Use Of Air Transport Research Articles

ОЦІНЮВАННЯ РІВНЯ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ АВІАЦІЙНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТА АВІАЦІЙНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ ДЛЯ ПІСЛЯВОЄННОГО ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article emphasizes that the question of researching the place of air transport in the aspect of multimodal transportation in the aspect of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine is relevant. An analysis of the pre-war dynamics of the development of the transport industry of Ukraine is presented, which showed the insufficient level of development of the transport infrastructure and the organization of transport operations for both the transit country. Directions and approaches to the implementation of elements of a multimodal transport system using air transport are presented. It is proposed for further implementation on the territory of Ukraine, the schemes of multimodal transportation with the involvement of air transport, which are popular in the world practice. The proposed directions for the use of air transport in relation to cargo transportation in the aspect of multimodal transportation in the conditions of Ukraine have been determined. The study identifies the peculiarities of the integration of air transport into the transport system during the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. For the development of aviation transport in the context of the development of transportation on the territory of Ukraine, it is necessary first of all to determine the strategic directions of the post-war development of the transport industry of Ukraine and potential resource opportunities for their solution. A method of increasing the energy efficiency and reliability of the power supply of aviation enterprises is proposed, which will allow performing a high-quality reconfiguration of the existing energy networks of aviation enterprises and performing a high-quality design of new modern infrastructure networks of the aviation industry.

Preconditions for creating tools for managing organziational and technological processes of servicing airport cargo flows

Problem. The relevance of airport cargo flow management is gaining increasing significance in the modern world. The involvement of air transport in global supply chains is becoming increasingly topical and important from a practical point of view. The most complex cargo deliveries, especially those of special categories, mostly require the use of air transport due to the advantages it provides, primarily speed and reliability. The need to comprehensively take into account adverse factors and uncertainty when servicing airport cargo flows is becoming progressively more apparent. Goal. The goal is to identify tools for managing the organisational and technological processes of servicing cargo flows at the airport, which will prevent the occurrence of disruptive situations in the airport operation, increase the speed of service and ensure the integrity of cargo. Methodology. Methods of system analysis, expert evaluation, formalisation, technical and economic analysis are used. Results. The key aspects of cargo flow management at the airport were identified, including the classification of uncertainty conditions arising in the servicing of airport cargo flows, the analysis and visualisation of the places of increasing the impact of uncertainty and risks in cargo processing at the airport, which allowed to propose a scheme for the creation and implementation of the relevant tools. Originality. The complexity and systematic nature of the task of managing cargo flows at the airport is proposed, with the creation of original tools. This will allow airports to significantly improve their competitiveness and adaptability to the latest transport and technological schemes of cargo delivery and global supply chains. Practical value. It is determined by bringing the research results to the level of practical recommendations and testing the proposed innovations at airports of different levels.

The priority-based traveling backpacker problem: Formulations and heuristics

The Traveling Backpacker Problem (TBP) has been recently proposed to address the growing use of air transportation for tourism. It aims to identify routes with the minimum air ticket costs of a predefined set of destinations. Nevertheless, this problem may not be as flexible as the backpacker’s profile. Backpackers usually have a limited budget and wish to get good deals. To better address this type of traveler, this paper introduces priority-based variants for the TBP, where not necessarily all destinations are visited. For such, prizes are assigned to the places according to the user’s preferences for the destinations. The first model here proposed is the Prize Collecting Traveling Backpacker Problem (PCTBP). It minimizes the air ticket costs plus the penalties for unvisited destinations. Besides, we introduce the Time-Dependent Orienteering Problem (TDOP), which maximizes the prizes associated with the destinations but limits the budget according to a predefined value. Computational experiments involved real data and prizes following different distributions. Efficient multi-start randomized heuristics were developed for the problems. The results indicated that, depending on how the user assigns the prizes, the pattern of the routes differs significantly.

Evaluation of opportunity for air traveling of patients with cardiac arrhythmias

The increasing use of air transport by people with cardiovascular diseases, prone to problems associated with air travel, and require more attention during the entire journey. Considerations for preventing the worsening of the condition of patients during air travel based on the available data are summarised, algorithms for preliminary risk assessment and preparation of patients with cardiac arrhythmias are given.

