Use Of BCG Vaccine Research Articles

The safety of overdose and repeat administrations of BCG Danish strain 1331 vaccine in calves and pregnant heifers

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection, is a zoonotic disease in cattle that represents a significant ongoing challenge to cattle farming productivity and the livelihoods of livestock farmers in the UK. Vaccination of cattle with BCG could directly target the ability of M. bovis to proliferate within vaccinates, restricting bTB pathogenesis and onward disease transmission, and represent a step change in the tools available to help control bTB in farmed cattle. A Marketing Authorisation (MA) is required before a cattle BCG vaccine could be sold and supplied as a veterinary medicine within the UK and this requires comprehensive data supporting vaccine quality, efficacy and, most importantly, its safety. We carried out two independent Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) studies in which the safety of BCG vaccination in cattle was stringently tested through overdose and repeat vaccine administrations in young calves and pregnant heifers. Mild and generally short-lived reactions to vaccinations were observed in some animals, most commonly increases in body temperature and swelling at vaccine injection sites, but these did not have a negative impact on the overall health status of vaccinates. BCG was not shed in the saliva, faeces, milk or urine from vaccinated animals and its dissemination was limited to injection site tissues and associated lymph nodes. Overall, young calves and pregnant heifers vaccinated with BCG remained in good general health, and the vaccinated pregnant heifers had normal pregnancies and gave birth to healthy calves. Obtaining a Marketing Authorisation for a cattle BCG vaccine is a critical milestone in the progress towards the eventual use of BCG vaccination in cattle as an additional bTB control tool within the UK; these pivotal GLP vaccine safety studies generated the detailed and essential target animal safety data needed to support this.

Analysis of the State Archives Republican Archives Documents on Tuberculosis and Fight Against Tuberculosis in the Early Republican Period in Turkiye

Purpose: To share information obtained as a result of examination of archival documents related to tuberculosis and the fight against tuberculosis between 1923-1938. Method: Study, which is a qualitative research, was designed as a document analysis. Previous publications on subject were examined. State Archives Republican Archives Catalogue was scanned. Documents found were analysed. Selected documents were included in study. Study covers the period of Atatürk (1923-1938). Results: In early Republican period, Turkiye gave importance to fight against tuberculosis together with infectious diseases such as malaria, trachoma and syphilis. successful works initiated in Ottoman period were continued and additional works were initiated according to new practices and principles. Tuberculosis and fight against tuberculosis were discussed in "National Turkish Medical Congresses". In following period, main theme of the 11th Congress would be tuberculosis. The Ministry of Health has defined a concept for the fight against infectious diseases and implemented it. Guideline on fight against tuberculosis has started to be published. New dispensaries and sanatoriums were built. Efforts were made to increase existing bed capacity. use of BCG vaccine was introduced. New facilities were built at "Central Institute of Hygine" to start vaccine production. Participation in international exhibitions and congresses was ensured. Arrangements were made regarding the staff and salaries of doctors and nurses, and new civil servant positions were created for the fight against tuberculosis. Conclusion: It would not be wrong to say that works carried out in early Republican period were a stepping stone for the great successes to be achieved in the fight against tuberculosis in future.

Recombinant BCG expressing the LTAK63 adjuvant improves a short-term chemotherapy schedule in the control of tuberculosis in mice.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases around the world. Prevention is based on the prophylactic use of BCG vaccine, effective in infants but as protection wanes with time, adults are less protected. Additionally, chemotherapy requires the use of many antibiotics for several months to be effective. Immunotherapeutic approaches can activate the immune system, intending to assist chemotherapy of TB patients, improving its effectiveness, and reducing treatment time. In this work, the recombinant BCG expressing LTAK63 (rBCG-LTAK63) was evaluated for its immunotherapeutic potential against TB. Bacillary load, immune response, and lung inflammation were evaluated in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and treated either with BCG or rBCG-LTAK63 using different routes of administration. Mice infected with Mtb and treated intranasally or intravenously with rBCG-LTAK63 showed a reduced bacillary load and lung inflammatory area when compared to the group treated with BCG. In the spleen, rBCG-LTAK63 administered intravenously induced a higher inflammatory response of CD4+ T cells. On the other hand, in the lungs there was an increased presence of CD4+IL-10+ and regulatory T cells. When combined with a short-term chemotherapy regimen, rBCG-LTAK63 administered subcutaneously or intravenously decreases the Mtb bacillary load, increases the anti-inflammatory response, and reduces tissue inflammation. These findings highlight the potential of rBCG-LTAK63 in assisting chemotherapy against Mtb.

