Usages Of Systems Research Articles

Spoofing Attacks and Anti-Spoofing Methods for Face Authentication Over Smartphones

The ubiquitous usages of smartphones demand reliable mobile authentication systems, which are expected to play an indispensable role in protecting users' sensitive and private information. Among various mobile authentication mechanisms, face authentication (FA) has become the most popular choice on modern smartphones, owing to its excellent performance and user experience. Unfortunately, emerging advanced attacks have brought in severe security concerns against FA systems (e.g., privacy leakage, property damage), which have also triggered increased attention on face anti-spoofing designs. This paper provides a concise review of the advanced face anti-spoofing systems over smartphones from a practical perspective. We first review the presentation attacks (PAs) toward FA systems and classify them according to the geometry and dynamic property of the presentation mediums. Then we survey the state-ofthe- art presentation attack detection (PAD) approaches over smartphones and categorize these methods into four categories based on the cues they leverage. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive comparison of their advantages and disadvantages from various practical aspects. Finally, we provide recommendations for future directions. We hope our viewpoints would shed light on potential pathways for more reliable FA in the future.

Learning via assistance systems in industrial manufacturing. An experimental study in an Industry 4.0 environment

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how learning solely via an assistance system influences work performance compared with learning with a combination of an assistance system and additional training. While the training literature has widely emphasised the positive role of on-the-job training, particularly for groups that are often underrepresented in formalised learning situations, organisational studies have stressed the risks that emerge when holistic process knowledge is lacking and how this negatively affects work performance. This study aims at testing these negative effects within an experimental design.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a laboratory experimental design to investigate how assistance-system-guided learning influences the individuals’ work performance and work satisfaction compared with assistance-system-guided learning combined with theoretical learning of holistic process knowledge. Subjects were divided into two groups and assigned to two different settings. In the first setting, the participants used the assistance systems as an orientation and support tool right at the beginning and learned the production steps exclusively in this way. In the second setting, subjects received an additional 10-min introduction (treatment) at the beginning of the experiment, including detailed information regarding the entire work process.FindingsThis study provides evidence that learners provided with prior process knowledge achieve a better understanding of the work process leading to higher levels of productivity, quality and work satisfaction. At the same time, the authors found evidence for differences among workers’ ability to process and apply this additional information. Subjects with lower productivity levels faced more difficulties processing and applying additional process information.Research limitations/implicationsMethodologically, this study goes beyond existing research on assistance systems by using a laboratory experimental design. Though the external validity of this method is limited by the artificial setting, it is a solid way of studying the impact of different usages of digital assistance systems in terms of training. Further research is required, however, including laboratory experiments with larger case numbers, company-level case studies and analyses of survey data, to further confirm the external validity of the findings of this study for the workplace.Practical implicationsThis study provides some first evidence that holistic process knowledge, even in low-skill tasks, has an added value for the production process. This study contributes to firms' training policies by exploring new, digitalised ways of guided on-the-job training and demonstrates possible training benefits for people with lower levels of (initial) abilities and motivation.Social implicationsThis study indicates the advantage for companies and societies to invest in additional skills and training and points at the limitations of assistance systems. This paper also contributes to training policies by exploring new, digitalised ways of guided on-the-job training and demonstrates possible training benefits for people with lower levels of (initial) abilities and motivation.Originality/valueThis study extends existing research on digital assistance systems by investigating their role in job-related-training. This paper contributes to labour sociology and organisational research by confirming the importance of holistic process knowledge as opposed to a solely task-oriented digital introduction.

Functions of fuzzy logic based controllers used in smart building

<span>The main aim of this study is to support design and development processes of advanced fuzzy-logic-based controller for smart buildings e.g., heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and indoor lighting control systems. Moreover, the proposed methodology can be used to assess systems energy and environmental performances, also compare energy usages of fuzzy control systems with the performances of conventional on/off and proportional integral derivative controller (PID). The main objective and purpose of using fuzzy-logic-based model and control is to precisely control indoor thermal comfort e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality, air velocity, thermal comfort, and energy balance. Moreover, this article present and highlight mathematical models of indoor temperature and humidity transfer matrix, uncertainties of users’ comfort preference set-points and a fuzzy algorithm.</span>

Solubility and solvation features of native cyclodextrins in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate

