Use Of Chemical Protectants Research Articles

Mechanical and biological methods of plant protection against agrophages in the context of the European Green Deal strategy

The intensive development of agriculture in Europe has caused that all European Union member states are currently increasingly expe¬riencing negative consequences such as depletion of natural resources, increased erosion and loss of natural soil fertility, increased importance of new diseases and pests, water shortages, reduced biomass production and decreased biodiversity of organisms. In the context of the common agricultural policy, as well as the need to limit the use of chemical protection of agricultural crops, agrotechnical and also mechanical and biological methods are gaining in importance. Mechanical methods of protecting plants against pests main¬ly consist in mechanical destruction of threats or preventing them from reaching plants in the field or agricultural products stored in storage. Biological methods, on the other hand, use viruses, microorganisms and macroorganisms to combat pests as an alternative to chemical plant protection. This publication presents available mechanical and biological methods that allow for minimizing the use of chemicals in agriculture.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ НА ЧЕРНОЗЕМНЫХ ПОЧВАХ ПРЕДВОЛЖЬЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article presents the results of two-year experiments (2020-2021) conducted in the conditions of Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan. The effect of mineral fertilizers on the content of the mass fraction of gluten and protein in wheat grain was studied. The productivity and grain quality of several wheat varieties included in the State Register for the 7th region were compared when using fertilizers at a dose of N10-14P24-26K16-37 and chemical plant protection products. It was found that from the application of fertilizers and the use of the plant protection unit, an increase in grain yield for the studied varieties was obtained from 0.32-0.92 t/ha compared with the control. The field experiment was conducted in LLC Avangard of Buinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The soil is leached chernozem and has the following agrochemical characteristics: humus content – 7.0-8.5%, mobile forms of phosphorus – 182-255 mg/kg, potassium – 159-193 mg/ kg and salt pH – 5.5-5.8.
 Agrochemical analyses of soils were performed in Federal State Budgetary Institution “Tatarskiy” by generally accepted methods: GOST 26213-91 (humus content), GOST 26484-85 (pHsol.), GOST 26207-91 (mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium).
 Meteorological conditions in 2020 were characterized by sufficient soil moisture and a moderate temperature regime during the growing season of spring wheat (GTK-1.28) and had a positive impact on the value of the future harvest.
 Meteorological indicators for the growing season of the research object in 2021 were extremely unfavorable for the formation of the crop. May and June were acutely arid, GTC-0.27. The precipitation in July (57% of the norm) did not have a significant impact on the formation of the spring wheat crop. From the application of fertilizers and the use of plant protection products, an increase in grain yield for the studied varieties from 0.32 to 0.92 t/ha was obtained compared to the variant without fertilizers and plant protection products. Improving the nutritional conditions of plants by applying mineral fertilizers led to an increase in the protein content of spring wheat grains and the protein content was 0.6 ... 0.8 higher, depending on the varietal characteristics of spring wheat, than on an unfertilized background. Under the conditions of chernozem soils of the Pre-Volga zone of the Republic of Tatarstan, the best results over the years of research were obtained in variants where the application of mineral fertilizers was combined with the use of plant protection products of such spring wheat varieties as Yoldyz, Burlak and Ekada 109. In the same variants, the highest protein content was noted in grain. The use of chemical protection against the background of mineral fertilizers in the varieties Yoldyz, Burlak, Ekada109 contributed to a significant increase in the gross collection of protein per unit area.

The Occurrence of Fungal Diseases in Maize in Organic Farming Versus an Integrated Management System

Organic farming is becoming increasingly popular because it leads to healthier products. Due to limitations on the use of chemical protection, however, plants may be more susceptible to pathogen attacks. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of fungal diseases in maize grown in organic versus integrated systems. The field experiment was conducted during the years 2017–2019 in Puławy, Poland. Three maize varieties, Ambrosini, Smolitop and Ricardinio, were cultivated in two fields with a different crop production system. The incidence of fungal diseases, such as northern corn leaf blight, eyespot, common corn rust, corn smut and Fusarium ear rot, was assessed. Fungal isolates were collected from leaves and cobs with disease symptoms and identified microscopically and molecularly. In both cultivation systems, northern corn leaf blight and eyespot were the most common, while corn rust and fusariosis were seen more often in organic cultivation. Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium poae, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium sporotrichioides were the fungal species most frequently detected in the two systems. Additionally, Fusarium verticillioides was common in the organic system. Weather conditions, especially heavy rainfall and high air humidity, greatly influenced the incidence of such diseases.