Induction of Cross-Reacting Antibodies Against the COVID-19 by BCG Vaccination in the Mouse Model.

It was reported that tuberculosis and BCG vaccination are potential tools for reducing the burden of COVID-19, mainly through the non-specific trained immunity. We have investigated whether BCG vaccination is able to induce cross-reacting antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2. We have tested the induced humoral immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike in the mouse model, after either BCG or rabies DNA-based vaccination alone or in Prime/Boost approach to COVID-19 DNA-based vaccination. We have demonstrated that BCG vaccination alone was able to induce cross-reacting antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Spike. It can also boost the antibody response induced by a COVID-19 DNA-based vaccination. Hence, both BCG and latent tuberculosis infection can explain the lower burden of COVID-19 in developing countries, not only through the trained immunity but also by inducing cross-reacting antibodies. Furthermore, with the emergence of different COVID-19 variants, or eventually other Betacoronaviruses, the use of BCG vaccination can help against immune escapes of the current vaccines.

A Survey Among Italian Physicians During COVID-19 Outbreak. Could Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine Be Effective Against SARS-CoV2?

Background: Epidemiological studies show that BCG-vaccinated population seems to be more likely protected from COVID-19 infection, but WHO gave a stark warning on use of BCG vaccine without confirmed COVID-19 trials. The aim of the study is to evaluate whether TB vaccination, performed several years earlier, could confer protection against COVID-19. Methods: After the Ethical Committee authorization, professional orders were used to contact physicians with an online survey. Specialty, COVID-19 infection and previous BCG vaccination were recorded. Statistical data analysis was performed. Results: 1906 physicians answered the questionnaire, (M = 1068; F = 838; mean age 50.7 ± 13.3 years; range 24–87), more than half (1062; 55.7%) experienced BCG vaccination. Professional activity was recorded, and only 49 subjects (2.6%) of them were infected by SARS-CoV2. Among the group of infected people, asymptomatic form occurred in 12 subjects (24.5%); a pauci-symptomatic form in 24 subjects (49.0%); and a severe form (pneumonia and/or respiratory distress) in 13 (26.5%). Considering only the clinically relevant form of COVID-19, period prevalence was 2.2% (23/1062) in the vaccinated group and 1.7% (14/844) in the unvaccinated group (OR: 1.31, 95% C.I.: 0.68–2.63, p = 0.427). Conclusion: Our experience does not confirm the possible protective role of BCG vaccination, performed years earlier, against COVID-19. Although recent epidemiological studies point out in BCG-vaccinated population a lower prevalence of SARS-CoV2 infection, in our cohort of physicians no significant difference was found in terms of prevalence of COVID-19 infection. Our data underline the necessity to follow the WHO warning about the indiscriminate use of BCG vaccine, until clear evidence of protection by BCG vaccination against COVID-19 is fully demonstrated.

Could BCG Vaccination Indeed Have a Key Role for Reducing the Spread and Mortality of COVID-19 Worldwide?