The comprehension of the mechanism entailing efficient solvation of cyclodextrins (CD) by green solvents is of great relevance to boost environmentally sustainable usages of smart supramolecular systems. Here, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, an ecofriendly ionic liquid (IL), is considered as an excellent solvent for native CDs. This IL efficiently dissolves up to 40 wt.% β- and γ-CD already at ambient temperature and X-ray scattering indicates that CDs do not tend to detrimental flocculation under these drastic concentration conditions. Simulation techniques reveal the intimate mechanism of CD solvation by the ionic species: while the strong hydrogen bonding acceptor acetate anion interacts with CD's hydroxyl groups, the imidazolium cation efficiently solvates the hydrophobic CD walls via dispersive interactions, thus hampering CD's hydrophobic driven flocking. Overall the amphiphilic nature of the proposed IL provides an excellent solvation environment for CDs, through the synergic action of its components.

The Non-Systemic Usages of Systems as Reductionism: Quasi-Systems and Quasi-Systemics

Usual reductionism considers systemic, acquired properties as non-systemic, possessed properties. We consider here the non-systemic usages of systems, misunderstood as non-interacting virtual objects or devices, and the misunderstanding between non-complex (first Systemics) and complex systems (second Systemics) as another form of reductionism. This reductionism leads to inappropriate and ineffective approaches, particularly dealing with complex systems such as socioeconomic systems, whose complexity is often misunderstood and neglected. However, this reductionism should be distinguished from mixed usages of systemic approaches suitable to deal with multiple, dynamic, temporary, and partial systemic natures of phenomena related to complex systems. We consider that we should move from the well-defined, often simplistic, world of Systemics to Quasi-Systemics, which is intended as constructionist Systemics, always in progress, non-ideological, multiple, contradiction-tolerant, incomplete, and in its turn emergent. Rather than recommending a pragmatic attitude, we mention two approaches, one methodological approach called Logical Openness and another, the Meta-Structure approach, which is suitable to more formally deal with such multiple aspects and—based on mesoscopic representations—suitable to represent quasiness.

Study of Cyber Attacks on Cyber-Physical System

Cyber-Physical Systems are the combination of the cyber world and physical world components in order to increase the physical performance. The usages of cyber-physical systems (CPS) are increased, because of the more cyber and physical devices are connected to provide the state of the art technologies and thereafter cyber threats and attacks are also happened and reported exponentially. The Security issues and challenges of the CPS have become a global issue and appropriate mechanism for CPS is in urgent required. In this paper, an investigation about the relationship between the CPS and IoT, its definitions, and some of its domains are discussed. Security challenges and issues are studied and discussed in the context of CPS. Various CPS vulnerabilities, cyber threats, and cyber-attacks on the cyber-physical system are presented in this paper. Finally, suggested security measures, methods, and security protocols for minimizing the cyber threat or attacks on the cyber-physical system.

Detecting Occurrences of the “Substitution Myth”: A Systems Engineering Template for Modeling the Supervision of Automation

Current usages of model-based systems engineering allow naïve substitutions of humans by machines. Human factors / ergonomics researchers have rejected such substitutions as the “substitution myth,” for if work is reallocated from a human to a machine, then there is work incurred to ensure that the machine is working properly—it must be supervised. We construct a template for what automation should look like when the need for supervision is taken into account. The template can be applied to understand the arrangements for supervising automation in systems as they are and to explore the options for systems that are being designed. We consider examples from electronic warfare self-protection and the command and control of sensor-weapon systems in the land domain.

Parametric analysis and potential prediction of membrane processes for hydrogen production and pre-combustion CO2 capture

