Use Of Boreholes Research Articles

Raises advance using emulsion explosives

Using the well-known laws of the theory of elasticity and the basic principles of the quasi-static wave hypothesis of the mechanism of destruction of a solid medium by an explosion, methods have been developed for calculating the parameters of drilling and blasting (D&B) for raises advance using the methods of blast-hole and borehole charges. It has been established that the calculating D&B parameters is carried out in the same sequence as when drifting operation. To check the calculating D&B parameters using the new method during raise advance, a numerical simulation of changes in the stress-strain state of a rock mass under the influence of an explosion was carried out. According to the results of numerical simulation, the formation of zones of inelastic deformation in the face of a rising mine working under blast load, uniform grinding of the rock was obtained, which will avoid the release of oversized pieces after the explosion. The developed methodology was tested in the conditions of the “Yuvileina” mine of PJSC “Sukha Balka” during the raise advance of a 1420 m level using a sticked emulsion explosive (EE) Anemix P. Test explosions obtained good results in blasting the face of a raise, uniform crushing of the rock and a high coefficient of use of bore-holes has been established.

Using the methods to calculate parameters of drilling and +blasting operations for emulsion explosives

Mathematical modelling of rock mass breaking using blasting has been applied to obtain formulas for the calculation of crush zone radii, intensive fragmentation, and crack formation around the charging cavity in the structure, diameter of the charging cavity, diameter of the charge itself, detonation characteristics of an explosive, boundaries of the rock strength, rock mass jointing, and mineral compression under the effect of rock pressure. The methods have been developed to calculate parameters of drilling and blasting operations (DBOs) while driving the mine workings based upon the idea of the arrangement of blastholes in terms of areas they occupy in a fore-breast as well as upon their location relative to break-off outline. Stage one of the methods involves calculating and designing burn cuts where a distance between blastholes is determined with the help of a fragmentation zone radius. Stage two means calculation of both specific and total explosion consumption per borehole bottom, line of least resistance (LLR) for a borehole in terms of intensive fragmentation, areas of borehole groups, borehole number, analytical and actual distance between boreholes, actual charge amount per borehole, and actual specific and the total explosive (E) consumption per borehole bottom. The methods have been tested in the operating ore mine while driving a mine working. Emulsion explosive (EE) Ukrayinit-PP-2 (Україніт-ПП-2) has been applied. The developed methods have been used to calculate DBOs parameters for the explosive. Trial blasts demonstrated the good firing of a borehole bottom and uniform ore fragmentation; a high coefficient of borehole use has been supported.

Assessment of Combustion Cavern Geometry in Underground Coal Gasification Process with the Use of Borehole Ground-Penetrating Radar

In this study, the shape and size of a combustion cavity with a fracture zone in the gasified coal seam was determined with the use of control boreholes and a ground-penetrating radar (BGPR) test. The underground coal gasification (UCG) field-scale experiment was performed in Carboniferous strata in coal seam 501 at a depth of approx. 460 m in the Wieczorek hard coal mine in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. After the termination of the UCG reactor, five coring boreholes were drilled to identify the geometry of the resulting combustion cavity and the impact of the UCG process on the surrounding rock mass. Borehole ground-penetrating radar measurements were performed using a 100 MHz antenna in three boreholes with a length of about 40–50 m. This enabled the identification of the boundaries of the combustion cavity and the fracture zone in the coal seam. The fracture zones of rock layers and lithological borders near the control borehole were also depicted. As a result, the cavity was estimated to have a length of around 32 m, a width of around 7 m and a height of around 5 m. The analyses performed with the control boreholes and the BGPR provided sufficient information to determine the geometry of the combustion cavity and the fracture zone.