Dear Editor, COVID-19 is a new type of respiratory infection and might lead to serious pneumonia causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) manifest as having asymptomatic or mild to moderate upper respiratory tract disease. However, a minority of all can have severe course and even death, especially elderly patients.1 Here, one of the possible reasons, BCG vaccination and its impact, causing this difference in a population is delineated more. Can BCG vaccine reprogram natural (innate) immunity and decrease spread of COVID-19? Since the first use of BCG vaccine in Europe in the 1920s, a serious decrease in infant mortality has been reported. It is not likely to explain this decline only with the decrease in tuberculosis frequency. The reason for this decrease in infant mortality was reported to be associated with decline in neonatal sepsis and respiratory infections. In another study, this hypothesis was supported by showing that the frequency of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection reduced in population after BCG vaccine.2 In a South African study, 70 percent of BCG vaccinated adolescents had a decrease in respiratory infections as well. BCG application also reduced influenza A viral load in mice through affecting macrophages. Similarly, BCG vaccine increased the cytokines and peritoneal macrophages against many unrelated pathogens in mice. In the healthy population, BCG vaccination increased the release of proinflammatory cytokines (eg. IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6).3 Could BCG vaccine be a weapon in reducing the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19? The countries such as Italy, Holland and USA applying non-universal BCG vaccination policies, it is noteworthy that COVID-19 progresses more severely, compared to the countries following the universal policy. In epidemiological studies, the rate and death of COVID-19 in countries where BCG vaccination applied was also quite lower than non-vaccinated countries. Statistical evaluation of the current data of both European countries and countries in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 per population was also found lower in BCG-vaccinated countries. If same countries were separately assessed, BCG vaccination has not been performed in Italy, England and France where mortality of COVID-19 was higher. Nevertheless the mortality rates were relatively lower in the countries (Qatar, Saudi Arabia and China); whose BCG vaccination rates in 2018 were very high at 99%, 98%, 99%; respectively.4,5 Although there are differences in genetic, demographic, non-pharmacological measures, diagnosis and reporting between nations, possible inverse direct relation between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 looks interesting. Severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in elderly might be due to long time past after the BCG’s positive effect on innate immunity. Consistently, COVID-19 often manifests as asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic since shorter time passed in younger than in the elderly after BCG vaccination.

Vaccines for COVID-19: perspectives from nucleic acid vaccines to BCG as delivery vector system

This article discusses standard and new disruptive strategies in the race to develop an anti-COVID-19 vaccine. We also included new bioinformatic data from our group mapping immunodominant epitopes and structural analysis of the spike protein. Another innovative approach reviewed here is the use of BCG vaccine as priming strategy and/or delivery system expressing SARS-CoV-2 antigens.

BCG vaccination as protection from COVID-19: epidemiological and molecular biological aspects

The article presents a review of the recent hypothesis that the national policy of BCG-vaccination affects the spread of COVID-19 in different countries. It contains the information from 70 publications with epidemiological indicators, providing pros and cons of this hypothesis, with the description of possible mechanisms of non-specific antiviral action of BCG vaccine. It is concluded that there are not enough data to verify or refute the hypothesis, and at the moment the use of BCG vaccine to prevent the spread of the infection even in high-risk groups would be unreasonable.

Lung memory T-cell response in mice following intranasal immunization with influenza vector expressing mycobacterial proteins

Improving specific prevention of tuberculosis continues to be a top priority in phthisiology. “Prime-boost” vaccination schemes aim to maintain adequate levels of specific immunity while forming long-term protection. They are based on sequential use of BCG vaccine and new vaccine candidates expressing protective mycobacterial proteins. The development of new tuberculosis prevention approaches requires an understanding of how the anti-tuberculosis immune response forms and which mechanisms provide TB protection. Since tuberculosis is an airborne infection, vaccine effectiveness largely depends on mucosal immunity based on the formation of long-lived, functionally-active memory T-lymphocytes in the respiratory tract. We have previously shown that the influenza vector expressing ESAT-6 and Ag85A mycobacterial proteins (Flu/ESAT-6_Ag85A) in vaccination scheme of intranasal boost immunization resulted in significant increase of BCG's protective effect according to key indicators aggregate data in experimental tuberculosis infection. The aim of this work was to study the effect of intranasal immunization with the Flu/ESAT-6_Ag85A influenza vector on the formation of antigen-specific central and effector memory T cells and the cytokine-producing activity of effector T cells (TEM) in BCG standard and “BCG prime — influenza vector boost” vaccination schemes in mice. Intranasal immunization with the influenza vector has been shown to increase the proportion of antigen-specific CD4+ central memory T cells (TCM) in the pool of activated lymphocytes of lung and spleen reaching significant differences from the BCG group in the percentage of spleen CD4+ TCM (p 0.01). In contrast to BCG, vaccination with the studied vaccine candidate was accompanied by accumulation of highly differentiated CD8 effector cells in lung, the target organ during tuberculosis infection. Comparative evaluation of the cell-mediated, post-vaccine immune response after immunization with influenzavector-based vaccine candidate (intranasal/mucosal) or BCG vaccine (subcutaneous) showed advantages in the mucosal group: in formation of functionally active subpopulations of effector CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes (CD44highCD62Llow) in lungs secreting IL-2 as well as polyfunctional cells capable of coproducing two cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα or IFNγ/IL-2) or three cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα/IL-2). Due to their more pronounced effector function, polyfunctional T-lymphocytes can be considered to be potential immunological markers of protective immunity in tuberculosis.

