Use In Paternity Testing Research Articles

A case study of SNPSTR efficiency in paternity testing with locus incompatibility

Instead of testing the additional STR loci, SNPSTR was included in the paternity testing for an alleged father-son duo case, with one inconsistency at the CSF1PO locus. We have chosen CSF1PO STR and five closely linked SNPs rs10077461, rs2569076, rs2228422, rs3733673 and rs3829987 to establish the SNPSTR and examined its potential use in paternity testing. A total of 152 haplotypes from 76 unrelated individuals were obtained by the nested-AS-PCR and 60 SNPSTR haplotypes were observed. The discrimination power of the SNPSTR haplotype was greater than either the STR or SNP haplotype alone. Its SNP part could be used to distinguish fathers from uncles. When SNPSTR was introduced into the calculation of parentage statistics, the paternity probability increased to 99.998%. Based on our findings, we concluded that SNPSTR could be considered a useful tool in forensic science.

Assessing paternity in japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) using microsatellite markers - inferences for its mating system and reproductive success

Microsatellite markers were analyzed in Japanese quails, Coturnix japonica, using different methodologies (PAGE and automated genotyping), in order to evaluate their use in paternity testing. Ten animal triplets composed by a female and two males were used to mate and generate an offspring. Paternity was determined in five-day-old embryos, and the data generated by fluorescent labeled and tailored primers in PCR and further automated genotyping were robust. Three microsatellite markers were polymorphic (Na = 5-8, H E = 0.75) and no loci were found to deviate significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or showed any evidence of linkage disequilibrium (p > 0.05). A slight heterozygote deficiency and some incompatibilities between the female known parent and its offspring that involved homozygous genotypes were observed at GUJ0001 locus and may indicate the presence of null alleles. Although a reduced set of microsatellite primers were applied, it was possible to determine the paternity of 96.87% of the embryos, using combined data of three loci. The approach was useful for parentage inferring in a captive population of C. japonica and the results evidenced a potential polyandric mating system in the species, in which no advantage mechanism of last-male sperm precedence seems to occur.

Evaluation of 11 microsatellite loci for their use in paternity testing in Yugoslav Pied cattle (YU Simmental cattle)

Eleven microsatellite loci (TGLA227, BM2113, TGLA53, ETH10, SPS115, TGLA126, TGLA122, INRA023, ETH3, ETH225, BM1824) were evaluated for their use in paternity testing in the Yugoslav Pied cattle (YU Simmental cattle) population in Serbia. A total of 40 animals were tested. At the 11 tested loci, a total of 91 alleles were detected. The mean number of alleles per locus was 8.273. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.58 to 0.88 with the mean value of 0.72. The most informative loci were: TGLA53 (14 alleles, PIC = 0.88), TGLA227 (11 alleles, PIC = 0.82), INRA023 (11 alleles, PIC = 0.86), BM2113 (9 alleles, PIC = 0.80). Combined power of discrimination (CPD) for the 11 microsatellite loci was 0.999. The results of the present study confirm that the analysed set of 11 microsatellite markers recommended by ISAG is suitable for paternity testing in Yugoslav Pied cattle in Serbia.

Informativeness of genetic markers for forensic inference––An information theoretic approach

Forensic inference from genetic markers uses highly polymorphic multi-locus genotypes. Measures of informativeness can aid in selecting efficient genetic markers. Existing measures do not account for multiple sources of genetic variation (i.e. mutation, silent alleles, etc.) and they are not directly applicable to complex identification problems. Using information theoretic principles within a probabilistic expert system (PES) we define a general measure of informativeness, I q, of a marker for answering a forensic query. I q gives a slightly different ranking of most genetic markers as its comparable measures. Accounting for sources of variation such as mutation, silent and null alleles reduces I q and may further affect ranking. This criterion has a solid theoretical basis and can account for multiple sources of genetic variation and other anomalies. It can be directly applied to a variety of planning issues concerning the type, quantity and specific choice of markers for use in paternity testing and more general forensic problems.

Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA tests (RAPDs) cannot be used for paternity testing in South African cranes

The three South African crane species — the Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradisea), the Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus) and the Grey Crowned Crane (Balearica regulorum regulorum) — are listed as threatened by the IUCN. This study investigated the suitability of Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers in paternity testing in these species. RAPD primers were tested for polymorphism and RAPD profiles were scored and screened for sex linkage. The average Band Sharing Coefficient (BSC) of unrelated individuals was 0.665 (±0.103) for Blue Cranes, 0.745 (±0.060) for Grey Crowned Cranes and 0.736 (±0.056) for Wattled Cranes. Comparisons of these BSC values for unrelated individuals with BSC values of parent:offspring combination within the Blue Crane and the Grey Crowned Crane gave inconsistent results, with some parent:offspring BSC values being lower than the BSC of unrelated individuals. The results indicate that RAPDs are inappropriate for use in paternity testing in South African cranes. In the future, microsatellites should be investigated as an alternative paternity-testing technique to RAPD analysis.