Analisis Spasial Tingkat Intrusi Air Laut Pada Sumur Bor Di Kota Kendari

In simple terms, water is one of the natural resources that is very important and valuable for the survival of humans and other living things. The aims of this study are to: (1) Determine the distribution of the use of boreholes; (2) Knowing the level of sea water intrusion on ground water in Kendari City. The analytical methods used are: (1) Spatial interpolation analysis to create a map of the distribution of boreholes using the Arcgis 10.8 application; (2) Quality assessmentborehole water with seawater intrusion based on DHL values. The results of this study include: (1) The distribution of the use of drilled wells is spread throughout the Kendari City area with the highest distribution being in Poasia and Kambu Districts; (2) The groundwater condition of Kendari City has been very high intrusion with an area of 15,573,441.57 acre or 6%, these conditions are in Abeli District, Kendari District, West Kendari District, Mandonga District, Nambo District and Poasia District. The condition of groundwater with moderate intrusion level is 16% or 42.465,795.75 acre, the area with unintruded groundwater is in Baruga District.Keywords: Spatial Analysis, Seawater Intrusion, Deep well

Impact of Irrigation on Rice Cultivation Methods among Small Farmers in North Central, Nigeria

Rice production and irrigation are inextricably linked, irrespective of the adopted cultivation system. The study was to examine the impact of irrigation on rice cultivation systems among rice farmers in north central Nigeria. The study involved the survey of 196 active rice farmers in the previous planting season using copies of well-structured questionnaires administered by trained enumerators, and selection of rice farmers was achieved through multistage sampling procedure. Specific objectives were to describe socioeconomic and input characteristics, profiling of irrigation water sources, identification of adopted source of irrigation water by rice farmers, assessment of cultivation system adoption and intensity of rice production and examining factors militating against access to seamless access to irrigation water. Various analytical tools were employed to achieve the objectives, such as descriptive statistics, multinomial logit (MLN), endogenous switching regression (EWR) and Likert Rating Scale (LRS). The result indicated that farm size, farming experience, and annual income were on average of 2.39ha, 23.6 years, and N 646,145.66k. Well water was the most used irrigation source by farmers, with the highest score of 85.2%. The multinomial logit result indicated that the use of boreholes was positively and significantly influenced by distance to water source and years of education, while the use of dams was influenced by gender and the number of cooperative trainings that rice farmers attended during the season. Switching regression results suggested that the correlation coefficient rho_1 and rho_2 were positively significant at p<0.01 and p 0.05, respectively, suggesting that an individual rice farmer who chose to adopt swamp cultivation system had lower rice output in the category than a random individual from the sample would have realized. Farmers were constrained by the shortage of water arising from keen competition for water between them and the herdsmen, while it was recommended that efforts be made to ensure that an early-maturing, drought-resistant, and short-duration rice variety be provided for optimal production that will keep pace with the food needs of an ever-increasing population.

Application of an improved naive Bayesian analysis for the identification of air leaks in boreholes in coal mines

Borehole extraction is the basic method used for control of gases in coal mines. The quality of borehole sealing determines the effectiveness of gas extraction, and many influential factors result in different types of borehole leaks. To accurately identify the types of leaks from boreholes, characteristic parameters, such as gas concentration, flow rate and negative pressure, were selected, and new indexes were established to identify leaks. A model based on an improved naive Bayes framework was constructed for the first time in this study, and it was applied to analyse and identify boreholes in the 229 working face of the Xiashijie Coal Mine. Eight features related to single hole sealing sections were taken as parameters, and 144 training samples from 18 groups of real-time monitoring time series data and 96 test samples from 12 groups were selected to verify the accuracy and speed of the model. The results showed that the model eliminated strong correlations between the original characteristic parameters, and it successfully identified the leakage conditions and categories of 12 boreholes. The identification rate of the new model was 98.9%, and its response time was 0.0020 s. Compared with the single naive Bayes algorithm model, the identification rate was 31.8% better, and performance was 55% faster. The model developed in this study fills a gap in the use of algorithms to identify types of leaks in boreholes, provides a theoretical basis and accurate guidance for the evaluation of the quality of the sealing of boreholes and borehole repairs, and supports the improved use of boreholes to extract gases from coal mines.

Potable Water Accessibility in the Slums of Douala IV Municipality, Cameroon

The proliferation of slums in sub-Saharan Africa validates the need for renewed interest on access to basic services–potable water in this case. In the context of Bonaberi Douala, recent evidence on potable water accessibility is lacking, amidst rising population growth. To close this knowledge gap, this paper draws from a sample of 1115 households in 8 neighborhoods of Bonaberi to: (1) assess potable water accessibility and (2) examine the regularity of water flow. The results revealed that only 51.3% of slum dwellers have pipe water connections, while 33.4% rely on public standpipes. Furthermore, 28.4% make use of boreholes, while 46% use rainwater. About 12.5% of the population cover a distance of more than 200 m to fetch water. The pattern of water flow in several neighbourhoods is irregular; this precipitates the spread of waterborne diseases. The paper recommends that a control committee should be set aside to check water quality and reduce the spread of water-related diseases. The government and other local stakeholders should promote community water projects that can supply potable water in these slums.

