Sustainable Energy Usage Research Articles

Revaluating the Sustainable Development Thesis: exploring the moderating influence of Technological Innovation on the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on Green Growth in the OECD Countries

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) advocate for advancing green growth, a concept that balances economic prosperity with environmental protection. At the core of this vision are principles of sustainable consumption, production, and energy usage, all aimed at mitigating climate change and safeguarding ecosystems. This study investigates how technological innovation influences the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and green growth in OECD member countries. Specifically, we examine two facets of green growth: production-based CO2 productivity and demand-based CO2 productivity. We employ empirical analyses using the EKC and STIRPAT framework, which includes Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), smoothed instrumental-variables quantile regression (SIVQR), and System GMM methodologies, to uncover significant insights. Our analysis reveals that FDI impedes green growth, while technological innovation is pivotal in enhancing it. This pattern holds steady across various time frames and renewable energy sources. Furthermore, our findings indicate that combining FDI and technological advancement leads to heightened production-based CO2 productivity but diminished demand-based CO2 productivity. We also identify the presence of an environmental Kuznets curve for production-based CO2 productivity. Adding to significant scientific value by demonstrating how technological innovation moderates FDI's impact on green growth in OECD countries, we advocate for fostering collaborative partnerships between foreign investors and local innovators to leverage global expertise while advancing green objectives. Additionally, policy interventions should focus on stimulating demand for eco-friendly products and services to bolster demand-based CO2 productivity.

Sustainable Energy Usage for Africa: The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in Green Growth Practices to Mitigate CO2 Emissions

In line with Africa’s commitment to keeping up with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, achieving a sustainable future requires balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability. This study investigates the long-term impacts of foreign direct investment, economic growth, agricultural production, and energy consumption on CO2 emissions across 43 African nations from 1990 to 2021. Despite significant research on the individual effects of these factors, the combined influence on CO2 emissions remains underexplored. Addressing this gap, this study employs cross-sectional augmented distributed lag estimators (CS-DL and AMG) and updated estimation packages to effectively examine the relationships between variables. Our findings are as follows: firstly, economic growth and energy use was shown to have a significant positive influence on CO2 in the long term. Also, foreign direct investment significantly promotes CO2 emissions. Secondly, the causality test shows a unidirectional causal relationship between CO2 emissions and foreign direct investment. The test also revealed a bidirectional relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions, as well as between energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Again, a bidirectional causation was observed between agricultural production and CO2 emissions. Thirdly, the impulse response analysis shows that GDP will contribute more to emissions over the 10-year forecast period. This study also proposes policy implications to lessen CO2 across the continent and advocates for the judicious adoption of existing policy frameworks like the 2030 Agenda for environmental Sustainability.

Business Models on the Energy Market in the Era of a Low-Emission Economy

In the energy market, we observe a dynamic development of innovative business models that take into account various aspects related to the direction of zero-emission economic growth. Companies are intensifying their efforts in utilizing renewable energy sources, implementing significant photovoltaic projects, and advancing technologies related to wind and hydrodynamic energy. Within this trend, microgrids become a crucial element, enabling efficient management of local energy sources. Contemporary energy companies also focus on innovative digital technologies, harnessing the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). These tools allow for precise monitoring and optimization of energy consumption, resulting in increased operational efficiency. The expansion of subscription-based energy services encompasses not only traditional energy deliveries but also new aspects, such as intelligent management of home energy installations or the provision of advisory services on energy conservation. This approach emphasizes the customer as a partner in sustainable energy usage. Hybrid energy models, integrating diverse energy sources, constitute a key element in the transformation of the sector. The combination of photovoltaic, wind, and traditional power plants allows for flexible adaptation to changing conditions and maintains stability in the energy supply. In the face of a changing energy landscape, companies consistently strive for sustainable practices, implementing strategies that not only reduce their carbon footprint but also contribute to improving efficiency, ecology, and the decentralization of the energy system. Adapting to these dynamic changes becomes not only a challenge but also an opportunity to create a more sustainable energy future. The objective of this research is to analyze key business models in the energy market and identify their impact on operational efficiency and market competitiveness. The main results indicate significant improvements in energy management and sustainability through the adoption of these models.