Analysis of microsatellites and paternity testing in Rasa Aragonesa sheep

Four microsatellite loci (MAF 50, MAF 18, O ar FCB 20 and M c M 527) were studied in Rasa Aragonesa sheep in order to evaluate their use in paternity testing. Several population characteristics were estimated [allele frequencies, effective allele number (N e), polymorphism informative content (PIC) and probability of excluding wrong paternities (P e)]. In 32 randomly chosen individuals, four alleles were detected for MAF 50, with 2·55 effective alleles, 0·58 PIC and 0·35 P e. ForMAF 18, five alleles were identified, with 2·99 effective alleles, 0·51 PIC and 0·32P e. For O ar FCB 20, 10 alleles were observed, with 6·06 effective alleles, 0·82PIC and 0·68 P e. Finally, for M c M 527, six alleles were found, with 3·75 effective alleles, 0·69 PIC and 0·50 P e. When these loci were used together with serum transferrin locus, P e rose to 97·20 per cent. Field trials confirmed the real usefulness of these techniques.

Features of the DNA fingerprinting probe pITZ1

Stringently controlled plasmids generate DNA fingerprint patterns in mammals when used at low hybridization temperatures. In order to develop a probe for use in paternity testing in cattle we screened a bovine, partial genomic plasmid library with the PCR-amplified ori region of plasmid P1. Of eight isolated clones one generated strong band patterns at high stringency in various mammalian species (data not shown). Sequence analysis revealed an imperfect, compound dinucleotide repeat region, which was PCR-amplified and cloned into the plasmid vector pUC19. Fingerprint results generated by this probe (termed pITZ1) in cattle are compared with the results generated by VNTR-probe pV47, which itself was developed by screening a human chromosome 16 library with tandem repeats of bacteriophage M13. Probe pITZ1 is useful in conjunction with other VNTR-probes for DNA fingerprinting in cattle and donkey populations. The dinucleotide repeat region responsible for the band patterns generated with pITZ1 is close to an Alu-like sequence, which may be involved in eukaryotic replication mechanisms.

Genetic variation in the Italian population at five tandem repeat loci amplified in vitro: use in paternity testing

A multilocus genotype survey of 190 to 352 chromosomes was performed in Italians. Genomic DNA of five tandem repeat loci was amplified in vitro with the polymerase chain reaction. Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) or short tandem repeat loci investigated were: D1S80; AP0B, located in the 3′ flanking region of the apolipoprotein B gene; D17S5; F8VWF, located in intron 40 of the von Willebrand factor gene; and D6S89. The repeat motif was from 2 to 70 bp. The polymerase chain reaction product size was from 100 to 1070 bp. Relative allele frequencies exhibited bimodal or complex distributions. The number of alleles detected in the sample varied from 10 for F8VWF to 20 for D1S80. The observed heterozygote frequencies of the loci ranged from 0·75 for D17S5 and F8VWF to 0·83 for D1S80, and were in accord with expected frequencies. No mutations were detected in a total of 566 meioses for the five loci studied. The most frequent genotype for all five loci combined has a frequency of 4·1 × 10 -6. In 90 parental determination cases, D1S80, AP0B, D17S5 and F8VWF gave conclusive information in 39/45 exclusions and in 21/45 attributions.

Molecular Biology in Paternity Testing

Deoxyribonucleic acid probe technology, a powerful new tool for lineage testing in the clinical laboratory, can assist in resolving cases of disputed parentage. Interest has focused on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to detect the variable number of tandem repeat segments of DNA. Application of polymerase chain reaction technology also holds important potential for future use in paternity testing.

Red Cell Esterase D in Studies of Paternity Cases in the United Kingdom

The recently discovered genetic polymorphism of human red cell esterase D has been applied to 156 cases of disputed paternity, along with other well-established systems. The results indicate that esterase D is a useful additional genetic marker for use in paternity testing.

Red Cell Esterase D in Studies of Paternity Cases in the United Kingdom

The recently discovered genetic polymorphism of human red cell esterase D has been applied to 156 cases of disputed paternity, along with other well-established systems. The results indicate that esterase D is a useful additional genetic marker for use in paternity testing.

Red cell glutamate-pyruvate transaminase in studies of paternity cases in the United Kingdom

The recently discovered genetic polymorphism of human red cell glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) has been applied to 267 cases of disputed paternity, along with other well-established systems. The results indicate that GPT will be a useful additional genetic marker for use in paternity testing.