Use Of Alum Research Articles

Polymeric Flocculation as a Sustainable Solution for Heavy Metal Removal from Leachate in Barka Landfill, Oman

Purpose: This study investigates the effectiveness of polymeric flocculation in removing heavy metals from leachate through filtration, sedimentation, and precipitation, aiming to separate and eliminate particulate matter. to separate and remove particulate matter. Method: This study investigated the use of alum and chitosan to remove heavy metals from leachate. The addition of a polymeric flocculant, chitosan, promoted the formation of stable flocs, which effectively removed heavy metals. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, was found to be a promising alternative to synthetic polymers. Main Findings: The experimental results demonstrated that alum outperformed chitosan in terms of removing heavy metals. Under optimal conditions, an alum dosage of 6 mg/l at a pH of 6.23 resulted in copper and magnesium removal efficiencies of 84% and 92%, respectively. In contrast, the optimal chitosan dosage was 8 mg/l at a pH of 7.5, with copper and magnesium removal efficiencies of 43.1% and 91.8%, respectively. Implications: Leachate treatment reduces heavy metals and organic compounds, controls odors, and generates foam indicating the presence of gases like carbon dioxide and methane. These gases can be harnessed for clean energy production and green hydrogen development. harnessed for clean energy production and green hydrogen development. Novelty: This study is the first to scientifically analyze leachate treatment at the Barka landfill. Chitosan, a natural polymer, effectively removes suspended matter and heavy metals, reducing their concentrations. removes suspended matter and heavy metals, reducing their concentrations.

Nanoparticles for stimulation of neutrophil extracellular trap-mediated immunity.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been identified as triggers for a self-limited inflammatory reaction upon contact with nanoparticles within our bodies. This typically results in entrapping potentially harmful nano- or micro-objects following an immune burst. The demand for potent adjuvants has led to research on particulate-based adjuvants, particularly those that act via NET formation. Various particles, including hydrophobic nanoparticles, needle-like microparticles, and other natural and artificial crystals, have been shown to induce NET formation, eliciting a robust humoral and cellular immune response toward co-injected antigens. The NET formation was found to be the basis of the efficient use of alum as a vaccine adjuvant. Thus, nanoparticles with specific surface properties serve as NET-stimulating adjuvants. In this mini-review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge about the surface properties of particulate objects and the molecular pathways involved in inducing NET formation by neutrophils. Additionally, we discuss the potential use of nanoparticles for activating neutrophils in the tissues and the exploitation of such activation for enhancing vaccine adjuvants.

The assessment of coagulation and flocculation performance and interpretation of mechanistic behavior of suspended particles aggregation by alum assisted by tapioca peel starch

The current study describes the synergistic action of a green starch flocculant extracted from agricultural waste coupled with aluminium sulphate to enhance coagulation and flocculation for surface water treatment. The coagulants and the flocs characteristics were analyzed to better understand the physicochemical properties and the underlying mechanisms of the treatment process. Several elements, including Cl and Ca were observed on the surface of the starch, and the presence of essential functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl that help to promote flocculation function was detected. Superior performance was observed in the treatment using alum+TPS compared to the treatment using alum as a sole coagulant. Maximum turbidity and TSS removals of 90.32% and 88.89%, respectively, were attained within 10 min of settling time using the recommended alum-TPS dosage of 7.5–50 mg/L at pH 7. The flocs generated by the alum+TPS treatment exhibited distinguishable characteristics with bigger and highly compacted flocs matrix in which colloidal particles enmeshed within the flocs clusters. The combination use of alum+TPS showed the microflocs were initially formed by alum through the charge neutralization mechanism. The later addition of the starch into the suspension revealed that the bridging and sweep flocculation mechanism governs the flocculation process reflected through the shifting of FTIR bands that marked the formation of hydrogen bonding between the starch, alum and the suspended particles. Adding starch into the suspension undoubtedly provided effective entrapment and adsorption by larger-sized polymer, which promotes inter-colloidal particle bridging and subsequently improves the water clarity.