Life Cycle Cost of Self-Supply Water in Metro City

Self-supply of drinking water is implemented in areas where the coverage of piped water services is inadequate, low incomes residents, and poor performance of piped water supply. The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is a method of evaluating all costs incurred and is used to track the financing of the drinking water sector. This study analyses LCC of self-supply water in the Metro City, Indonesia. A field survey was conducted using a questionnaire in October 2020 for households in Metro City that captured information on costs incurred for household water use. It was observed that self-supply water uses in Metro City accounts for 92.86.30% of all water supplies. The average recurrent expenditure is Rp.224,344/ year with mean of capital cost is Rp.275,273. Most expensive cost for self-supply is borehole. High cost of borehole due deeper groundwater source, borehole use more pump electricity and higher drilling cost. This funding for selfsupply water is carried out independently by the households. These results highlighted the importance of self-financing for the water supply sector. Increased reliability and safety of self-supply require a better awareness of the costs and benefits of developing water sources. Furthermore, selfsupply water requires better governance to achieve safe water access.

Measuring vertical soil water content profiles by combining horizontal borehole and dispersive surface ground penetrating radar data

ABSTRACTTo investigate transient dynamics of soil water redistribution during infiltration, we conducted horizontal borehole and surface ground penetrating radar measurements during a 4‐day infiltration experiment at the rhizontron facility in Selhausen, Germany. Zero‐offset ground penetrating radar profiling in horizontal boreholes was used to obtain soil water content information at specific depths (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.2 m). However, horizontal borehole ground penetrating radar measurements do not provide accurate soil water content estimates of the top soil (0–0.1 m depth) because of interference between direct and critically refracted waves. Therefore, surface ground penetrating radar data were additionally acquired to estimate soil water content of the top soil. Due to the generation of electromagnetic waveguides in the top soil caused by infiltration, a strong dispersion in the ground penetrating radar data was observed in 500 MHz surface ground penetrating radar data. A dispersion inversion was thus performed with these surface ground penetrating radar data to obtain soil water content information for the top 0.1 m of the soil. By combining the complementary borehole and surface ground penetrating radar data, vertical soil water content profiles were obtained, which were used to investigate vertical soil water redistribution. Reasonable consistency was found between the ground penetrating radar results and independent soil water content data derived from time domain reflectometry measurements. Because of the improved spatial representativeness of the ground penetrating radar measurements, the soil water content profiles obtained by ground penetrating radar better matched the known water storage changes during the infiltration experiment. It was concluded that the combined use of borehole and surface ground penetrating radar data convincingly revealed spatiotemporal soil water content variation during infiltration. In addition, this setup allowed a better quantification of water storage, which is a prerequisite for future applications, where, for example, the soil hydraulic properties will be estimated from ground penetrating radar data.

Rural Ghanaian households are more likely to use alternative unimproved water sources when water from boreholes has undesirable organoleptic characteristics.

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 aims to achieve universal access to safe drinking water sources. However, the health benefits of meeting this goal will only be fully realized if improved sources are used to the exclusion of unimproved sources. Very little is known about how rural African households balance the use of improved and unimproved water sources when multiple options are present. We assessed parallel use of untreated surface water and unimproved hand-dug wells (HDWs) in the presence of boreholes (BHs) using a semi-quantitative water use survey among 750 residents of 15 rural Ghanaian communities, distributed across three BH water quality clusters: control, high salinity, and high iron. Multivariate mixed effects logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of water quality cluster on the use of BHs, HDWs, and surface water, controlling for distance to the nearest source of each type. Reported surface water use was significantly higher in the high salinity and high iron clusters than in the control cluster, especially for water-intensive activities. Respondents in the non-control clusters had approximately eight times higher odds of clothes washing with surface water (p<0.01) than in the control. Respondents in the high salinity cluster also had 4.3 times higher odds of drinking surface water (p<0.05). BH use was high in all clusters, but decreased substantially when distance to the nearest BH exceeded 300m (OR=0.17-0.25, p<0.001). Water use from all sources was inversely correlated with distance, with the largest effect observed on HDW use in multivariate models (OR=0.02, p<0.001). Surface water and HDW use will likely continue despite the presence of BHs when perceived groundwater quality is poor and other water sources are in close proximity. It is essential to account for naturally-occurring but undesirable groundwater quality parameters in rural water planning to ensure that SDG 6 is met and health benefits are realized.

