Use Of Cathode Ray Tube Research Articles

Cathode Ray Tube Glass as an Aggregate: A Step Towards Greener Concrete

The use of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass as an aggregate in concrete is a promising approach for sustainable construction. The CRT technology, once innovative, is now obsolete, leading to the accumulation of millions of CR tubes globally, posing disposal challenges due to their toxic composition. The CRT glass, consisting mainly of silica along with various oxides and heavy metals, holds potential for recycling and reuse applications. Recycling methods for CRT glass, including closed-loop and open-loop recycling, offer avenues to mitigate waste and conserve resources. Integrating CRT glass into concrete improves mechanical properties and durability. Although replacing natural sand with CRT glass may slightly reduce compressive strength, innovative mix designs offset this effect. Concrete with CRT glass exhibits resistance to environmental factors, making it suitable for diverse construction applications. Addressing environmental concerns related to CRT glass disposal requires efficient recycling technologies and stringent regulations. Overall, integrating CRT glass into concrete presents a sustainable solution to mitigate environmental impacts while enhancing concrete performance.

Properties of Cement-Based Materials Containing Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Glass Waste as Fine Aggregates—A Review

Among many alternatives to replace sand in cement-based materials, cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass emerges as a suitable replacement for many reasons. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review on the use of cathode-ray tube (CRT) glass waste in cement-based concrete and mortar in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The new aspects of the research are the literature coverage up to 2021 which would make it distinct from other articles. This review would act as a catalyst to use CRT glass waste in concrete mixtures. A total of 61 papers from literature were analyzed with emphasis on the fresh, mechanical, and durability performance of cement-based materials containing CRT glass waste as fine aggregates. The analysis revealed that the majority of the studies agreed that replacing sand with CRT glass waste increased the consistency where the low permeability of the CRT glass caused this effect. Strength of cement-based materials, on the other hand, decreased due to the weaker bond between the cement paste and the aggregates. The low water absorption of the CRT glass defined its effect on the durability properties of cement-based materials, such as drying shrinkage and water absorption capacity, leading to an improved performance. In addition, CRT glass waste activated the alkali-silica reaction in cement-based materials causing undesirable expansion. Additionally, several investigations proposed solutions to mitigate the lead leaching associated with the lead content found in the CRT glass. In general, it was assessed that CRT glass waste could be a valid component in the production of sustainable cement-based materials, especially for radiation shielding applications. The recommendations for future research are also suggested.

E-waste: A Review of CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Recycling

The developments in monitor technology have accelerated in recent years, acquiring a new dimension. The use of liquid crystal display (LCD) and light emitting diode (LED) monitors has rapidly reduced the use of cathode ray tube (CRT) technology in computers and televisions (TVs). As a result, such devices have accumulated as electronic waste and constitute a new problem. Large parts of electronic waste can be recycled for reuse. However, some types of waste, such as CRT TVs and computer monitors, form hazardous waste piles due to the toxic components (lead, barium, strontium) they contain. CRT monitors contain different types of glass constructions and they can therefore be recycled. However, the toxic substances they contain prevent them from being transformed into glass for everyday use. Furthermore, because CRT technology is obsolete, it is not profitable to use CRT as a raw material again. For this reason, poisonous components in glass ceramic structures found in CRT monitors can be confined and used in closed-loop recycling for various sectors.

Cycling of rare earth elements in the atmosphere in central Tokyo

Concentrations of 14 rare earth elements (REEs) in six size classes of airborne particulate matter (APM) (<0.43, 0.43-0.65, 0.65-1.1, 1.1-2.1, 2.1-11, and >11 μm) and in two different phases (suspended particulate and dissolved) in rainwater were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Positive Eu and Tb anomalies were observed in size-classified APM. These anomalies may be due to large emissions of Eu and Tb to the atmosphere resulting from the recent change in Japan from the use of cathode-ray tubes to plasma displays in television sets (Eu and Tb) and from the widespread use of magneto-optical disks (Tb). The light REEs were enriched in fine APM particles (diameter < 1.1 μm). Because compositions of La/Ce/Sm in fine APM (diameter < 1.1 μm) were similar to those in automobile catalyst, the light REE enrichment was attributed to automobile emissions. In contrast, the REE distribution pattern in the suspended particulate phase in rainwater was similar to that in coarse APM (diameter > 2.1 μm), and a positive Tb anomaly was observed, suggesting that coarse particles easily become trapped in rain droplets. A negative Eu anomaly was observed in the dissolved phase in rainwater, but not in APM or in the suspended particulate phase in rainwater. Unlike other REEs, Eu can exist as both bivalent and trivalent ions in nature, and Eu-selective dissolution from or adsorption onto the trapped particles of Eu might account for the negative anomaly. These results show that atmospheric REE cycling is affected by the physico-chemical properties of APM.