BIO24: Reducing Risk of Barotrauma in Donor Lungs During Transport

Background: The journey donor lungs take after being procured on the way to the recipient often involves the use of air transportation, subjecting the organ to different altitudes. During takeoff and at cruising altitudes, decreased atmospheric pressures lead to increased relative airway pressures, increasing the risk for barotrauma. While this may be due to underinflation during procurement, the risk of barotrauma likely still exists given the subjective nature of the process and variability between surgeons and centers. Methods: Using porcine lungs (n=3), the airway pressure of donor lungs in simulated flight takeoff and landing was actively controlled using a novel preservation system and measured with calibrated gauges. Lungs were prepared using 2L preservation solution at 4°C in the inner bag and 2L saline at 4°C in the middle bag. A modified 3 bag system allowed for the trachea to be connected to pneumatic circuit designed to maintain target airway pressures of 12-15 cmH2O per the ISHLT consensus statement. Parameters for simulated takeoff and landing (1,000ft/min), peak altitude (8,000ft), and time at peak altitude (6 hours) were chosen to reflect the worst-case scenario. Results: All airway pressures remained within 12-15 cmH2O (±1 cmH2O) following a maximum of 5-minute stabilization time after transitioning between stable ambient pressures. This demonstrates the ability of the system to maintain airway pressures within this range at pressures up to 8000ft (worst-case for pressurized aircraft cabin). During simulated takeoff and landing scenarios, all airway pressures remained within 10-20 cmH2O at 1000ft. Without active pressure control, airway pressures may increase above 30 cmH2O. Conclusions: Airway pressures during flight remained within the intended range using a novel preservation system for donor lungs. Without active control using the systems, airway pressure of lungs are subjected to unsafe levels, which may lead to suboptimal postoperative outcomes.

РАЗВИТИЕ, ТЕКУЩЕЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ САНИТАРНОЙ АВИАЦИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЕЁ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

The use of air transport makes it possible to quickly evacuate patients from areas that are difficult to reach for land transport. It allows to quickly deliver patients over long distances to medical facilities. The evolution of air ambulance in the regions of Russia, the experience of medical support of natural disasters and catastrophes in recent years indicates an increasing role in ensuring timely delivery of patients to the stages of medical evacuation to provide the necessary medical care. Currently, it is generally recognized that this method of evacuation is irreplaceable and its importance cannot be overestimated. Evacuation by destination by air transport includes a set of measures. The outcome of treatment of patients and victims in extreme and emergency situations largely depends on the effectiveness of their implementation. In modern conditions, the evacuation of patients by air acquires a special, sometimes decisive role in preserving human life. The importance of air ambulance during natural disasters and catastrophes is increasing. However, it is in the case of sanitary aviation that careful consideration of all the features of the use of air transport is necessary in order to ensure maximum safety during evacuation. International and domestic experience of using aviation to transport patients has shown the high importance of this type of medical evacuation. Thanks to it, the treatment of patients affected by natural disasters and catastrophes can be carried out on the spot, in nearby medical organizations (paramedic and obstetric center, outpatient clinic, district, district, central district hospital), as well as in hospitals located at a great distance. Medical evacuation measures should be planned taking into account the availability and location of specialized medical institutions of various state structures and departments of the Russian Federation, primarily the Ministry of Health, the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, medical services of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Emergency Situations. At the same time, their equipment with modern medical equipment, the state of evacuation routes, sanitary transport and general-purpose transport available to the medical service and other factors are crucial.

Проблемные вопросы организации и проведения санитарно-авиационной эвакуации больных и пострадавших в чрезвычайных ситуациях

Summary. The aim of the study is to investogate the current state of organization and of sanitary aviation evacuation of patients and victims in emergency situations at regional level. Materials and research methods. The study was conducted in 2022 in the Federal Center for Disaster Medicine of the National Medical and Surgical Center named after N.I. Pirogov of the Ministry of Health of Russia. Materials of the study — publications in scientific journals; questionnaire data on the factors affecting the conduct of air ambulance evacuation using helicopters in the regions of the Russian Federation. Research methods — literary-analytical method and method of expert evaluations. Literary and analytical method was used to study problems and opportunities for the use of air transport for medical purposes in the Russian Federation and abroad. The method of expert evaluations was based on opinions and experience of specialists in evaluating factors affecting organization of air ambulance evacuation in the regions and of the need for its implementation. The object of the study is the system of organization and conduct of the sanitary aviation evacuation of patients and victims in emergencies in the regions of the Russian Federation. Study results and their analysis. Domestic and foreign experience of medical care to the patients and victims in emergencies using air ambulance evacuation is presented. The basic problematic questions of organization and execution of sanitary aviation evacuation of patients and victims in extreme situations have been analyzed.

