared to the second-generation pill or preparations with Estradiol/Nomegestrolacetat. Women who are already using a third-generation pill or a pill with drospirenone or cyproterone acetate and feel comfortable with it do not need to switch to another preparation (provided no new risk factors have arisen). For women with increased risks, i.e. several relative contraindications or one absolute contraindication, safe alternatives to CHC include progestogen-only preparations, intrauterine devices containing copper or levonorgestrel or, after family planning has been completed, surgical methods (sterilisation/vasectomy).

Use of combined hormonal contraception and stroke: A case-control study of the impact of migraine type and estrogen dose on ischemic stroke risk.

To clarify how factors such as estrogen dose and migraine history (including migraine subtype) impact ischemic stroke risks associated with combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) use. CHC use in those with migraine with aura has been restricted due to concerns about stroke risk. We conducted a case-control analysis of stroke risk associated with estrogen dose and migraine history among CHC users in a large tertiary care center. All women aged 18-55 who used a CHC between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2019, were identified. Those with a stroke diagnosis were identified using ICD codes and confirmed via chart and imaging review. Details of personal and family medical history, stroke evaluation, ethinyl estradiol dosing (EE; ≥30 vs. <30 μg), and demographics were collected. From a random sample of 20,000 CHC users without stroke, a control cohort (n=635) was identified and matched based on patient characteristics, medical and family histories, as well as stroke risk factors, to assess association between migraine diagnosis, migraine subtype, estrogen dose, and stroke. Of the 203,853 CHC users in our cohort, 127 had confirmed stroke (0.06%; CI 0.05%, 0.07%). In unadjusted analyses, a higher number of patients in the case cohort had a diagnosis of migraine (34/127, 26.8%) compared to controls (109/635, 17.2%; p=0.011). Stroke risk was higher with ≥30-μg EE doses compared to those using a <30-μg dose (OR, 1.52; CI 1.02, 2.26; p=0.040). Compared to no migraine, personal history of migraine increased the odds of stroke (OR, 2.00; CI 1.27, 3.17; p=0.003). Compared to no migraine, stroke risk was not significantly increased in those with migraine with aura, but migraine without aura increased the risk (OR, 2.35; CI 1.32, 4.2; p=0.004). Overall stroke risk in our cohort of CHC users was low. When CHCs are used in those with migraine, formulations containing ≤30 μg EE are preferred. Shared decision-making should include discussions about ischemic stroke risks in patients with migraine, even those without aura.

The Risk of Breakthrough Bleeding Justifies the Use of Combined Hormonal Contraception Over Progesterone-Only Pills While Breastfeeding.

Breakthrough bleeding is a side effect of progesterone-only pills (POPs) in 40% of women, and is reduced to 10% with combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs). In addition, breakthrough bleeding is reduced if POP is supplemented with norethisterone. As breakthrough bleeding is responsible for a quarter of women stopping the pill, it is vital to realize that CHC is an alternative to POP-even during lactation. CHCs are considered safe during lactation, do not reduce milk production, nor impede infant development. Nevertheless, CHCs are often not prescribed for lactating mothers due to this misconception that they reduce milk production. Among Orthodox Jews, breakthrough bleeding frequently results in stopping POP, as Jewish religious law prohibits any physical contact of the mother with her partner during active bleeding, and for 7 days after bleeding. When such bleeding occurs, not choosing a CHC alternative, results in couples risking discontinuation of POP, and in conceiving within a year of the previous birth, with its increased risk of preterm labor and birth defects. To measure how physicians respond to the presumed dilemma of balancing the risk of breakthrough bleeding versus the concern of reduction of milk production, we conducted a preliminary online survey. Physicians were asked if they would prescribe CHC instead of POP to breastfeeding mothers, 3 months postpartum with breakthrough bleeding. Half of the physicians responded they would prescribe CHC, whereas close to half of the physicians responded that they would not. The main reasons given by the respondents for avoiding CHC was a concern regarding possible milk reduction. These results confirm a significant degree of a lack of updated pharmacological information regarding the options of oral contraceptive use for lactating mothers, particularly for those where breakthrough bleeding has major behavioral and religious consequences. Thus, we contend that the risk of breakthrough bleeding justifies the more routine use of CHC in lieu of POP in lactating mothers.

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception.

Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are using hormonal contraception.