Study of ancestral irrigation systems in the oasis of Taghit in the South West of Algeria

The unique oasis of Zousfana, on the western edge of the Grand Erg Occidental, Taghit is the pearl of the oases of Saoura, a palm grove of 180 ha over an 18 km length crossed by Oued Zouzfana. It regroups the different types of landscapes of an arid zone (erg, hamada, barga – a small hill, oued ...). Taghit is known for its hydraulic civilization, the oasis in its hostile environment has survived thanks to the exploitation of rare groundwater irrigation according to the traditional customs applied to the whole of society. The peasants spur out the water resources through foggaras and traditional wells. But the intervention of modern irrigation techniques in an anarchic way has disrupted the fragile mode of irrigation and the abandonment of the palm grove. The over-exploitation of groundwater by the use of boreholes and motor pumps leads to the drying up of water sources, mists and traditional wells. Today, only 45 000 palm trees are productive and less than 1500 fruit trees. There are 500 fellahs in the entire agricultural area of Taghit, the majority of them is fleeing work in the oasis because of the lack of income from it. When comparing the results of analyses from different campaigns (2015 and 2008), a spectacular increase in the salt concentrations in the groundwater of the different palm groves is noticed. According to our investigations, the main causes of this jump are: the overexploitation of the water tables by motor pumps, the abandonment of land inside the palm grove, the lack of maintenance of the gardens, the exploitation of domestic wastewater in the irrigation. According to this preliminary study, it is important for the State to make farmers aware of the role of their traditional irrigation systems in the continuity of the oasis and life in it.

Shallow Shear-Wave Velocity Beneath Jakarta, Indonesia Revealed by Body-Wave Polarization Analysis

Noting the importance of evaluating near-surface geology in earthquake risk assessment, we explored the application to the Jakarta Basin of a relatively new and simple technique to map shallow seismic structure using body-wave polarization. The polarization directions of P-waves are sensitive to shear-wave velocities (Vs), while those of S-waves are sensitive to both body-wave velocities. Two dense, temporary broadband seismic networks covering Jakarta city and its vicinity were operated for several months, firstly, from October 2013 to February 2014 consisting of 96 stations, and secondly, between April and October 2018 consisting of 143 stations. By applying the polarization technique to earthquake signals recorded during these deployments, the apparent half-space shear-wave velocity (Vsahs) beneath each station is obtained, providing spatially dense coverage of the sedimentary deposits and the edge of the basin. The results showed that spatial variations in Vsahs obtained from polarization analysis are compatible with previous studies, and appear to reflect the average Vs of the top 150 m. The low Vs that characterizes sedimentary deposits dominates most of the area of Jakarta, and mainly reaches the outer part of its administrative margin to the southwest, more than 10 km away. Further study is required to obtain a complete geometry of the Jakarta Basin. In agreement with previous studies, we found that the polarization technique was indeed a simple and effective method for estimating near-surface Vs that can be implemented at very low-cost wherever three-component seismometers are operated, and it provides an alternative to the use of borehole and active source surveys for such measurements. However, we also found that for deep basins such as Jakarta, care must be taken in choosing window lengths to avoid contamination of basement converted phases.

Mitigating the effects of drought on cattle production in communal rangelands of Zimbabwe.