История создания вакцин и вакцинации. Часть III. Бешенство и туберкулез

The article describes the historical stages of creating vaccines against two of the most dangerous diseases, which, after the discovery of the microbial theory, were devoted to the efforts of scientists ― rabies and tuberculosis. The lecture describes the main achievements of L. Pasteur and the stages of the creation of a rabies vaccine by him and his team, which became the crown of his scientific career and triggered the development of various areas of vaccinology. Close cooperation in this area of physicians and veterinarians and the outstanding role of Pasteur is shown. The current trends and successes of fighting this deadly disease are indicated. The stages of the development of vaccines against tuberculosis based on the discoveries of R. Koch and his followers are also presented. The successes of combating animal tuberculosis based on the creation of tuberculin for diagnosing the disease, successes in preventing tuberculosis in humans with the use of BCG vaccine after many years of work on its creation, and historical stages of eliminating animal tuberculosis in a number of countries over the 20th century are noted. Attempts to use BCG vaccine in veterinary medicine, by analogy with medical practice, and issues related to the rejection of mass vaccination of cattle are discussed.

Stability attenuation of BCG vaccine strain

As the basis for prevention of tuberculosis is the use of BCG vaccine. The experience of using the tuberculous vaccine has shown quite positive results. Mycobacterium bovis of BCG vaccine strain, which are preserved in laboratories from different countries may differ slightly in their biological properties, including virulence and immunogenicity. Objective of work is to investigate the stability attenuation of BCG vaccine strain. BCG vaccine strain (BCG-Russia) was used for investigations. The morphology, cultural and biochemical properties of mycobacteria determined by means of agreed-upon methods. We used amplifier iCycler iQ5 and a set of reagents for PCR-amplification of DNA with real-time detection for carrying out PCR. The determination of the virulence and sensitivizing properties of mycobacteria was carried out using the biological test. The pieces of the spleen and lungs were taken for histological examination. It was found that Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains formed on the nutrient medium by Mordovskyi the matted colonies of ivory color with a hilly surface and uneven edges (R-forms). In the smears from colonies, after staining by Ziehl-Neelsen, acid-resistant and non-acid resistant sticks were observed. Mycobacteria BCG strain in the medium of Shkolnykova formed microcolonies, which morphologically resembled «cord». Gene-molecular studies have established the presence of the DNA-target in the mycobacteria of the vaccinal strain. In infected Guinea pigs 3–4 weeks later, an ulcer was formed at the place of introduction of the suspension. Mycobacteria did not cause in laboratory animals the death and development of an infectious process characteristic of tuberculosis. At the autopsy of Guinea pigs characteristic macroscopic changes (tubercular nodes) were not observed. In the spleen of all animals, moderate hyperemia, red pulp hyperplasia were observed. Lymphoid follicles had signs of hyperplasia. At the intersection of laboratory animals of the second and third passages macroscopic pathoanatomical changes were not found. Conclusion: BCG strain do not cause macroscopic pathoanatomical changes in Guinea pigs during three «blind» passages, indicating the stability of his attenuation.

PHP327 - A Prospective Assessment of Attitudes and Experiences Among Urologists Regarding off Label Use of BCG Vaccine in Serbia

PHP327 - A Prospective Assessment of Attitudes and Experiences Among Urologists Regarding off Label Use of BCG Vaccine in Serbia

Immunity and Vaccination against Tuberculosis in Cattle

Bovine tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major animal health problem worldwide and new tools are required for the control of this disease in cattle, particularly with the emergence of wildlife reservoirs for Mycobacterium bovis infection and potential restrictions on trade. New insights into the roles of macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and CD4+, CD8+, and γδ T cells in control of M. bovis infection in cattle have provided a better understanding of protective immunity against this disease. In the past two decades, considerable progress has been made in the development and evaluation of TB vaccines for cattle, with new attenuated mycobacterial vaccines providing an alternative to the use of BCG vaccine and sub-unit vaccines to boost protection induced by BCG. With the development of tests to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals, it is now feasible to use vaccines to assist in the control of this disease.