Analisis Pengaruh Kapur Tohor (CaO) dan Tawas Terhadap Parameter TSS dan pH di Desa Huta Dame Kecamatan Penyabungan Utara Kabupaten Mandailing Natal

The people's gold mining activities in Huta Dame Village, Kotanopan Utara District, Mandailing Natal are still very simple. The purpose of this study was to analyze the TSS and pH parameters around the gold mining area so that they comply with quality standards. This research method is by interviews and direct observation to the field. The results of the analysis showed that the quality of acid mine drainage before treatment was 4.26 and after the addition of quicklime in 1 gram it was still acidic but in the addition of quicklime in the 65th minute (3 grams) a pH of 6.02 was obtained and it met the quality standard. The addition of 1 and 3 grams of alum is still acidic and this can cause the air in the mining environment to be corrosive due to the large amount of heavy metals originating from rocks which can cause environmental damage, due to excessive use of mercury resulting in the emergence of acid mine drainage. The addition of 1 and 3 grams of quicklime, TSS values 48 & 38 mg/l . The TSS values for the addition of 1 & 3 grams of alum were 20 & 28 mg/l and met the quality standards. Thus the use of quicklime in gold mining waste is more effective than the use of alum as an acid mine drainage treatment method.

Analisa Instalasi Pengolahan Air Terhadap Pemakaian Tawas dan Kualitas Air Produksi

Water is an important factor in determining the needs of mankind on earth, the existence of water is very much and very abundant on earth, for example springs, reservoirs, rivers, lakes, to the sea. As we all know, the area of waters on earth is larger than the existing land area, so that the water problem is the main problem, both the problem of clean water supply, water pollution, and the problem of water pollution and distribution. In order for IPA to operate properly, it is necessary to evaluate IPA. This study aims to: 1) Know the use of alum in PDAM xyz; 2) Comparing the quality of production water produced with the PERMENKES No. standard. 492 in 2010; 3) Know how the process of water treatment; the data used or obtained from PDAM is data on the use of alum and checking the physical and chemical parameters, the physical and chemical parameters used include turbidity, pH, temperature, color and odor. According to the results obtained, the tested parameters met the PERMENKES No. standards. 492 of 2010. The water treatment process is Intake, Clarifier which consists of several processes, then there is a reservoir. The source of water used in the water treatment plant is using the Brantas River, the Brantas River itself is included in group 3. The use of alum that is too large is due to the absence of a pre-sedimentation unit.

Removal of toxic substances from cassava effluent using alum and Moringa oleifera seeds as coagulants: a comparative study towards improved agricultural practice

Cassava as a food is widely eaten in nearly all tropical countries. This has led to the emergence of many cassava processing centres, which consequently results in extensive ecological pollution due to the release of cassava processing wastewater into the environment. Wastewater treatment is mostly carried out using chemical coagulants, which are not environmental friendly. This study aims at providing non-chemical based alternative treatment procedures for cassava wastewater. The treatment procedures involved the use of alum and Moringa oleifera seeds as coagulants. The coagulants were used in combination with sodium hypochlorite at 25 and 50 mg/L for coagulation periods of 24 h and 48 h. Physicochemical parameters including, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), cyanide, coliform count and heavy metals [Ni, Zn, and Cr] were evaluated for both raw and treated wastewaters using standard methods. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. At 50 mg/L dose and 48 h coagulation period, the removal efficiencies of cyanide were 98.91% and 99.63% for alum and M. oleifera seeds, respectively. M. oleifera seeds reduced coliform in the effluent by 96.73% and decontaminated heavy metals [Ni, Zn, and Cr]. However, none of the two treatments could reduce BOD to a permissible level. The study concluded that M. oleifera seed is a potential coagulant, and could therefore be used as a substitute to synthetic coagulants.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Alum Crystals from Waste Aluminum Foils in Turbid Water Treatment

The disposal of waste aluminum foil is a significant environmental concern due to its non-biodegradable nature and potential to contaminate the surrounding ecosystem. In this study, we synthesized alum crystals from waste aluminum foil and evaluated their potential as an effective adsorbent for water treatment. The synthesis process involved the reaction of crushed aluminum foil with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide to form aluminum hydroxide, which was then converted to alum crystals through a precipitation reaction. Chemical tests were conducted to confirm the presence of different ions in alum solution and solid alum crystals. The tests showed the presence of sulfate ions, potassium ions, and aluminum ions. Additionally, the study examined the effect of different dosages (10 to 100 mg/l) of alum on turbidity removal (triplicate) in water, where increasing the alum dosage led to an increase in turbidity removal, but beyond a certain point, the marginal increase in turbidity removal diminished. A dosage of around 40–50 mg/L was established as optimal for achieving a balance between effective turbidity removal and cost-effective use of alum, using a quadratic relationship to model a non-linear relationship between turbidity removal and alum dosage. This study demonstrates the potential of waste aluminum foil as a valuable resource for the synthesis of alum crystals, which can be used as an effective adsorbent for water treatment. Using waste materials for the synthesis of value-added products not only helps reduce environmental pollution but also contributes to the development of sustainable technologies. The results of this study have significant implications for the development of cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solutions for water treatment.