The objective of the study was to examine strategies employed by farmers to mitigate the effects of drought on cattle production in communal rangelands of Zimbabwe. Data were collected from a total of 316 communal cattle farming households selected from semi-arid and sub-humid environments (158 each) using structured questionnaires. Farmers in sub-humid environments mostly resorted to controlled migration in search of pastures during drought whilst those in semi-arid environments mainly supplemented their cattle (P < 0.05). Travelling long distances to centralized water tanks was ranked first as a strategy to counter water shortage in sub-humid environments whilst in semi-arid environments farmers mostly resorted to use of boreholes (P < 0.05). Farmers in sub-humid environments were more than twice more likely to supplement their cattle than those in semi-arid environments (P < 0.05). Crop residues were the main type of feed used to supplement cattle during drought periods (P > 0.05). Mashona cattle were the most preferred breed (P > 0.05). Conformation traits were less preferred in both environments (P < 0.05). It was concluded that communal cattle producers in both environments use dietary supplementation with crop residues and controlled migration in search of pastures and water to mitigate drought effects. Given the shortcomings associated with drought mitigation strategies being used by communal cattle farmers, current findings suggest the need to design and implement sustainable strategies such as breeding cattle for drought resilience and selective supplementary feeding.

Improving estimates of groundwater velocity in a fractured rock borehole using hydraulic and tracer dilution methods

A straddle-packer system for use in boreholes in fractured rock was modified to investigate the average linear groundwater velocity (v¯f) in fractures under ambient flow conditions. This packer system allows two different tests to be conducted in the same interval between packers without redeploying the system: (1) forced gradient hydraulic tests to determine the interval transmissivity (T), and (2) borehole dilution experiments to determine the groundwater flow rate (Qt) across the test interval. The constant head step test method provides assurance that flow is Darcian when determining T for each interval and identifies the flow rate at the onset of non-Darcian flow. The critical Reynolds number method uses this flow rate to provide the number of hydraulically active fractures (N) in each interval, the average hydraulic aperture for the test interval and the effective bulk fracture porosity. The borehole dilution method provides Qt values for the interval at the time of the test, and v¯f can be estimated from Qt using the flow area derived from the hydraulic tests. The method was assessed by application to seven test intervals in a borehole 73 m deep in a densely fractured dolostone aquifer used for municipal water supply. The critical Reynolds number method identified one or two fractures in each test interval (1.1 m long), which provided v¯f values in the range of 10 to 8000 m/day. This velocity range is consistent with values reported in the literature for ambient flow in this aquifer. However, when hydraulically active fractures in each interval is identified and measured from acoustic and optical televiewer logs, the calculated v¯f values are unreasonably low as are the calculated values of the hydraulic gradient needed to provide the Qt value for each tested interval. The combination of hydraulic and dilution tests in the same interval is an improved method to obtain values of groundwater velocity in fractured rock aquifers.

Theoretical and Experimental Temperature Distribution along a Plate

Existing equations for the temperature distribution along a plate produced by a point heat source are analyzed. Experimental values are compared with theoretical results from a formula employed in the development of a thermoelectric element for borehole use. On that basis, the influence of the heat-transfer coefficient on the calculated temperature distribution is established. In order to ensure agreement between the distribution calculated by the proposed formula and the experimental distribution, the value of the heat-transfer must be corrected.

Co-production as deep engagement

PurposeWhile there is an urgent need for clean water in Ghana and Nigeria, governments lack the financial means to do much to address this need. This does not mean that improving access to clean water is impossible. On the contrary, this paper argued that engaging citizens through co-production, as is already being done in developed countries in the fields of care-giving, waste management, healthcare and community policing, could provide a successful strategy. The purpose of this paper is to examine how public water facilities are being managed to improve and sustain access to clean water for domestic use in rural areas in Ghana and Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachA survey interview with households and in-depth interviews with water professionals were conducted in Ghana and Nigeria to help the authors understand the practicalities of the co-production of clean water and how this is improving and maintaining access to clean water sources. The paper draws on a philosophical framework of “deep” citizen engagement to describe the merits of co-production and how it works in practice in developing countries.FindingsBased on the interviews with officials and surveys among the population of rural areas in the two countries studied, the authors found that the two countries vary significantly in their approach to water management decisions and the extent to which citizens are involved. Ghana’s approach seems much more successful than Nigeria when it comes to maintaining boreholes for water supply with the help of the population. In Nigeria, three-quarters of the public water facilities are non-functional, while in Ghana, community involvement in maintaining public water facilities has resulted in the sustained use of boreholes and eliminated the lack of access to clean water in many communities.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the practical understanding of co-production in developing countries and the potential of such co-production in improving clean water access. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous scientific research has studied how co-production can improve and sustain access specifically to clean water sources in developing countries, and this paper aimed to fill this gap.