The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: A Systematic Review

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiology of pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis is taunted to have predated the existence of mankind, and science has elucidated its presence in old Egyptian’ mummies, as it continues to evade current antibiotic treatments, wreck the havoc and decimate human populations. Presented here, are the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the first proposal for the application of this innovative concept in the field of Tuberculosis research, to proffer holistic platform, focused knowledge, and strategies at undermining the prowess of the tubercle bacilli and overcoming its scourge. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was carried out to mine data on the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities and threats to M. tb, by review of several publications using meaningful theme and specific search phrases on the subject. Results: Strengths of Mycobacterium tuberculosis include: possession of abundant cell wall mycothiol; M. tb is highly contagious and requires low infectious dose (ID50) to establish infection; ability to specifically target and replicate in the host’ macrophages; ability to establish extrapulmonary multiorgan involvement; dual polymorphism i.e. existence in both an actively replicating form as well as or latent state; assumption of variable metabolic states; delayed seeding from the lungs of the replicating bacteria cells to the mediastinal lymph nodes; delayed macrophage apoptosis prior to bacterial growth and ultimate cellular necrosis; ability to shift to glyoxylate pathway during lipid metabolism in lieu of glucose during persistence phase in the host. Weaknesses of M. tuberculosis include: the requirement for growth of a membrane protein called Rv3671c during in vivo replication for survival in the acidic milieu of the macrophages and phagosome; M. tb is a fastidious slow growing bacterium with long generation time; establishment of productive infection in less than 10% of infected subjects; the bacterium is strictly an intracellular aerobic pathogen; and variable bacteria level of adenosine triphosphate. Opportunities harnessed by M. tb include: development and spread of resistant strains owing to inadequate and inappropriate drug treatment; limited efficacy and use of BCG Vaccine; MDR-TB is under-diagnosed in children; pathogenic synergy of coinfection of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB); difficulty of TB screening in HIV-infected persons; immune status of the host; immigration; slow response of the cellular immune response to M. tbwhich enables constant endogenous reinfection of the host; anatomical vulnerability of the lungs; aerosols by inspired air is crucial for latent tuberculosis infection. Threats to M. tuberculosis include: the development and use of sensitive combination of microbiological tests as the gold-standard in HIV infected patients; annual TB test; selective isolation of TB patients by reintroduction of sanatoria; prioritizing genomic drug targets; sustenance of the global TB funds; development of potent vaccine; live imaging using computer tomography and positron electron tomography to characterize active TB in lesions; development and application of Infecton for imaging deep seated infections.

Efficacy of a prime/boost regimen including BCG and recombinant protein in an HN878 challenge of C57BL/6 mice (P4296)

Abstract Tuberculosis remains a major concern despite the widespread use of BCG vaccine. Since BCG-induced protection against adult pulmonary TB has been highly variable, vaccines that confer better, more complete protection are needed and recombinant proteins in the presence of adjuvant are currently being evaluated in this context. C57BL/6 mice were used in an immunogenicity and aerosol challenge study to evaluate the efficacy of a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen. Adult females aged 6-8 weeks old were vaccinated with either BCG SSI alone, or in conjunction with a recombinant fusion protein expressing Ag85B, Ag85A and Rv3407 with a poly(I:C)-based TLR3 adjuvant. Prior to challenge, a subset of mice were used to evaluate immune responses by IFN-γ ELISA and flow cytometry. This combination elicited a strong Th1 response as evidenced by high levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF expression in CD4+ T-cells from splenocytes. Mice were challenged with 50-100 CFU of aerosolized M.tuberculosis strain HN878. Spleens and lungs were used to determine viable bacterial load (CFU) and lungs fixed for routine histopathology. We observed a statistically significant reduction in lung CFU at 12 weeks post infection in the prime-boost vaccine group compared to BCG alone. The use of a recombinant protein plus adjuvant as a boost to the widely used BCG SSI vaccine was shown to be immunogenic and to elicit an increased level of protection over BCG alone in the lungs of adult C57BL/6 mice.