Effect of Sinapis alba L. as an Insectary Plant on the Occurrence of Aphis fabae Scop., Coccinellidae and Syrphidae in Broad Bean

Introducing insectary plants along with principal crops is an effective way to increase the biological diversity of beneficial insects and improve the stability of ecological equilibrium in agrocenoses and could be an alternative to chemical plant protection, particularly in organic farming. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of white mustard as a companion plant in broad bean cultivation on the occurrence of Aphis fabae Scop., Syrphidae, and Coccinellidae. The study also aimed at finding the optimum row separation of broad bean plants. It also evaluated the effectiveness of the thinning of mustard in a specific time to eliminate excessive competition with the main crop. The results showed that white mustard contributed to visible suppression of A. fabae abundance on broad bean (to the level similar as with the use of chemical protection). S. alba contributed to an increased abundance of hoverflies and lady beetles on broad bean despite the relatively low abundance of their prey, i.e., aphids. Mustard thinning positively affected abundance of larvae and adults of lady beetles as well as improved predator-prey ratio for hoverfly larvae and adult lady beetles. The most appropriate distance between broad bean rows when white mustard was introduced was 65 cm, with the concomitant conduct of mustard thinning when the broad bean plants reached flower bud formation. White mustard can be recommended as an element increasing the role of natural enemies of aphids in mixed crops, however, its strong growth should be taken into account and the plant density should be properly adjusted to avoid excessive competition with main plant.

Leaf Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat Cultivars Registered in Russia and Their Influence on Adaptation Processes in Pathogen Populations

The main growing regions for winter wheat in the Russian Federation are the North Caucasian, Central Black Earth, and Central agroecological regions. Spring wheat crops dominate in the Urals, Volga region, and Western Siberia. Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is an important disease, impacting greatly on wheat production. In Russia, the disease was an annual problem until 2010 but has since been more effectively controlled. However, changes in virulence in pathogen populations may arise from climate change, evolving cropping practices, intense use of chemical protectants, and an increase in the release of resistant cultivars. In the 2000s, the State Register of the Russian Federation included an increase in the number of winter and spring wheat cultivars resistant to leaf rust. However, successful genetic protection requires a diversity of cultivars with different resistance genes (Lr genes). Studies by the All Russian Institute of Plant Protection identified Lr genes in Russian cultivars’ phenotypes and molecular markers. In addition, the prevalence of virulence in pathogen populations was studied and the influence of the cultivar used in wheat production on the changes in these populations was evaluated. This paper reviews research on the genetic diversity of winter and spring wheat cultivars included in the State Register of Russia from 2000 to 2020 and analyzes their impact on the prevalence of virulence in pathogen populations. These data demonstrate the continuous evolution of P. triticina in response to wheat breeding efforts. Populations of the pathogen showed higher variability in regions where pathotype-specific resistance cultivars were commonly grown.

Examination of Physicochemical Parameters of Products Based on Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) and Honey