Development of Transport Accessibility and Transport Connectivity of the Black Sea Coast to Increase Mobility of Population and Develop Tourism

Based on the analysis of the route network of railway transport, airports and road traffic, the article provides an assessment of transport accessibility of the resorts of the Black Sea coast aimed at increasing mobility of population and develop tourism The structure of the tourist flow is considered in the context of the modes of transport. More than 50 % of tourists come to the Black Sea coast of Russia by their own cars, which indicates insufficient use of air transport and leads to an excessive load on the highways and the ecology of Kuban and Krasnodar region. Polls have shown that the main reasons for the use of road transport by tourists are the lack of direct air transport flights from some major cities in Russia and insufficient transport connectivity within the Black Sea coast. The article defines the directions for opening of new domestic routes from three regional airports. To solve the problem of transport connectivity, it is proposed to develop maritime traffic using hydrofoils, which will increase the mobility of tourists within the coast area and attract additional tourist flow.

Strategic management of airports efficiency and safety in the process of air and multimodal logistics transportations development

The airport is a complex system that focuses on the intersection of the interests of different players in the transport market and different activities related to the performance of air transportation. The airport has an independent position in relation to partners and users of air transport. Therefore, the role of the airport, above all, is to unite the efforts of the air transport system and find a balance between their economic interests in order to maximize the efficient and safe use of air transport. In addition to effective cooperation with its partners, the airport must meet the requirements of international standards for aviation security, the appropriate state of infrastructure and efficiency of technological processes. States are also interested in developing, increasing the capacity of airports, expanding opportunities in the process of operation, as the airport contributes to the revival of ties between countries and the development of the global economy, tourism. Bringing the air transport infrastructure in line with international requirements is an important component of Ukraine's strategy aimed at ensuring the competitiveness of the national economy on the world market. Solving the problems of airport development is a nationwide problem that hinders the use of the high transit potential of the state. The complex and diverse challenges facing airports require rational, integrated and flexible solutions in business process management and active cooperation of air transport system participants, which is manifested in the coordination of strategic, tactical and operational decisions. The article is devoted to improving approaches to strategic management of airport efficiency and safety in the process of ensuring the implementation of international air and multimodal logistics services.

Features of organization of production and management of airport enterprises

Development of a market economy in Russia is accompanied by active development of the transport sector, a huge role in which civil aviation plays.A significant area of the country and its uneven settlement, geographic and climatic diversity, the underdevelopment in some regions of land transport infrastructure cause the value of the use of air transport. Strategic development of modern air transport enterprises takes under non- stationarity external environment. The study analyzes the current state of development of civil aviation, the main functional relationships of the air transport market were determined, the analysis of functioning of Russian airports, which enabled us to identify the factors system, affecting the air transport passenger traffic.

Impacts of trade facilitation on modal choice and international trade flows

Over the last decade, the use of air transport to facilitate global merchandise trade has grown significantly, driven by the increasing demand for ‘just in time’ delivery of intermediate goods as well as due to the growing importance of trade between more distant countries. In this paper we analyze the effect of improved global logistics and trade facilitation on transport mode choice in international trade using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model of global trade which we modify to incorporate modal choice. To parameterize this model, we develop a continuous modal choice model and estimate the associated elasticities of substitution between transport modes. We find that modal substitution elasticities have values ranging from 0.57 to 2.14, indicating significant response to changes in the relative cost of different modes of goods transport. The quality of logistics infrastructure is also found to influence modal choice in international trade with improved logistics performance generally leading to increased reliance on air transportation.We validate the modified and parameterized GTAP model by simulating the impact of improvements in logistics, measured as a change in the Logistics Performance Index (LPI). We find that improvement in LPI in the poorest countries of the world reduces the overall cost of transport and amount of services required to transport a given product along a given route by a given mode. Importantly, the reduction in modal cost of transport results in modal substitution. We use the framework to explore the consequences of an improvement in low income country logistics performance for GDP and economic welfare.

