Use Of Behavioral Patterns Research Articles

Local deadlock analysis of Simulink models based on timed behavioural patterns and theorem proving

Compositional deadlock analysis of process networks is a well-known challenge. We propose a compositional deadlock analysis strategy for timed process networks, more specifically, those obtained from Simulink multi-rate block diagrams. We handle models with both acyclic and cyclic communication graphs. Particularly, the latter naturally happens in Simulink models with feedback, among other kinds of cycles. Since there is no general solution to analyse cyclic models in a compositional way, we explore the use of behavioural patterns that allow the verification to be carried out in a compositional fashion. We represent process networks in tock-CSP, a dialect of CSP that allows modelling time aspects using a special tock event. The verification approach is implemented as a new package in CSP-Prover, a theorem prover for CSP which is itself implemented in Isabelle/HOL. To illustrate the overall approach and, particularly, how it can scale, we consider several variations of an actuation system with increasing complexity. We show that the examples are instances of the client/server and the asynchronous dynamic timed behaviour patterns. These patterns and all verification steps are formalised using CSP-Prover.

Real-Time Driver Drowsiness Identification Based on Eye-State Analysis

Abstract: Driving while being drowsy has become one of the major reasons of causing road accidents. Drivers who drive at night or for a long distance without resting are more prone to get involved in an accident. Large amount of fatal injuries and deaths occur because of this reason. Hence, it has become an active area of research. Various systems exist for this purpose which makes use of behavioural patterns. Behavioural patterns considered here are visual behaviours of drive like eye blinking, eye closing, yawning, head bending etc. Most of these methods are time consuming and expensive. Recently, in research and development, machine learning methods have been used to predict a driver's conditions. Those conditions can be used as information that will improve road safety. Machine Learning has brought progression in video processing which enables images to be analysed with accuracy. Keywords: Drowsiness detection, OpenCV, Dlib, Driver Drowsiness, Eye-state analysis.

Targets, tactics, and the open mouth face during play fighting in three species of primates

The play fighting of many mammals involves the nonserious use of behavior patterns derived from serious fighting. A major question of theoretical importance has been that of how, given this overlap in patterns of behavior, the animals can distinguish between playful and nonplayful intent. One proposed solution is that animals use play signals to inform each other about the playful intent of their actions. The most widely reported play signal amongst primates is the open mouth play face. The manner in which this so-called signal functions is based on correlational evidence, with most reports simply noting its presence or absence in a given species. This study involved a detailed video-based analysis of the occurrence of open mouths during the play fighting of three species of primates. One captive troop each of ring-tailed lemurs, black-handed spider monkeys, and patas monkeys was used. By examining all open mouths in the context of the species-typical style of play fighting, several conclusions were empirically verified. 1) Most open mouths occur as a functionally necessary precursor for biting. 2) Some open mouths occur as a defensive threat which deters further contact. 3) The residual open mouths which may function as contact promoting play signals, constituted about 20–25% of all open mouths by the lemurs and patas monkeys, but less than 5% for spider monkeys. These species differences appeared to arise from two causes. Firstly, the spider monkeys used another signal, the head shake, in situations where lemurs and patas monkeys used open mouths. Secondly, the style of play fighting greatly influenced the frequency and duration of open mouths. This was most marked in the face-to-face combat style of patas monkeys. These findings show that comparative studies of the occurrence and function of play signals need to take into account species-typical styles of playful combat. Aggr. Behav. 23:41–57, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The influence of snow on lynx and coyote movements: does morphology affect behavior?

We studied sympatric lynx (Lynx canadensis) and coyotes (Canis latrans) to assess how morphological disadvantages to locomotion over snow affected movement patterns. Both species are of similar size and mass, but the feet of lynx are much larger, and coyotes were found to have 4.1-8.8 times the foot-load (ratio of body mass to foot area) of lynx. This resulted in greater mean sinking depths of coyote limbs, although the magnitude of the difference was less than that in foot-load. Coyotes exhibited stronger use of behavioral patterns that reduced negative effects of snow on movements. Coyotes were most abundant at low elevations where snow was shallow, whereas lynx were mostly at higher elevations. Coyotes also used areas at both elevations where snow was shallower than average, while lynx used areas where snow was deeper. further, both species used travel routes where snow was shallower than it was near the track. Coyotes traveled on harder snow and used trails more frequently, thereby tending to reduce sinking depths to those similar to lynx. The behavioral repertoire of coyotes reduced the morphological advantage of large feet possessed by lynx; however, overall sinking depths were still greater in coyotes. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) were the main prey of both species, and their foot-load was less than that of either predator. Hare kills by coyotes occurred after fewer bounds than did those by lynx, and the large difference between foot-loads of both species of predators may have forced coyotes to ambush rather than chase hares, as did lynx.

A test of the sequential assessment game: fighting in the cichlid fish Nannacara anomala

Many species have a repertoire of behaviour patterns that are used in contests over resources. It is likely that the function of these behaviour patterns is the assessment of asymmetries between contestants in physical variables (e.g. size or strength). Theoretical models of fighting behaviour such as the war of attrition and the hawk-dove game do not incorporate any behavioural mechanisms allowing assessment, and, therefore, yield no predictions about the use of behaviour patterns. In a sequential assessment game, on the other hand, the assessment of asymmetries is a major activity during a fight. Recently, a version of the sequential assessment game with several behavioural options has been developed, and here predictions from this model are tested using data from 102 staged fights between males of the cichlid fish Nannacara anomala. The model predicts that the sequence of behaviour patterns in a fight should be maximally efficient in assessing relative fighting ability. Specific predictions are that (1) the sequence should be organized into phases consisting of one or several behaviour patterns with constant rates of behaviour within a phase, (2) the division into phases should be independent of relative fighting ability, and (3) contests with great asymmetry in relative fighting ability should end in an early phase, whereas matched individuals may proceed through a series of escalations reaching a final phase of more dangerous fighting. The results show that the fighting behaviour of N. anomala is rather well predicted by the model.