Simultaneous tuberculous meningoencephalitis in two siblings

The high morbidity and mortality of tuberculous meningoencephalitis (TBM) warrants an early diagnosis and treatment. BCG vaccine has been proven to reduce the incidence of disseminated disease in children. We report on two siblings (2-year-old boy and 4-year-old girl) with simultaneous TBM, whose parents originated from Kosovo, Albania, but presently reside in Germany. Early diagnosis of TBM was delayed, and at first the misdiagnosis of viral meningoencephalitis was made. Antituberculosis treatment was not initiated despite profound hyponatremia, hydrocephalus, and signs of inflammatory cerebral disease. After establishing the diagnosis of TBM, the boy died from antituberculosis, drug-induced hepatic failure; the sister survived with severe neurological deficits. Contact tracing revealed that TB had been transmitted by a household contact person with proven pulmonary TB who had refused antituberculosis treatment. A thorough contact investigation including tuberculin skin testing to identify children at risk for TB in the vicinity of this patient was not carried out. These case reports demonstrate an unusual simultaneous occurrence of TBM in a brother and sister. It draws attention to the importance of TBM as a differential diagnosis in children with suspected viral meningoencephalitis. To prevent severe neurological sequelae, early antituberculosis therapy should be considered in infants and children with a clinical impression of meningitis in the context of cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count of less than 500 cells/microl and lymphocytic predominance, hyponatremia, and possible hydrocephalus. This notion is especially true for children originating from high-endemicity countries for TB. A rigid implementation of antituberculosis treatment of infected individuals and contact tracing is mandatory in order to prevent dissemination of TB in the community. The use of BCG vaccine should be considered in children at high risk for TB infection because of its potential to reduce disseminated TB.

Invitro immune responses in children following BCG vaccination

Introduction: There is still no consensus on the efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. This study therefore addressed the question of the magnitude of immunity afforded by BCG, by studying the effector mechanisms of protection in children. The main objectives were to assess the degree of immunity conferred by BCG vaccine in children and to identify the most immunogenic antigen(s) of BCG by conducting in-vitro studies. Materials and methods: Children in the age-group of 1 to 10 years, were categorized: (A) normal, and vaccinated with BCG during the first year, n=45, (B) normal, without scar and with no evident history of vaccination, n=31: and (C) children admitted in the hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis, n=31. Fractions of BCG were obtained by lysis, sonication, separation by gel chromatography, HPLC and confirmed by SDS-PAGE. In lymphoproliferative assays PBMC were cultured and stimulated with either Concanavalin-A or Tuberculin or the fractions of BCG. Stimulation indices (SI) in lymphoproliferation, CD4/CD8 cells, levels of Interferon-γ (IFN- γ) in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Results: The vaccinated children displayed significantly high (P< 0.05) mean values of SI in LTT, CD4/CD8 cell ratio against the unfractionated, 67kDa fraction and BCG-CF Ags. While 100% of the vaccinated children had positive lymphoproliferation indices to BCG-CF, only 8.3% of the unvaccinated children were positive. Conclusion: Some of the components of BCG induced a strong Thl cell response in children. These immunogenic antigens were present in the whole cell lysate. The use of BCG vaccine for tuberculosis is worthwhile till a new vaccine is developed.

The use of bcg vaccination to prevent the development of gestational trophoblastic tumor (GTT) after hydatidiform mole (HM)

International Journal of Gynecology & ObstetricsVolume 70, Issue S5 p. E33-E33 Free communication Trophoblastic disease and unusual tumors The use of bcg vaccination to prevent the development of gestational trophoblastic tumor (GTT) after hydatidiform mole (HM) M.T. Sutoto, M.T. SutotoSearch for more papers by this author M.T. Sutoto, M.T. SutotoSearch for more papers by this author First published: 11 December 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(00)82448-0AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume70, IssueS52000Pages E33-E33 RelatedInformation

US guidelines for use of BCG vaccine in TB

US guidelines for use of BCG vaccine in TB

BCG vaccine in superficial bladder cancer

The most effective form of immunotherapy for solid tumours is still poorly understood The main risks from superficial bladder cancer are that it may recur or that it may progress to invasive disease with a high mortality. Immunotherapy with live BCG vaccine was shown to be an effective treatment as long ago as 1976,1 and the vaccine is still the only intravesical agent to have been shown to reduce both of these risks.2 Factors that increase the risk of progression are high tumour grade, invasion of the lamina propria, and the presence of carcinoma in situ.3 The main indications for the use of BCG vaccine in Britain are treatment of carcinoma in situ of the bladder; treatment of residual superficial papillary tumour; and prophylaxis against recurrence of superficial tumours and against progression after resection of a tumour. No one questions the use of BCG vaccine for diffuse carcinoma in situ. This condition is difficult to eradicate by resection--indeed, if treated by surgery alone it progresses to invasion of the …