This study primarily discusses the recommended membrane properties and potential usages of membrane systems for hydrogen purification and pre-combustion CO2 capture. Single-stage and two-stage systems for CO2 selective membranes (CSMs) and H2 selective membranes (HSMs) are investigated. To achieve the different goals for hydrogen purification, determining the possible operating range for different membrane systems is urgently required. It is found that CSMs are more appropriate for high purity H2 acquisition and that HSMs are more advantageous in terms of economic cost and H2 recovery over a relatively low purity range. The two-stage CSM has higher H2 recovery than the single-stage CSM membrane process. Although HSM is less competitive than CSM when extremely high product purity and high recovery are required, the hydrogen purity could be increased to more than 99.99% by increasing the HSM selectivity. Additionally, the recovery and purity analysis are restricted by the mass balance of the membrane system. Especially for HSM systems, a boundary that prevents the acquisition of high purity H2 is observed, and because of this boundary, two-stage HSM is unsuitable for stable operation over a low selectivity range. Additionally, for a two-stage CSM system, a cost-based optimization procedure is calculated and analyzed. With fixed membrane permeability, along with the product purity, the minimum cost selectivity is found. The moderation and cooperation between selectivity and permeability will reach a minimum cost for the unit product with different product purities. When the membrane permeance is 59.5 GPU and CO2/H2 selectivity is 63.5, the two-stage CSM system will acquire ultra-high purity (99.999%) hydrogen with a 99% hydrogen recovery, and under the optimum conditions, the CO2 purity is above 98.5%. Therefore, the increase in permeability requires an appropriate improvement of selectivity to reach the optimized conditions, which will reduce the hydrogen purification cost for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) syngas. Moreover, the membrane selectivity must be enhanced during the development of gas separation membranes.

Infinite Relational Model 기반 Co-Clustering을 이용한 영화 추천

사람의 영화에 대한 선호도에는 개인의 특성과 영화의 속성을 기반으로 하는 다양한 요인이 연관되어 있다. 영화 추천을 위한 사용자-영화-선호도 연관 관계의 분석 기법으로서, 다중 개념 탐색 기법의 특성을 지닌 infinite relational model (IRM)의 활용 가능성을 확인하고, 이를 기초로 영화 선호 유형에 따른 사용자-영화 군집을 탐색한다. 별점으로 표현되는 명시적인 선호도 데이터에 영화 컨텐츠 관련 메타데이터를 추가하여 학습 데이터를 구성하고, 이에 IRM을 적용하여 공군집화(co-clustering)를 수행한 결과, 해석 가능한 다양한 명시적 연관 관계를 발견하였다. 공군집화 결과를 기초로 개인화 추천에서의 다양한 활용 방안을 논의한다. Preferences of users on movies are observables of various factors that are related with user attributes and movie features. For movie recommendation, analysis methods for relation among users, movies, and preference patterns are mandatory. As a relational analysis tool, we focus on the Infinite Relational Model (IRM) which was introduced as a tool for multiple concept search. We show that IRM-based co-clustering on preference patterns and movie descriptors can be used as the first tool for movie recommender methods, especially content-based filtering approaches. By introducing a set of well-defined tag sets for movies and doing three-way co-clustering on a movie-rating matrix and a movie-tag matrix, we discovered various explainable relations among users and movies. We suggest various usages of IRM-based co-clustering, espcially, for incremental and dynamic recommender systems.

A novel test access mechanism for parallel testing of multi-core system

The increased usages of multi-core systems diminish per-core complexity and also demand several parallel design and test technologies. This paper introduces a novel test access mechanism (TAM) for parallel testing of multiple identical cores. Instead of typical test response data from the cores, the test output data used in this paper are the majority values extracted from the typical test response from the cores. All the cores can be tested in parallel and test costs (test time, test pins) are exactly the same as for a single core. The experiment results in this paper show the proposed TAM can test multiple cores with minimal test pins and test time and with negligible hardware overhead.

An exploratory study of integrative approach between 3D body scanning technology and motion capture systems in the apparel industry

The purpose of this study is (1) to examine the current usages of three-dimensional (3D) body scanning technology and motion capture systems in the apparel industry, (2) to explore methods of complementing the limitations of 3D body scanning technology and motion capture systems and (3) to seek possible implementations of both of the technologies together in research areas related to apparel design and product development. This study discovered the shortages of motion capture systems applied in apparel-related research and the limitations of 3D body scanners used to capture information of bodies in non-standard postures until now. The integration of these two technologies is recommended to overcome some of the limitations of each technology when using them for the research in apparel design and product development.