A Study on the Perception Change of Passengers on Sustainable Air Transport Following COVID-19 Progress

We investigate whether air transport passengers changed their perceptions on the resumption of air transport use as the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic have changed. We surveyed 1200 Koreans, and then six months later re-surveyed 840 people among those who participated in the first survey. We built a structural equation model that was configured of five latent variables: COVID-19-related, self-isolation, destination condition, level of preventive measures in the airport/aircraft, and social perception. We performed paired sample t-test, multi-group analysis, and latent mean analysis for two divided groups, based on the survey period. We found that the perception structure on resuming air transportation use over time during the COVID-19 pandemic has not changed, though a significant change has occurred in the responses to the measured and latent variables. In particular, a high variation was found in the awareness of COVID-19-related factors and social perceptions, and we suggest continuous monitoring of the related factors to preemptively respond to the recovery of air transport demand. On the other hand, we propose proactive level setting and the maintaining of sanitary conditions of the destination and preventive measures in the airport/aircraft. We expect that this study will provide effective implications for the recovery of air transport demand during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Flight Insurance: National and International Regulatory Experience

The article considers the legal regulation and the specifics of aviation insurance in Russia. Currently, the use of air transport is growing all over the world, including Russia. Accordingly, the likelihood of risks that threaten the property, health and life of aircraft owners, users of air transport services and third parties increases. The study aims at examining the legal regulation of aviation insurance, revealing its issues and searching for their solutions. It dwells on both general and special insurance legislation and its principles. The authors of the article analyze the basic insurance laws concerning the regulation of relations arising from flight insurance. They disclose the essence of compulsory civil liability insurance of aircraft owners that consists in the fact that the object of this insurance is exclusively compensation for property damage, while health, life and moral damages are not reimbursed. The authors highlight the specifics of the aviation insurance system. They describe the issues of flight insurance and the international experience of their solution. Certain aspects of international insurance regulation are compared with the Russian insurance legislation.

Design of a Unified Algorithm to Ensure the Sustainable Use of Air Transport during a Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on air transport in various parts of the world. The impact of the pandemic has been and still is significant within the Member States of the European Union. The introduction focused on identifying and monitoring the pandemic spread in the individual Member States. The research focused on two periods that were compared with each other based on key indicators, i.e., reproduction rate, hospitalized patients, or ICU patients. Identification and monitoring of the above-mentioned periods were performed by an observational study of collected data mentioned below. Subsequently, an algorithm was proposed, which was to determine an index number of a given country based on key indicators mentioned earlier. The index number is an assessment of the pandemic situation in a given country. The index number calculation in the monitored periods divided the countries into two groups: countries with the index number higher than one and countries with the index number lower than one. The latter can continue using air transport by pandemic situation assessment conducted by the algorithm. The air transport utilization rate depends on the second part of the algorithm, where the allowed number of routes is calculated for individual airlines. The use of an algorithm for calculating the index number of individual countries and at the same time monitoring the development of key indicators every 14 days is a suitable method for ensuring the sustainable use of air transport to minimize financial losses.

Secondary transfer of emergency stroke patients eligible for mechanical thrombectomy by air in rural England: economic evaluation and considerations

BackgroundMechanical thrombectomy (MT) is a time-sensitive emergency procedure for patients who had ischaemic stroke leading to improved health outcomes. Health systems need to ensure that MT is delivered to as...

A Study on the Behavioral Change of Passengers on Sustainable Air Transport after COVID-19

From the perspective of the sustainability of aviation demand, we investigated passenger perceptions with regards to whether or not Korean people will resume the use of air transport after COVID-19. Based on five factors—the prevalence of COVID-19, requirements for self-isolation, circumstances at the destination, social atmosphere with regards to overseas travel, and level of preventative measures employed in the aviation service sector—a structured questionnaire was developed using confirmatory factor analysis. Based on these, the main levels of determination per factor were derived and a structured path for the recovery of aviation demand via structural equation analysis between factors was analyzed. The five factors established above were found to have a significant impact on passenger perceptions with regards to the restart of using air transport. It was found that people may consider resuming overseas travel with air transport, prior to the development of a COVID-19 cure or vaccine, corresponding to relaxed requirements for self-isolation if there is a fall in the number of confirmed cases. In addition, it was determined that the unconditional lifting of self-isolation requirements without considerations for the hygienic conditions of the destination has limitations in how much it will lead to the resumption of air travel. We hope that this study will serve as a starting point for other studies monitoring passenger behavior in the future and that it will lead to the development of sustainable strategies for recovering aviation demand.

Disparities in Emergency Transport of Women with a Preterm Labor Diagnosis in Urban vs Rural Areas in the US.