Capacity and operation joint optimization for integrated energy system based on Nash bargaining game

Integrated energy systems (IESs) can uniformly coordinate different locations and diversified forms of energy systems, which is critical for ensuring low-carbon and sustainable energy usage. This paper proposed a capacity and operation joint optimization method for an IES with multiple interconnected energy hubs (EHs) based on the Nash bargaining game. Firstly, considering the uncertainty of the EH, robust optimization was carried out for both long-term capacity planning and short-term operational strategies at the same stage. Furthermore, the optimization of the single EH is embedded in the cooperative framework of the IES, and it is formulated as an asymmetrical Nash bargaining game model, in which the players bargain over the transaction energy. Finally, this game model is solved by the alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm. Case studies with a typical IES including three EHs are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods. It was found that the proposed joint optimization method has better computational ability than traditional two-stage method. The asymmetrical bargaining solution can not only effectively reduce the cost of the IES, but also help achieve a fair benefit balance among EHs.

THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE SHARE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN: A COMPREHENSIVE TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of financial development (FD) on the share of renewable energy (RE) usage in Japan. The existing theoretical literature and empirical analyses covering different country cases reveal that FD might have positive, negative, or insignificant effect on RE use. Since there is no empirical investigation of the issue for Japan, the study aims to contribute to the literature. To that end, we used several time-series techniques to detect the association between RE usage and FD in Japan over the 1970–2020 period. The results obtained from the ARDL, Hatemi-J, Maki, Tsong et al. and NARDL cointegration tests showed that there is a significant cointegrated relationship between the share of RE use, FD, GDP per capita and trade openness. As for the long-run coefficients obtained from the ARDL, FMOLS, CCR and NARDL estimators revealed that increases in FD and trade openness raise the share of RE usage while increases in GDP per capita reduce it. Briefly, for the Japan case, we may suggest that improving the financial market structure of the country will bear fruit in terms of the share of cleaner and sustainable energy usage.

Can the development of the rural digital economy reduce agricultural carbon emissions? A spatiotemporal empirical study based on China's provinces

Rapid advancement of the rural digital economy has intensified the demand for leveraging digital tools to foster low-carbon and sustainable agricultural practices, garnering widespread academic and bureaucratic attention. Understanding how the rural digital economy influences agricultural carbon emissions is crucial for unlocking emission reduction potential, facilitating a transition towards sustainable energy usage in rural areas, and nurturing green agricultural development. In this study, we employ the entropy method, a spatial Durbin model, and a panel threshold model to assess the impact of the rural digital economy on agricultural carbon emissions across each province in China from 2010 to 2022. Additionally, we delve into the mechanism through which the rural digital economy facilitates agricultural carbon reduction, particularly in terms of “agricultural socialized services”.Our findings reveal several key insights. Firstly, the rural digital economy contributes significantly to reducing agricultural carbon emission intensity. Secondly, there is a non-linear relationship between the rural digital economy and agricultural carbon emissions. With the development of rural digital economy showing a marginal decreasing trend, there is an obvious threshold effect. Thirdly, enhancing agricultural socialized services through the rural digital economy can curb agricultural carbon emissions. Lastly, the carbon reduction effect of the rural digital economy is more significant in more economically developed areas, areas with moderate levels of economic development, and areas with low technological investment; implementation of a “zero growth” policy for fertilizers strengthens this carbon reduction effect. This study sheds light on the mechanisms and effects of agricultural carbon emissions, offering quantitative evidence and theoretical support for the transition towards low-carbon and sustainable agricultural development.

An algorithm for modelling escalator fixed loss energy for PHM and sustainable energy usage

Fixed loss energy of escalators denotes the energy consumption of an unloaded escalator. Fixed loss energy fluctuates over time indicating varying operation conditions. We propose an algorithm (named the Optimization approach) to compute daily fixed loss energy based on energy consumption sensor data and validate our algorithm by comparing it to two benchmark methods (named the Classical and Engineering approaches) using a set of experimental data. Our evaluation includes a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, ultimately recommending our method due to its nearly 20 times smaller bias. Our optimization approach shows significant improvement (p-value=0.022): error declines from 2.87 for the classical approach to -0.11 for our approach. To further highlight the practical application within Prognostic Health Management (PHM), we design an Exponential Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) chart for monitoring the fixed loss over time and illustrate the potential of this approach in reducing energy usage and costs associated with escalator operation. We estimate that 5 Wh of energy every minute can be saved, which roughly equals 10% of the fixed loss energy of the escalator in our example. This study enables us to support health status assessment of escalators, and provides valuable insights into maintenance effectiveness, as well as identifying excessive energy consumption.