34843 Serious adverse events associated with hormonal contraceptive use for acne treatment, based on reporting to the FDA Adverse Events Reporting Database

Hormones play a significant role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. As such, combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) have been used to reduce acne severity. CHCs are not without risk, and more information is needed about serious adverse events (AE) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk due to CHC use in acne patients. Using data from FDA Adverse Events Reporting System, we examined the relative risk of AEs and VTE in patients prescribed CHCs for acne versus all other indications. We expected the cohort of women taking CHCs for acne reduction to be younger and have fewer comorbid risk factors for VTE, and thus that it would have a lower risk of AEs and VTE.

Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the timing and flow of menstrual periods in two cohorts.

COVID-19 vaccination protects against the potentially serious consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but some people have been hesitant to receive the vaccine because of reports that it could affect menstrual bleeding. To determine whether this occurs we prospectively recruited a cohort of 79 individuals, each of whom recorded details of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles, during which time they each received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. In spontaneously cycling participants, COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a delay to the next period, but this change reversed in subsequent unvaccinated cycles. No delay was detected in those taking hormonal contraception. To explore hypotheses about the mechanism by which these menstrual changes occur, we retrospectively recruited a larger cohort, of 1,273 people who had kept a record of their menstrual cycle and vaccination dates. In this cohort, we found a trend toward use of combined hormonal contraception being protective against reporting a delayed period, suggesting that menstrual changes following vaccination may be mediated by perturbations to ovarian hormones. However, we were unable to detect a clear association between the timing of vaccination within the menstrual cycle and reports of menstrual changes. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination can lengthen the menstrual cycle and that this effect may be mediated by ovarian hormones. Importantly, we find that the menstrual cycle returns to its pre-vaccination length in unvaccinated cycles.

Severe Hypertriglyceridemia as a Cause of Arterial Thrombosis with Peripheral Embolic Complications.

Lead Author's Financial Disclosures Nothing to disclose. Study Funding None. Background/Synopsis Extensive evidence exists in support of a causal association of elevated triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) levels with the risk of atherosclerosis progression. Hypertriglyceridemia has been established as a risk factor for venous thrombosis, including a 2- fold increase in the risk of venous thrombosis in postmenopausal women. However, there is limited data on the role of hypertriglyceridemia in the arterial thrombosis. Objective/Purpose Not Applicable. Methods Case description: A 51-year-old white female with hypertension and type 2 diabetes (hemoglobin A1C, 7.4%) was transferred for further management of newly diagnosed bilateral renal and splenic infarcts. No risky habits were elicited except for the use of combined hormonal contraceptives over the past two years to control menorrhagia. Family history was significant for hypertriglyceridemia. Her physical exam was unremarkable. Testing for COVID-19 was negative. An extensive hypercoagulable and autoimmune work-up was unremarkable. Fasting lipid profile was significant for elevated levels of triglycerides, 1,274 mg/dL (replicated on two separate occasions), very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, 255 mg/dL, and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, 214 mg/dL, directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 39 mg/dL and lipoprotein(a), 6 mg/dL. There was no structural pathology on the echocardiogram, including no interatrial shunt or intracardiac thrombus. Her whole-body computed tomography angiography revealed a focal calcified protruding thrombus in the distal thoracic aorta. No significant plaque was seen elsewhere in the aorta. Results Decision-making. The posterior thrombus in the distal thoracic and proximal abdominal aorta was determined as a culprit for the visceral organ infarcts. Over the course of the hospital stay her abdominal pain gradually resolved. Treatment with low dose aspirin and therapeutic dose of low-molecular weight heparin was initiated followed by apixaban and aspirin on discharge. She was started on atorvastatin 40 mg, fenofibrate 145 mg, icosapent ethyl 4 g, resulting in a 70% reduction in the triglycerides levels (306 mg/dL). In 3 months, her repeat CT angiography showed significant resolution of the aortic atherothrombosis with no signs of aortic wall inflammation. At the 6-month follow-up visit she was switched to dual antiplatelet therapy with a plan to repeat imaging in 6 months. Conclusions This case illustrates challenges in managing patients with arterial thrombosis in the setting of familial hypertriglyceridemia. Apart from severely elevated triglycerides no other etiology was evident. We propose further investigation of the prothrombotic properties of TRL and the role of targeted triglyceride-lowering therapies on atherothrombotic outcomes. Nothing to disclose.