Comparison of psychiatrists’ views on classification of mental disorders in four East Asian countries/area

Objective Authors of this study collaborated with psychiatrists in East Asia to undertake the international survey with the following objectives: (1) to identify the psychiatric classification systems currently used in East Asia, (2) to describe the views of psychiatrists on the classificatory systems of mental disorders in Japan, Korea, China and Taiwan, (3) to analyze their similarities and differences among the four countries/area, and (4) to discuss factors which influence the usages of the classificatory systems in East Asia. Method Views of psychiatrists in four East Asian countries/area were collected by a minimum of 100 psychiatrists in each country/area using the same questionnaire. Psychiatrists from East Asian countries/area completed the questionnaire developed originally by a New Zealand psychiatrist and translated into Japanese, Korean and Chinese. The questionnaire was designed to determine the views of psychiatrists in the utilization, preference, and opinion about the current classificatory systems represented by the DSM and ICD. Results The study revealed variations in the utilization, preference and opinion for further revision of the DSM and the ICD classificatory systems in East Asia. Psychiatrists in China and Japan routinely use the ICD, while psychiatrists in Korea and Taiwan favor using the DSM. The majority of Asian psychiatrists expressed the view that it was sometimes difficult to apply the system transculturally. Conclusions Views on psychiatric classification in a country/area are strongly influenced by several factors including mental health service systems, psychiatric resources and historical background.

A Model for Evaluating Interface Terminologies

ObjectiveEvaluations of individual terminology systems should be driven in part by the intended usages of such systems. Clinical interface terminologies support interactions between healthcare providers and computer-based applications. They aid practitioners in converting clinical “free text” thoughts into the structured, formal data representations used internally by application programs. Interface terminologies also serve the important role of presenting existing stored, encoded data to end users in human-understandable and actionable formats. The authors present a model for evaluating functional utility of interface terminologies based on these intended uses. DesignSpecific parameters defined in the manuscript comprise the metrics for the evaluation model. MeasurementsParameters include concept accuracy, term expressivity, degree of semantic consistency for term construction and selection, adequacy of assertional knowledge supporting concepts, degree of complexity of pre-coordinated concepts, and the “human readability” of the terminology. The fundamental metric is how well the interface terminology performs in supporting correct, complete, and efficient data encoding or review by humans. ResultsAuthors provide examples demonstrating performance of the proposed evaluation model in selected instances. ConclusionA formal evaluation model will permit investigators to evaluate interface terminologies using a consistent and principled approach. Terminology developers and evaluators can apply the proposed model to identify areas for improving interface terminologies.

Application of grey model GM(1, 1) to vehicle fatality risk estimation

A mathematical model known as grey model GM(1, 1) has been herewith employed successfully in the estimation of vehicle fatality risk. Its application to the UK and US data sets yields exact predictions that are of high repeatability with characteristics depicting high reliability and efficiency. Another advantage is that these results are obtained without using any assumptions. In the analysis, the model normally deals directly with original data and searches the intrinsic regularity of data. The forecasting accuracy is related to the sample number n in grey model, and the accuracies for smoothed fatality risk predictions are higher than those for short-term predictions. The total time-dependent trends for these cases show very small variability between the real and prediction values, hence showing the theory to be working. For rollover cases, US data sets show that the risk of occupants to experience fatal injuries is decreasing and the fluctuating amplitude is declining. The theory predicted this trend and showed the time-dependent curves for data set and prediction to be in-phase. Another interesting observation that has come from the study is that UK and US experience similar phases in the time-dependent trend of motor vehicle fatality risk despite the different perception of safety between the USA and UK, especially when it comes to occupant usages of restraint systems.

The Effects of Warship and Replenishment Ship Attrition on War Arsenal Requirements

A three-phase simulation written in Pascal and using a suite of procedures developed by Lancaster University and the London School of Economics is developed to model a group of ships subject to submarine and air attacks during an extended period of conflict. The simulation collects statistics on weapon usage by the ship group in order to study the impact of attrition, including the effects of preferential targeting, and correlation between the usages of different weapon systems, on war arsenal requirements.

The Effects of Warship and Replenishment Ship Attrition on War Arsenal Requirements

A three-phase simulation written in Pascal and using a suite of procedures developed by Lancaster University and the London School of Economics is developed to model a group of ships subject to submarine and air attacks during an extended period of conflict. The simulation collects statistics on weapon usage by the ship group in order to study the impact of attrition, including the effects of preferential targeting, and correlation between the usages of different weapon systems, on war arsenal requirements.