Challenges and opportunities for process intensification in Europe from a process systems engineering perspective

Process Intensification (PI) is an effective way to enhance process efficiency and sustainability at affordable costs and efforts, attracting particular interest in the European area, as one of the most important chemical production areas in the world. PI primarily contributes by developing and testing new processing technologies that once integrated within a process improve the overall process performance substantially but as a result, it may alter the overall process (flowsheet) structure and its dynamic behavior. As such PI plays a key role in improving energy efficiency, optimizing resource allocation, and reducing environmental impact of industrial processes, and thereby leading to a cost-effective, eco-efficient, low-carbon and sustainable industry. However, along with opportunities, the PI new technologies have challenges related to failures in longer-term performance. In this respect, Process Systems Engineering (PSE) stance is more on integration aspects of new PI technologies into processes by making process (re)designs, doing operability studies, and performance optimizations within a supply chain setting. PSE contributes to overcoming the challenges by providing systematic approaches for the design and optimization of PI technologies. This perspective paper is a lightly referenced scholarly opinion piece about the status and directions of process intensification field from a PSE viewpoint. Primarily, it focuses on PSE perspectives towards sustainable lower energy usage process systems and provides a brief overview of the current situation in Europe. It also emphasizes the key challenges and opportunities for (new) PI technologies considering their integration in a process in terms of process synthesis and design, process flowsheet optimization, process and plantwide control, (green) electrification, sustainability improvements. Potential research directions on these aspects are given from an industrial and academic perspective of the authors.

Power control of hybrid grid-connected renewable energy system using machine learning

This article addresses the crucial challenge of maintaining a reliable power supply in integrated electric systems that combine solar power and energy storage. It focuses on optimizing key parameters for remote photovoltaic, wind, and battery energy storage within the grid, with a primary goal of sustaining 24-hour load demand. The study introduces a comprehensive approach that integrates fuel price dynamics and battery depletion costs into the optimization model for hybrid grids. This approach seeks a delicate balance between sustainable energy usage and cost-effectiveness. To achieve this balance, the research employs genetic algorithms, a robust computational technique. These algorithms play a vital role in calculating discharge-charge cycles and assessing battery health, addressing concerns about battery longevity and performance. Additionally, the study explores a machine learning framework, specifically nested learning, to further enhance the optimization process. Nested learning allows for the development of a sophisticated target function that considers various grid operation parameters and constraints. This machine learning approach enhances the system's ability to dynamically monitor power consumption and generation. Within this machine learning framework, the TD Lambda learning algorithm takes a prominent role in identifying the optimal function. This algorithm is well-known for its efficiency, particularly in non-Markovian scenarios. Its quick convergence enhances the overall performance of the hybrid grid, ensuring efficiency in changing conditions. The research also evaluates the impact of weight factors on various aspects, including battery charging status, algorithmic decisions, and their consequences on optimal energy pricing within the hybrid grid. This comprehensive assessment deepens the understanding of how these weight factors influence grid performance and economic viability.

Toward a sustainable future: Examining the interconnectedness among Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), urbanization, trade openness, economic growth, and energy usage in Australia

The energy demand in Australia is increasing with the industrialization and rapid economic growth. This study analyzed the relationships among the economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), trade openness, urbanization, and energy usage in Australia based on the data from World Development Indicators (WDI) from 1972 to 2021. The results indicated that there is a cointegration among economic growth, FDI, trade openness, urbanization, and energy usage, which was traced through the autoregressive-distributed lag (ARDL). The Zivot-Andrews unit root test reveals that energy usage, economic growth, FDI, urbanization, and trade openness show significant structural breaks in 1993, 1996, 1982, 2008, and 1994, respectively. The ARDL model shows that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on energy usage in the long-run (0.814) and short-run (0.809). Moreover, the results also show that FDI (0.028) and trade openness (0.043) have positive impacts on energy usage in the long-run. However, urbanization shows a negative and significant influence on energy usage in the long-run (−0.965). Then, the research demonstrates a unidirectional causation between energy usage and trade openness, with energy usage significantly causing trade openness. The current study endorses energy consumption policies and investment strategies for a paradigm shifting from a reliance on fossil fuels as the primary energy source to renewable energy sources. These findings have profound implications for sustainable energy usage.