Effectiveness of Green Mussel Shells as a Natural Coagulant for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

Coagulation is one of the wastewater treatment processes. Aluminum sulfate is usually used as a chemical coagulant. On the other way, the use of alum can cause a new problem that was the inorganic residues produced are carcinogenic and can harm the environment and human health. Then people try to use natural materials such as chitosan as the coagulant. Chitosan can be produced from the skin of marine animals such as green mussels. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of natural coagulant green mussel shells. The research method was an experimental study by testing the effectiveness of green mussel shells as a natural coagulant with one group post design. This research used small dose of chitosan that is 0,15 g/l until 0,4 g/l to know which one is the most effective to reduce turbidity and suspended solid. The sample in this study was domestic wastewater. The parameters were total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity. The data were analyzed by the ANOVA test. The result showed that both TSS and turbidity were decreased by about 100% (14 mg/l to 0,65 mg/l) for optimum decreasing of TSS parameter and 73% (2.38 NTU to 0 NTU) for turbidity parameters. The optimal dose of natural coagulant green mussel shells for domestic wastewater was 0,4 g/l. The ANOVA test showed that there was an effect of green mussel shells coagulant dose on TSS and turbidity level (p-value = 0,000). The potential of using these green mussel shells as a coagulant is indeed very high. However, it takes a combination with other natural ingredients to make an effective and safe coagulant.

Natural dyeing mediated by atmospheric air pressure plasma treatment of polyester

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to check the effectivity of plasma in the natural dyeing of polyester fabric using four natural dyes – Turkey red, Lac, Turmeric and Catechu using plasma and alum mordant. The surface modification on the polyester fabric by plasma along with the use of benign mordant alum is studied. The enhancement of dyeability in polyester fabric with natural dyes is the main focus. Due to surface modification, the wettability increases, which leads to better dye uptake. Better dye uptake and better dye adherence are the main objectives.Design/methodology/approachPlasma-mediated natural dyeing is the main design of this research work. The effect of plasma treatment on surface modification of synthetic fabric polyester and its subsequent effects on their dyeing with different natural dyes, namely, Turkey red, Lac, Turmeric and Catechu are studied. The dyeability was further enhanced by the use of alum as mordant. The main focus is on the betterment of natural dyeing of polyester fabric using sustainable natural dyes resources for dyeing and to reduce wastewater contamination from the usage of toxic additive chemicals for cleaner production.FindingsPlasma-mediated and alum-mordanted dyeing method facilitated very good dyeability of all the four natural dyes, namely, Turkey red, Lac, Turmeric and Catechu. Color strength (K/S) values and fastness properties of plasma-treated samples were far better than untreated samples. The synergistic effect of plasma and alum mordanting has made natural dyeing of polyester very easy with very good fastness results. Natural dyeing of polyester after 2 min of plasma treatment showed excellent and desirable results. The process is also easy to be adapted by industries.Research limitations/implicationsAs polyester is hydrophobic, natural dyeing of polyester fabric is not very easy, but with plasma-mediated natural dyeing, it becomes a very facile dyeing method; thus, there are no limitations. Use of plasma has reduced the need for any chemical additives which are usually added during the dyeing process.Practical implicationsThis process of natural dyeing of polyester fabric can be scaled up to industrial dyeing with natural dyes. Plasma pretreatment of the fabric followed by premordanting with alum has facilitated the natural dyeing well.Social implicationsUse of plasma in place of chemical modifiers can be a green and environmentally friendly approach for sustainable coloration of polyester fabric, providing a clean wet processing for textiles dyeing.Originality/valueThe synergistic effect of plasma-mediated and alum-mordanted natural dyeing of polyester has not been attempted by any researcher. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is for the first time that pretreatment with atmospheric plasma followed by alum mordanting of polyester fabric has shown very good dye uptake and fastness properties as the dye molecules could penetrate well after 2 min of the plasma treatment.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effects of Trona and Alum on Dental Caries Isolates