Development of a muon density logging tool for use in boreholes and field applications

Development of a muon density logging tool for use in boreholes and field applications

Effects of groundwater abstraction on two keystone tree species in an arid savanna national park.

BackgroundIn arid systems with no surface water, deep boreholes in ephemeral river beds provide for humans and animals. With continually increasing infrastructure development for tourism in arid wildlife parks such as the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in southern Africa, we ask what effects increased abstraction may have on large trees. Large trees in arid savannas perform essential ecosystem services by providing food, shade, nesting sites and increased nutrients for many other plant and animal species and for this are regarded as keystone species.MethodsWe determine seasonal fluctuations in the water table while also determining the water source for the dominant large tree species in the Auob and Nossob rivers in the Park. We also determine the extent to which these trees are physiologically stressed using leaf δ13C, xylem pressure potentials, specific leaf area and an estimate of canopy death. We do this both upstream and downstream of a low water use borehole in the Auob River and a high water use borehole in the Nossob River.ResultsOur results show that the trees are indeed using deep groundwater in the wet season and that this is the same water used by people. In the dry season, trees in the Auob downstream of the active borehole become detached from the aquifer and use more isotopically enriched soil water. In the Nossob in the dry season, all trees use isotopically enriched soil water, and downstream of the active borehole use stomatal regulation to maintain leaf water potentials. These results suggest that trees in the more heavily utilised Nossob are under more water stress than those trees in the Auob but that trees in both rivers demonstrate physiological adaptation to the changes in available water with smaller heavier leaves, no significant canopy dieback and in the dry season in the Nossob stomatal regulation of leaf water potentials.DiscussionAn increase in abstraction of groundwater particularly at the Nossob borehole may cause an additional draw down of the water table adding to the physiological stress demonstrated in our study. The managers of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park have a mandate that includes biodiversity conservation. To fulfil this mandate, upper and lower thresholds for groundwater abstraction that allow for an adequate ecological reserve have to be determined.

Meeting the Millennium Development Goals’ Target for Potable Water Supply through Borehole Construction in Nigeria- An Overview

An overview of the success, challenges and prospects of the use of boreholes to meet the potable water supply target of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Nigeria was carried out. The study employed an extensive review of literature on the quantitative and qualitative assessments of boreholes including their spatial coverage, across the country. Similarly, reports of studies on the progress made to attain the MDGs target in Nigeria were also evaluated. From the review, it was observed that adequate access might not have been achieved owing to the high rate of failure of boreholes and the poor coverage of the system. The presence of harmful substances in water from boreholes in many instances as revealed by previous bacteriological and physico-chemical studies across the country also puts a doubt on the reliability of the system for potable water supply. Although there is no consensus as regards the water supply status of the country, more reports showed that there is great challenge to the attainment of the MDGs target. Thus, the paper recommended amongst other things, quantitative and qualitative assessment of all existing boreholes across the country to identify non-functioning ones for repair and as well determine their level of wholesomeness, and compliance with international best practices in borehole construction.

Participatory water sources management model for schools: Case of Buhera district, Zimbabwe.

The purpose of this study was to find ways of sustaining water points in Buhera district schools. It was motivated by the observation that (40%) of boreholes in the district broke down in 2010 and were not repaired. The situation forced school children to resort to unprotected water sources exposing themselves to water bone diseases. The study contributes to millennium development goal 2, (achieve universal primary education) and goal 7, (ensure environmental sustainability). The study was guided by a descriptive survey. Data was collected from a purposive sample of 198 (teachers, pupils, DDF and NGO officials in Buhera district) who .responded to a self reporting questionnaire. Observations of school children at water points, focus group discussions and analysis of DDF reports complemented the findings. The study revealed that, the main water source for schools and the community is the borehole. These are maintained by DDF. Water users role is confined to reporting borehole breakdown. They do not own the water sources that they use. The water points are overused promoting their rate of breakdown. There is no supervision of school children at water points contrary to literature recommendations. Use of plastic spare parts for metal casings contribute to borehole breakdown. The study recommends supervision and education of school children on the proper use of boreholes. The community and schools are encouraged to implement the suggested, “Participatory water sources management model” It promotes community ownership of the water point, its maintenance and sustainability. Skills transfer from experts to the locals is promoted in the process, there by developing the local skills base for water sources repair. Studies on the effectiveness of the model are encouraged.