Assessing the energy efficiency of fossil fuel in ASEAN

The world's industries, transportation systems, and households rely heavily on fossil fuels despite their limited availability and high carbon content. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to improve fossil fuel energy efficiency in order to facilitate the shift towards a sustainable energy system with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. This paper employs a slacks-based measure network data envelopment analysis model with undesirable outputs to assess the efficiencies of fossil fuel energy in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries during a span of seven years, specifically from 2015 to 2021. The inclusion of undesirable outputs in this study is important because it allows for a more realistic assessment of efficiency by considering factors like CO2 emissions, which are undesirable outcomes associated with fossil fuel use. The datasets utilised in this study are sourced from the U.S. Energy Information Administration and the open data website of Our World in Data. Based on the findings, it can be observed that Singapore and the Philippines have demonstrated outstanding performance in maximising the utilisation of fossil fuels. In contrast, Myanmar exhibits the lowest level of efficiency in this analysis. By identifying top-performing countries in terms of fossil fuel efficiency, it is possible to implement measures to boost efficiency in under-performing countries. This can be achieved through the promotion and adoption of cleaner energy alternatives, specifically renewable energy sources that exhibit a low or negligible carbon footprint. These findings offer significant contributions to policymakers exploring sustainable energy usage, environmental stewardship, and the formulation and execution of comprehensive strategies that aim to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions arising from the consumption of fossil fuels in the ASEAN region.

Bio‐inspired Design of Bidirectional Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Molecular Electrocatalysts

AbstractThe proper utilization of renewable energy sources has emerged as a major challenge in our pursuit of a sustainable and carbon‐neutral energy landscape. Small molecule activation is a key component for proper utilization of renewable energy resources, where O2/H2O redox couple is reckoned to be a potential game changer. In this regard, electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have become the prime interest of catalyst designers. Typically, these ORR and OER electrocatalysts are developed distinctly; however, very soon, the requirement of a bidirectional ORR/OER electrocatalyst becomes obvious for practical applicability and rapid energy transduction purposes. A bidirectional catalyst is defined as a catalyst capable of driving a redox reaction in opposing directions. This review has portrayed the development of enzyme structure‐inspired design of molecular bidirectional ORR/OER catalysts. The strategic incorporation of secondary and outer coordination sphere features has significantly enhanced the performance of these catalysts, which can be monitored via the key catalytic parameters. These bifunctional OER/ORR catalysts are vital for metal‐air battery and fuel cell applications and appropriately poised to lay the foundation for an efficient, economical, and eco‐friendly pathway for sustainable energy usage with the rational assembly of energy converting and storage devices.

Integrating Circular Economy, SBTI, Digital LCA, and ESG Benchmarks for Sustainable Textile Dyeing: A Critical Review of Industrial Textile Practices

<p>Dyes play a crucial role in various industries, but their environmental impact and potential health risks have raised concerns. This review paper examines the classification and applications of dyes, highlighting the challenges posed by synthetic dyes and the growing interest in natural dyes. The impact of textile dyes on human health, ecosystems, water, soil, and air emissions is explored. The focus then shifts to sustainable dyeing practices in the denim industry, which can significantly reduce its environmental footprint and enhance product sustainability. The adoption of sustainable dyes aligns with circular economy principles, leading to energy and water savings. Collaboration, consumer awareness, and the integration of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are essential for driving sustainable dye adoption and promoting circular economy principles. The role of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors in sustainable denim dyeing is emphasized, encompassing environmental, social, and governance considerations throughout the supply chain. The need to address greenwashing and validate sustainability claims is discussed, highlighting the importance of certifications and transparency. Chemical dyes are recognized as key contributors to achieving sustainability targets in the denim industry, aligning with the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) and reducing carbon emissions. The review concludes by stressing the importance of sustainable dyeing practices, considering water and energy usage, waste generation, and emissions, to minimize the denim industry's environmental impact and achieve sustainability objectives.</p>