Trona and alum are chemical substances found abundantly in nature. Dental caries, usually of bacterial origin, is a chronic disease in which microorganisms metabolize sugars from the diet and produce acid which can demineralize enamel, dentine, cementum and inorganic portion of tooth, followed by destruction of organic portions, leading to cavity formation. This research work was aimed at evaluating the antimicrobial effects of trona and alum on microorganisms isolated from dental caries. It was carried out at Microbiology laboratory unit of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. Eighty-five dental swab specimens were aseptically and properly collected from patients with carious tooth using sterile swab sticks. Microorganisms were isolated and identified using standard macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical and molecular testing methods. The isolates were Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus spp and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial sensitivity test of trona and alum on the isolates was carried out using the agar-well diffusion method. The results revealed that these isolates were susceptible to the natural compounds as zones of inhibition were observed at different concentrations. Alum showed the highest zone of inhibition of 25mm against Lactobacillus sp. at 200mg while trona showed inhibition of 17mm against Bacillus cereus at 200mg. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the compounds were also determined. The MIC and MBC of alum against the isolates ranges between 50mg/ml to 12.5mg/ml; while trona recorded 200mg/ml against all the isolates. The findings provide the scientific basis for use of alum and trona as antimicrobial agents; thus the need for their production at industrial level.

Preventing type 1 diabetes in late-stage pre-diabetic NOD mice with insulin: A central role for alum as adjuvant.

Restoration of immune tolerance to disease-relevant antigens is an appealing approach to prevent or arrest an organ-specific autoimmune disease like type 1 diabetes (T1D). Numerous studies have identified insulin as a key antigen of interest to use in such strategies, but to date, the success of these interventions in humans has been inconsistent. The efficacy of antigen-specific immunotherapy may be enhanced by optimising the dose, timing, and route of administration, and perhaps by the inclusion of adjuvants like alum. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of an insulin peptide vaccine formulated with alum to prevent T1D development in female non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice when administered during late-stage pre-diabetes. Starting at 10 weeks of age, female NOD mice received four weekly subcutaneous injections of an insulin B:8-24 (InsB:8-24) peptide with (Ins+alum) or without Imject® alum (Ins) as adjuvant. Diabetes incidence was assessed for up to 30 weeks of age. Insulin autoantibodies and C-peptide concentrations were measured in plasma and flow cytometric analysis was performed on pancreatic-draining lymph nodes (PLN) and pancreas using an InsB:12-20-reactive tetramer. InsB:8-24 peptide formulated in alum reduced diabetes incidence (39%), compared to mice receiving the InsB:8-24 peptide without alum (71%, P < 0.05), mice receiving alum alone (76%, P < 0.01), or mice left untreated (70%, P < 0.01). This was accompanied by reduced insulitis severity, and preservation of C-peptide. Ins+alum was associated with reduced frequencies of pathogenic effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the pancreas and increased frequencies of insulin-reactive FoxP3+ Tregs in the PLN. Of interest, insulin-reactive Tregs were enriched amongst populations of Tregs expressing markers indicative of stable FoxP3 expression and enhanced suppressive function. An InsB:8-24 peptide vaccine prevented the onset of T1D in late-stage pre-diabetic NOD mice, but only when formulated in alum. These findings support the use of alum as adjuvant to optimise the efficacy of antigen-specific immunotherapy in future trials.

An Unusual Oral Lichenoid Reaction to Potassium Alum: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

Background: Potash alum mouth rinse has been well studied with appreciable success in protection against carious lesions and periodontal microbiota with no adverse reactions. While oral lichenoid reactions have been documented as complications of various dental materials and drugs none has been reported as a result of alum use. Case Description: An unusual oral lichenoid reaction to potash alum use in an adult patient who presented at the oral medicine and diagnosis clinic of the dental centre of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. He presented with complaints of excessive salivary flow and dark pigmentation of the palate, and a history of potash alum licking for more than a month. On examination a dark pigmentation involving the palatal gingiva related to 24-27, sialometry revealed normal salivary flow Hence a diagnosis of false sialorrhoea was made. The patient was referred to the Periodontology unit of the same institution where an excisional biopsy was carried out, this was diagnosed as a lichenoid reaction by the Oral Pathology unit. The patient was counselled to stop the use of alum and reassured about the normal salivary flow. The patient reported tremendous improvement on review. Conclusion: Many home remedy habits and practices can be harmful, this underscores the role of counseling patients against these unverified remedies.

Antioxidant Power on Dermal Cells by Textiles Dyed with an Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Extract.