Image Quality Investigations on a Hybrid Imaging System

Hybrid imaging systems combine the advantages of silver halide (AgX) and digital photography. The use of cathode ray tubes (CRT) to expose photographic materials allows an interface between the technologies of AgX and digital photography. To optimize image quality, the parameters of the CRT should fit those of the photographic film. Computer-generated test images (density step wedges, color charts, edges, or sinusodial patterns) were written onto different films. A microdensitometer with a charge coupled device (CCD) camera was used to measure modulation transfer function (MTF) and Wiener spectrum for these test images. The color transformation was determined by spectrophotometric measurements. The effect of the CRT film recorder on modulation transfer, noise, and color reproduction is discussed.

Assessment of a CRT Display System

The use of cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors and graphics cards for the display of pictorial images is common. Certain applications require the characteristics of the display device or medium to be accurately understood. One such application is the use of CRT based displays in experiments involving subjective analysis of viewed images. In this paper we describe a series of experiments performed to characterize a display device used in our laboratories prior to its use in a subjective assessment experiment. The tone reproduction characteristics are studied using transfer functions and gamma. Colour reproduction is studied in temporal and spatial dimensions. Finally, spatial effects are characterized by use of modulation transfer function (MTF) analysis.

Discomfort and visual displays

The complaints of discomfort associated with the use of cathode ray tube displays are discussed from the perspective of a recent neurological theory of visual discomfort. It is concluded that stripes with a certain width, spacing and contrast can induce discomfort and various visual effects. Care should be taken with CRT display designs because such discomfort can be induced by a combination of the refresh rate and the ‘strioes’ formed by the lines of test. The difference in reading speeds between CRT displays and printed text is also discussed.

Flight Deck Display

Digital technology in the avionics systems equipping aircraft coming into service has been developed to meet the needs of civil and military operators in the current environment and its influence is particularly marked on the flight deck where the extensive use of cathode ray tube (CRT) and other displays is greatly enhancing many functions. In the civil field, improvements in flight safety and airline operations have been realised and for military aircraft, the cockpit has been optimised for air‐to‐air and air‐to‐ground operations with relevant information projected on the Head Up Display (HUD) while other displays on the instrument panel present additional data in an uncluttered form.

Readability of electronic displays : Winkler, R., and Konz, S.A. In: Proceedings of the SID, 1980, 21.4, 309–313

Abstract : This report reviews the available literature concerning the readability of electronic displays. The dominant human factor parameters that affect display readability are discussed, and optimum values for the various parameters are presented. Since there is interaction between many parameters, the value of any one depends upon the value of the others. The final section of this report briefly points out the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of cathode ray tubes, light emitting diodes, and gas discharge panels. (Author)

The use of cathode-ray tubes in professional equipment

The use of cathode-ray tubes in professional equipment

Semi-Automated Mathematics

The fifth in a series of experiments in semi-automated mathematics is described. These experiments culminated in large complex computer programs which allow a mathematician to prove mathematical theorems on an man/machine basis. SAM V, the fifth program, is oriented primarily toward the development of efficient automatic techniques for handling some of the more basic processes of mathematical deduction, and toward the realization of efficient real-time interaction between man and machine through the use of cathode-ray tube displays. SAM V's most notable success is the solution of an open problem in lattice theory.

Use of cathode ray tubes in pulse-height spectroscopy

The possibility of using cathode ray oscilloscopes for single channel pulse height analysis in gamma ray measurements has been studied. Two ways of generating signals obtained when the beam of a C.R.T. hits a certain part of its screen have been used for manual (one oscilloscope used) and automatic (two oscilloscopes used) analysis of pulse spectra from NaI-crystal detectors. The signals are obtained either by viewing the screen of a conventional C.R.T. by means of a photomultiplier tube or by making use of a specially designed C.R.T. provided with additional internal electrodes from which pulses are directly derived. It is concluded that the equipment described in this paper is well suited for energy and intensity comparisons of gamma rays. It is shown that the energy linearity is good and that it is possible to record photo peaks corresponding to gammaenergies as low as about 5 keV. Compared to conventional set-ups this arrangement shows several advantages and not additional limitations are found.

An Investigation of Various Electrode Structures of Cathode Ray Tubes Suitable for Television Reception

The use of cathode ray tubes for television reception involves problems not encountered when the tubes are used for oscillograph work. This paper takes up various constructions which were tried showing the characteristic curve of each as well as the behavior of the spot under various conditions. It was found that it was possible to design a tube which would operate with a negative bias on the focusing (or modulating) electrode, and which required only a small input signal to modulate fully the intensity of the beam. Furthermore, it was found possible to keep the size of the spot constant while being modulated. By properly designing the elements, a variable control constant caused the curve of focusing electrode volts vs. accelerating electrode current to become steeper as the bias approached zero. This is desirable, as for higher light intensities a larger change in light is necessary to cause the corresponding reaction on the eye. Tubes made up with dual accelerating electrodes enabled higher intensities to be obtained and also permitted a separate adjustment of the size of the spot.