Natural gas rents and institutions as co-growth drivers: evidence from Gas Exporting Countries Forum with a panel 2SLS approach

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the implications of natural gas rents and institutions as co-drivers of economic growth, focusing on the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) with panel data between 2001 and 2021.Design/methodology/approachThis research paper uses a specialised two stage estimator, the panel instrumental variable technique (panel IV), which takes care of the potential endogeneity issues in the model.FindingsThe findings show that natural gas rent significantly impacts the economic growth of the GECF. On average, natural gas rent increases the sample’s growth rate by about 2.634% percentage points in the short run. The result indicates that the qualities of institutions (political and economic) have a significant positive long-term effect on the economies of the GECF. In addition, the study’s energy price volatility positively correlates with the countries’ growth.Research limitations/implicationsThere might be a need to investigate the effects of natural gas rents and institutions as co-growth drivers in each country within the GECF. The likelihood exists that the impact of natural gas rents and institutions on economic growth at the country’s level may differ from the outcome of such an experiment on the group level. Because of space and time limitations, this study could not carry out the specific country’s investigation of natural gas rents and institutions as a co-growth driver. That limitation may constitute further study to advance this study to a new height.Practical implicationsWith good institutions, natural gas rent is likely to be an alternative growth driver for some economies that rely on fossil fuels like oil as a growth driver. By extension, the GECF has the potential to rival Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in the global energy market, particularly in achieving Sustainable Development Goal number seven. In essence, evidence in this study suggests that natural gas rent has long-term positive effects on the growth of the GECF, conditioned on good institutions. Moreover, the drive of global energy consumption towards sustainable energy usage is an economic blessing for the GECF. By extension, the demand for natural gas would continue to rise, creating opportunities to improve natural gas rents. By implication, the GECF would continue to benefit from the pursuit of sustainability as the world shifts towards energy consumption with less CO2.Originality/valueFirstly, this study models the qualities of institutions for the GECF. Secondly, to the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first attempt to examine natural gas rents and the qualities of institutions as co-determinants of economic growth among the GECF (a potential cartel).

Techno-economic analysis of on-site blue hydrogen production based on vacuum pressure adsorption: Practical application to real-world hydrogen refueling stations

Although climate change can be efficiently curbed by shifting to low-carbon (blue) hydrogen as an energy carrier to achieve carbon neutrality, current hydrogen production mainly proceeds via the gray pathway, i.e., generates large amounts of CO2 as a byproduct. To address the need for cleaner hydrogen production, we herein propose novel CO2 capture processes based on the integration of vacuum pressure swing adsorption into a gray hydrogen production process and perform retrofitting to a blue hydrogen production process for on-site hydrogen refueling stations. Techno-economic analysis reveals that the implementation of the proposed capture processes allows one to significantly reduce CO2 emission while preserving thermal efficiency, and the economic feasibility of this implementation in different scenarios is determined by computing the levelized cost of hydrogen. As a result, blue hydrogen is shown to hold great promise for the realization of sustainable energy usage and the net-zero transition.

Energy Saving Practices in the IT Area as a Factor of Sustainable Development of the Organization: A Case Study of Poland

Today’s company has to operate in a turbulent market environment, where the policy of sustainable development is still gaining importance. Therefore, it has been forced to look for a strategic orientation that would allow it to face the growing demands of the changing reality. Each organization must therefore adapt to the changes in the environment. These changes include the need to implement sustainable energy usage practices. This article presents determinants that build such an attitude in a company and thus contribute to the sustainable development of the organization. This article is based on the results of an empirical study conducted in December 2021 on a sample of 690 respondents (later, due to the purpose of the study, the sample was narrowed to 578 working people) using a survey questionnaire. A structural model was estimated using the maximum likelihood method. It allowed us to determine the variables that influence the degree to which companies use energy saving practices, as well as to illustrate the strength of influence between endogenous variables. Establishing these relationships will allow us to determine the factors that are determinants of the implementation of the idea of sustainable development in the company.