In this study, the phenol loading and antioxidant activity of wool yarn prepared with the aqueous extract of onion (Allium cepa L.) skin was enhanced by implementing the dyeing process with the use of alum as a mordant. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods were applied for the characterization of polyphenolic substances loaded on the wool yarn. The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated by determining the level of intra- and extra-cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts pre-treated with lipopolysaccharide put in contact with artificial sweat. An elevated dye uptake on wool was observed for the pre-mordanted sample, as demonstrated by high absorbance values in the UV-Visible spectral range. Chromatographic results showed that protocatechuic acid and its glucoside were the main phenolic acid released in artificial sweat by the wool yarns, while quercetin-4′-glucoside and its aglycone quercetin were more retained. The extract released from the textile immersed in artificial sweat showed a significant reducing effect on the intra-and extracellular ROS levels in the two cell lines considered. Cytofluorimetric analyses demonstrated that the selected mordant was safe at the concentration used in the dyeing procedure. Therefore, alum pre-mordanted textiles dyed with onion-skin extracts may represent an interesting tool against skin diseases.

Conservation of Waterlogged Wood—Past, Present and Future Perspectives

This paper reviews the degradation, preservation and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wood. Degradation due to bacteria in anoxic and soft-rot fungi and bacteria in oxic waterlogged conditions is discussed with consideration of the effect on the chemical composition of wood, as well as the deposition of sulphur and iron within the structure. The effects on physical properties are also considered. The paper then discusses the role of consolidants in preserving waterlogged archaeological wood after it is excavated as well as issues to be considered when reburial is used as a means of preservation. The use of alum and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as consolidants is presented along with various case studies with particular emphasis on marine artefacts. The properties of consolidated wood are examined, especially with respect to the degradation of the wood post-conservation. Different consolidants are reviewed along with their use and properties. The merits and risks of reburial and in situ preservation are considered as an alternative to conservation.

An Alum-Free Jellyfish Treatment for Food Applications.

Jellyfish, marketed and consumed as food in The Far East, are traditionally processed using salt and alum mixtures. In recent years, the interest of Western consumers in jellyfish (JF) as a food source is increasing. In Europe [European Union (EU)], JF-derived food products are regulated by a novel food law, but methods for JF treatment and processing have not been developed yet. In this study, a protocol for the stabilization and processing of JF into semi-finished food products without the use of alum is proposed for the first time. Safety and quality parameters, together with a series of technological and nutritional traits, were used to monitor the proposed process and for the characterization of the JF-derived products. Calcium lactate (E327), calcium citrate (E333), and calcium acetate (E263), which are food thickening/stabilizing agents allowed by EU regulations, were used in order to control the presence of possible microbial pathogens and spoilage species. The use of calcium lactate and citrate led to an increase in texture values (~1.7–1.8-fold higher than in starting raw materials) and in several nutritional traits such as antioxidant activity, and protein and fatty acid content. In particular, the combination of JF treatments with calcium salts and phenolic compounds resulted in an antioxidant activity increase of up to 8-fold, protein concentration increase of up to 2.6-fold, fatty acid composition maintenance, and a ω6/ω3 ratio lower than 1. For the first time, the application of phenolic compounds to improve JF technological and nutritional features was verified. This study proposes a new procedure for JF treatment and stabilization useful for future potential food applications in Western countries.

Evaluation and treatment of waste water effect on groundwater quality (the University of Anbar area as a case study)

This research focuses on studying the impact of different sources of wastewater, such as do-mestic, industrial, agricultural, etc. upon groundwater. The swamp of contaminated water collec-tion within the Al-Anbar University area was taken as a case study for this research. This swamp has a pond that works as a collection basin for different sources of wastewater mainly domestic waste coming from leakage of contaminated water from the septic-tank of the residential com-plex of students. This contaminated water will leak over time within the folds of soil due to per-meability and the effect of land attraction and reach the levels of groundwater.The presence of polluted water near groundwater is an environmental hazard and harmful because this leakage water has different diseases and germs, which could pose a danger to human health. Different samples of these sources were taken from different places at different times and some physical, chemical, and biological tests were then conducted. Wastewaters characterization was also investigated in this study to make an assessment for water quality and find out a proper treatment method. Data obtained from this study show different levels of pollutants, which could highly affect groundwater quality. A proper and advanced treatment method was also proposed in this study, depending on the wastewater characterization results. The purpose of this research is wastewater treatment using the physical method with coagulation and Flocculation processes with local coagulants to reduce pollutants impact on groundwater.The results showed the addi-tion of alum at 35 mg/l increased the removal efficiency by 80.7% at the settling time of 60 min, and the addition of 35 mg/l of the lime increased the removal efficiency by 63.9% at the same settling time.It has been proven that the use of alum is more effective than lime for sedimenta-tion suspended matter. The optimum dosage and settling time are 20 mg/l and 60 min respec-tively.