The natural plant Cornus mas, sometimes called Cornelian cherry, has been known since ancient times and the fruit is used for various purposes. Cornus mas gives healthy fruits without the use of chemical protection, which are used as healthy, tasty and medicinal food. Cornus mas fruits can be used for eating fresh or in the form of numerous processed products: marmalade, jam, sweet, compote, syrup, juice, fruit yogurt, liqueur, wine and brandy. Due to its antioxidant, antiallergic, antimicrobial and antihistamine properties, it is increasingly used as a dietary supplement, as well as for medical purposes. Taking into account all the above, the aim of this paper is to examine samples of a mixture of honey and fresh wild Cornelian cherry, as well as a sample of honey and Cornelian cherry and determine the physical - chemical parameters: electrical conductivity, pH value, vitamin C content, HMF (hydroxy methyl furfural), as well as individual heavy metals such as iron, cadmium, lead, zinc, copper. Based on the obtained results, appropriate conclusions will be given and the possibility of registering these products as food supplements will be determined. Based on the performed analyzes, it was shown that the sample of honey and Cornelian cherry mixture had the highest pH value and electrical conductivity, and that the honey sample had the lowest value. Also, the highest value of water activity had the sample of a mixture of honey and Cornelian cherry, while the highest content of hydroxymethylfurfural had the content of Cornelian cherry. The analysis showed the absence of manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in all samples, while it was shown that the highest content of Cu and Zn has the sample of Cornelian cherry 2.665 mg/kg Cu ​​and 14.41 mg/kg Zn, followed by a mixture of Cornelian cherry and honey Cu 2.778 mg/kg, Zn 14.670 mg/kg, while the honey sample has the highest Fe content of 16.72 mg/kg. This shows that the samples are rich in zinc, iron and copper, and that they are a good source for those minerals that could meet daily needs.

Efficiency of the use of herbicides in soybean crops under various farming systems

Privedey results of investigations, a soil and the effect of herbicides on the insurance reserve of moisture in the soil and contamination of crops of soybeans in traditional cropping system and No-till. It is established that the rejection of mechanical tillage positive effect on the moisture content of soybean throughout its growing season. The use of chemical protection from weeds, including the introduction of tank mixtures of herbicides before germination, and during the growing season of culture, ensures reliable control of weeds. The combination of No-till and reliable system of weed control provides higher soybean yields than the traditional system of agriculture.

Use of Chemical Protection and Host Tree Reduction to Control an Emerald Ash Borer Infestation in West Virginia

Use of Chemical Protection and Host Tree Reduction to Control an Emerald Ash Borer Infestation in West Virginia The destruction of the ash (Fraxinus) resource in North America by the emerald ash borer has progressed rapidly since it was first identified in 2002 in and around Detroit, Michigan. A 2004 survey estimated that 15 million ash trees had been severely impacted or killed by this pest insect and by late 2005 infested ash trees were detected in Indiana and Ohio. The emerald ash borer infestation has continued to expand, currently encompassing 24 states and various locations in southern Ontario and Québec, Canada.

The effects of air pollution on urban ecosystems and agriculture

Over half the global population live in cities, with this proportion rising rapidly. Yet relatively little attention has been paid to the health of urban ecosystems, which are subject to more severe stresses in many cases than their rural counterparts. In this paper, the importance of urban ecosystems, including agriculture, is emphasised, with particular consideration given to the impacts of air pollution. Techniques for studying these impacts are fumigations, filtrations, transect studies and the use of chemical protectants, examples of which are considered for both the developed and developing world. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and coal smoke formerly dominated the developed world and remain a growing problem in the developing countries. In both regions, the ‘modern’ pollutants, in the form of nitrogen oxides (NO x ), ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM10), are also major problems for urban vegetation. Despite generally lower pollutant levels in the developed world, there is evidence that both crops and wild species are adversely impacted. However, urban crops in the developing countries have been shown to be of paramount importance for nutrition of the urban poor, yet studies in India indicate that their yield and quality are seriously impaired. Both fungal pathogens and insect pests of plants are also impacted, and examples are given in this paper. The most sensitive organisms are lichens, and research is described in which changes in air quality in London over the last 40 years have resulted in major shifts in the lichen flora.

Polyamines as Antiozonants for Tomato

Abstract Polyamines acted as antisenescence agents (2, 5), increased membrane stability of beet root, rose petal, and spinach leaf tissue (8, 9), and decreased the rate of chlorophyll degradation in radish cotyledons (2). Ozone is a major air pollutant causing economic losses to crops in agricultural areas (1). One approach to controlling the damage caused by ozone has been the use of chemical protectants (7), but consistent responses have been difficult to achieve. The antisenescence properties of polyamines may confer protectant properties that will reduce or prevent ozone-induced injury to plants. Previous studies have shown increased membrane permeability by ozone at 0.15 μl·liter−1 (4) and increased senescence with ozone at 0.15 μl·liter−1 (3). The objective of this study was to determine if the polyamines—spermine, spermidine, and putrescine—could act as protectants in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).