Multivariant Analysis of Photovoltaic Performance with Consideration of Self-Consumption

The presented work contains the comparison of a different photovoltaic system approach, in terms of monthly energy production profiles, with detailed user needs profiles. Two types of investors were taken into account—a company where the yearly energy consumption exceeded 50 MWh and a standard household where the yearly energy consumption was around 6 MWh. Moreover, two different scenarios were considered; the first one was focused on the maximization of the energy production during a year by choosing optimal azimuth and tilt angles, whereas the second PV system was based on the East–West azimuth angles, which usually enables one to have better energy self-consumption, which leads to sustainable energy usage. Energy production profiles, along with users’ energy needs profiles, were analyzed in terms of sustainability, investment payback time, and energy loss in the face of the new Polish Renewable Energy Law. Recent changes in the Renewable Energy Law in Poland, which came into force on the 1 April 2022, have changed the way many investors are thinking about investing in photovoltaic systems. The main difference is how the Energy Distributor is obliged to trade the photovoltaic electrical energy injected into the grid by Prosumers. The so-called “net metering”, which is kind of a barter deal, was changed to “net billing”—selling energy at a wholesale price. Net billing is believed to be less profitable than net metering due to a significant price difference between the bought and sold energy.

National Policies, Recent Research Hotspots, and Application of Sustainable Energy: Case of China, USA, and European Countries

This study tracks the variety of nations dealing with the issue of energy transition. Through process tracing and a cross-national case study, a comparison of energy policies, research hotspots, and technical aspects of three sustainable energy systems (solar cells, recharge batteries, and hydrogen production) was conducted. We provide an overview of the climate-change political process and identify three broad patterns in energy-related politics in the United States, China, and Europe (energy neo-liberalism, authoritarian environmentalism, and integrated-multinational negotiation). The core processes and optimization strategies to improve the efficiency of sustainable energy usage are analyzed. This study provides both empirical and theoretical contributions to research on energy transitions.

Just energy transitions? Energy policy and the adoption of clean energy technology by households in Sweden

The Nordic countries, including Sweden, are often considered to be at the forefront of the drive to introduce sustainable energy technology, including at the household level, as part of the transition to sustainable societies. For a transition to become reality, all groups of society have to be part of it, and the social sciences have a role in investigating the conditions for these groups to be involved. The extent to which diverse (including marginalised) communities and households are part of this transition and have equitable access to the relevant technologies, including smart technologies, and the degree to which the transition is a shared value and aspiration is still unclear. We want to explore what steps are being taken in Sweden to incorporate these groups in planning and technology access, and to what extent this is supported by a range of entities, from the Swedish Energy Agency to grassroots organizations, with a particular focus on social, gender and migrant perspectives. Our preliminary evaluation of Swedish energy policy documents indicates that, while social justice and gender considerations are acknowledged, little funding is actually allocated towards social science covering these areas. Moreover, there is no mention of ethnic equality or the inclusion of migrant communities in the documents that we reviewed. With this Perspective we highlight the need for further research to develop a more nuanced understanding of the different narratives embedded in household sustainable energy usage and decision-making around the adoption of sustainable energy technologies at the household level.

The effect of carbon dioxide emissions on the building energy efficiency

During this anthropocentric period, sustainable energy supply and climate changing could be a main source of problem for human being. Scientists believe that the ratio of climate changing and global warming is linked to the increase in greenhouse gas increment due to fossil fuels, particularly CO2. According to studies, the building sector is a main source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere. Building construction, operation, and the use of unclean energy sources have led in a significant quantity of CO2 being emitted into the environment. As research progresses toward zero-energy buildings and usage of sustainable clean energy, it is critical to reduce a building's total energy consumption and environmental effect throughout its existence. Total energy is made up of operational and embodied energy, the latter of which is linked to embodied CO2 (ECO2) emissions that relates to the greenhouse effect. CO2 is calculated by multiplying the mass of the materials by the CO2 coefficients (kg CO2/kg). The findings give useful baseline metrics for each material's contribution in case of mass and ECO2. It was determined that this method could save a significant amount of energy, CO2, and power. The major benefits were identified to include greater building performance, a rapid and sustainable design processing, increased energy efficiency and the supply of superior design choices.