Investigating opportunities for use of alternative coagulants for drinking water treatment at Morton Jaffray Water Treatment works, Harare, Zimbabwe

Abstract Drinking water treatment at Harare's main water works, Morton Jaffray Water Treatment Works (MJWTW), has been a challenge due to source (Lake Chivero) pollution, and the efficacy of some of the processes and chemicals including aluminium sulphate (alum) has been questioned. This study investigated the use of an alternative coagulant to the traditional use of alum at MJWTW. The effectiveness of five coagulants, namely Anhydrous Poly Aluminium Chloride (APAC), Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC), Primco 100, Zetafloc 4030 and alum (control) was investigated by flocculation tests in a laboratory using Lake Chivero water. Parameters analysed included pH, turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and chlorophyll-a for raw water and treated water. Raw water mean pH was 7 ± 0.4, turbidity (3.3 ± 0.2 NTU), EC (337 ± 5.0 μS/cm) and chlorophyll-a concentration (2.28 μg/L). Primco 100 had the best performance with the lowest optimum dosage of 25 mg/L while alum had the highest dosage of 55 mg/L. APAC, PAC, Primco 100 and Zetafloc 4030 did not change the pH of water significantly but alum did. The study concluded that Primco 100 was the most suitable coagulant and could be an alternative to alum.

Ethno-Veterinary practices used for common health ailments of sheep and goat: A participatory assessment by the Raika pastoralist of Marwar Region, Rajasthan

The Raika pastoralists of Rajasthan have a large network of traditional healer and make use a large variety of indigenous plants, minerals and animal products to cure their diseased animals. Therefore, the present study was designed to document and appraise ethno-veterinary practices followed by the Raika pastoral community to treat common health ailments of sheep and goat like diarrhea, bloat, jaundice and fever. The study was carried out at purposively selected Marwar region of Rajasthan and a total 120 Raika pastoralists were interviewed from the six villages of Pali and Jodhpur district on an open-ended interview schedule to document the ethno-veterinary practices. For participatory assessment of the identified ethno-veterinary practices, Quantification of Indigenous Knowledge (QuIK) was applied. The Raikas were using total 15 ethno-veterinary practices to cure four common health ailments. Use of alum and jaggery was found most effective to treat diarrhea, whereas, they used only alum to treat fever. They also used mixture of turmeric, acidic butter, tea and black salt to manage bloat in their animal most effectively. To cure Jaundice of animal, they perceived use of mixture of lemon, baking soda and pepper was more effective ethno-veterinary practice. Hence, pharmacodynamics of these ethno-veterinary practices may be studied before further replication and use.

Improvement of removal efficiency of water supply plant by using polyelectrolyte type LT-22 with alum

Abstract This study examined the effect of using the industrial coagulant of Polyelectrolyte type LT-22 and comparing it with the use of alum. A series of Jar tests were performed on raw water of 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) using different doses of alum and fixed doses of industrial coagulant of Polyelectrolyte. The final turbidity and pH were measured after sedimentation. The results showed that the use of the Polyelectrolyte with alum is better than the use of alum alone, and adding of the Polyelectrolyte to alum is more effective at 80 NTU, as compared with the use of alum alone. The results of using the Polyelectrolyte with alum gave similar results when using the alum alone at 10 NTU. The rate of decrease in pH when using the polyelectrolyte with alum was higher than when using alum alone. The use of the Polyelectrolyte with alum also created clear large-sized flocculants that are easy to settle at the end of the slow mixing period, that is, after 30 min.

Using Entropy-VIKOR method in chemical processes optimization

This article presents the results for the optimization of the geraniol isomerization process with the use of alum - the dodecahydrate mineral of aluminum-potassium sulfate as a catalyst. For this purpose, the Entropy / VIKOR optimization method was used. Three parameters were subjected to the process: process temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time. To determine the most favorable process parameters, the VIKOR method was used with the determination of weights based on entropy. The VIKOR method was used only as a numerical tool that was used to calculate the most important parameters of the process. The selected optimal parameters allowed to gain a high conversion of geraniol and selectivity of the transformation to individual reaction products.