ObjectiveThis study evaluated patterns of utilization and costs of emergency transport among women with a diagnosis of preterm labor in the US.MethodsThe IBM® Treatment Pathways® tool was used to interrogate a cohort randomly selected from the IBM’s MarketScan® dataset. Differences in costs and utilization patterns were assessed by the type of emergency transport service and geography.ResultsA cohort of 12,995 women between the ages of 16 and 45 met the inclusion criteria. About 1,029 (7.9%) of these women had evidence of emergency transport within a day of the preterm labor diagnosis. In this cohort, the median cost of emergency ground transportation was US$834; air transport had a median cost of US$22,922. Additionally, 3.1% (284) women out of a cohort of 8,728 women ages of 16 and 45 with a diagnosis of false labor required emergency transport within 7 days suggesting that they were discharged too soon.DiscussionThe prevalence of emergency transport for preterm labor in rural areas is significantly higher compared to non-rural areas. In addition, the disproportionate use of air transport in rural areas increases the costs of the preterm labor event. Moreover, disparities in both utilization rates and costs were identified for different parts of the country.

Tourism and air transport - an economic evaluation of the Oporto Airport expansion project

Over the past few years the rate of air transport use has increased, making it a crucial sector of activity in economic and tourism development. It has become essential to adapt airport infrastructures to the new requirements of demand. This study aims evaluate and quantify, in socio-economic terms, the impact of investment of an airport infrastructure expansion project. This research focused on a case study of the Oporto Airport, the investment in expanding the capacity of the entire airport infrastructure from three to 11 million passengers the expansion project of this airport, which ran from 2000 to 2007 and involved a total investment of €407 million. The methodology used is based on the economic evaluation, concretely applying the cost-benefit analysis method, which compares the social benefits and decision costs. According to the results obtained, the expansion project of Oporto Airport is expected to be a good investment from a socioeconomic viewpoint.

Orthopaedic care provided by the 14th combat support hospital in support of humanitarian and disaster relief after hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico.

On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria, a category 4 hurricane, made landfall on the eastern coast of Puerto Rico. This was preceded by Hurricane Irma, a category 5 hurricane, which passed just off the coast 13 d prior. The destruction from both Hurricane Irma and Maria precipitated a coordinated federal response which included the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the United States military. The United States Army dispatched the 14th Combat Support Hospital (CSH) to Humacao, a city on the eastern side of the island where Maria made landfall. The mission of the 14th CSH was to provide medical humanitarian aid and conduct disaster relief operations in support of the government of Puerto Rico and FEMA. During the 14th CSH deployment to Puerto Rico, 1157 patients were evaluated and treated. Fifty-seven operative cases were performed to include 23 orthopaedic cases. The mean age of the orthopaedic patients treated was 45.7 years (range 13-76 years). The most common operation was irrigation and debridement of open contaminated and/or infected wounds. Patients presented a mean 10.8 d from their initial injury (range 1-40 d). Fractures and infections were the most common diagnoses with the greatest delay in treatment from the initial date of injury. The deployment of the 14th CSH to Puerto Rico was unique in its use of air transport, language and local customs encountered, as well as deployment to a location outside the continental United States. These factors coupled with the need for rapid deployment of the 14th CSH provided valuable experience which will undoubtedly enable future success in similar endeavors.

LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF AIR TRANSPORT ACCORDING TO MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION AGREEMENTS: CERTAIN ASPECTS

Purpose: had research and had analyzed certain aspects and problems of legal regulation of the use of air transport according to multimodal transportation agreements in Ukraine. Methods: in the work had used the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific and special methods. In particular, structural-functional, deductive and comparative legal methods. Results: summarize recommendations regarding the direction of improving the legal regulation of the use of air transport according to multimodal transportation agreements in Ukraine. Discussion: directions for improving the legal regulation of the use of air transport according to multimodal transportation agreements in Ukraine. Effective use of air transportation as part of multimodal transportation can increase Ukraine’s competitiveness in the international market. However, in Ukraine, there is a disproportion in the volume of transportation by air and other modes of transport. The national legislation of Ukraine does not regulate the relations of multimodal transport practically, so it needs improvement and reform. This study analyzes existing legislation, draft laws and the results of their discussions. As a result, separate recommendations were made regarding the directions of development of legislation in the field of use of aviation transport according to multimodal transport agreements. The main directions of modernization of the legal regulation of the use of aviation transport in multimodal transportations are: unification of terminology used in the legislation with existing international standards, development and introduction into the legislation of Ukraine of the concept of multimodal transportations and its definitions, addition of the existing legislation, transportation using air transport to agree on a single transport document, the legal status of the shipment terminal complexes, the legal status of the subject-matter of these relations, the division of responsibilities of the participants of such transportation, as well as many other issues that need further discussion.