Medicine Usage Research Articles

Comparative Analyses of the Complete Mitogenomes of Two Oxyria Species (Polygonaceae) Provide Insights into Understanding the Mitogenome Evolution Within the Family

Oxyria (Polygonaceae) is a small genus only comprising two species, Oxyria digyna and O. sinensis. Both species have well-documented usage in Chinese herbal medicine. We sequenced and assembled the complete mitogenomes of these two species and conducted a comparative analysis of the mitogenomes within Polygonaceae. Both O. digyna and O. sinensis displayed distinctive multi-branched conformations, consisting of one linear and one circular molecule. These two species shared similar gene compositions and exhibited distinct codon preferences, with mononucleotides as the most abundant type of simple sequence repeats. In the mitogenome of O. sinensis, a pair of long forward repeat sequences can mediate the division of molecule 1 into two sub-genomic circular molecules. Homologous sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of gene transfer between the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes within Oxyria species. Additionally, a substantial number of homologous collinear blocks with varied arrangements were observed across different Polygonaceae species. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that mitogenome genes can serve as reliable markers for constructing phylogenetic relationships within Polygonaceae. Comparative analysis of eight species revealed Polygonaceae mitogenomes exhibited variability in gene presence, and most protein-coding genes (PCGs) have undergone negative selection. Overall, our study provided a comprehensive overview of the structural, functional, and evolutionary characteristics of the Polygonaceae mitogenomes.

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) during pregnancy.

Approximately one-third of the global population uses complementary medicine, as yoga and meditation, not endorsed by evidence-based conventional medicine and, with more difficulties in case of pregnancy. Our study investigates the prevalence of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) usage in Novara (Italy) and its province through a survey to pregnant women at 36 gestational weeks. The sample consisted of 70 women, average age of 33 years, most Caucasian, highly educated, mostly employed, under private gynecological care, with a prevalence of CAM use of 24.3 % [95 % CI 14.83; 36.01]. Six women (35.3 %) did not inform their healthcare provider of using these medicines, 15 women (88.2 %) express willingness to use complementary medicine in their next pregnancy, while 2 (11.8 %) are uncertain. The study found a significant association between higher education and CAM usage among pregnant women. Other factors, including nationality, occupation, choice of private practice, parity, physical activity, diet, smoking, pregnancy complications, and vaccination status, did not show significant relationships with CAM usage. Our objective is to delineate the characteristics of CAM users, explore the methodologies and motivations of their usage, and ascertain any correlations with the rejection of conventional vaccination practices. The analyzed population consists of 70 women aged 32.9 years in mean, mostly Caucasian, with a high level of education. Most women are under private gynecological care (84.3 %), half of the participants are experiencing their first pregnancy. Physical activity levels vary, with 34.3 % reporting high activity levels. Regarding diet, 77.1 % consider their eating habits moderately healthy, with a notable portion of smokers women (24.3 %); 20.0 % have experienced pregnancy complications. 17 participants utilized non-conventional or alternative medicine, with a prevalence of 24.3 [95 % CI 14.83; 36.01]. Six women (35.3 %) did not inform their healthcare provider about using CAM. Seven women (46.7 %) claim significant beneficial effects in most cases, while 8 (53.3 %) state this occasionally. Based on their experiences, 15 women (88.2 %) express willingness to use complementary alternative medicine in their subsequent pregnancy, while 2 (11.8 %) are uncertain. Only one person (11.1 %) used this type of therapy as a substitute for conventional treatment, but they informed their attending physician. The study seeks to enhance our understanding of CAM utilization in pregnancy, informing more comprehensive and evidence-based healthcare practices for expectant mothers.

A Mini Review of the Literature with a Special Focus on India on the Prevalence of Indian Traditional Medicine (ITM) use During Pregnancy

Background: Although pregnancy has been an integral part of women’s lives for millennia, not all women have found the process comfortable. About 65 percent of women in India consume Indian traditional herbs during pregnancy. Herbal medicines are used nowadays by up to half of the world's population. Phytomedicines isolated from plants contain a wide variety of bioactive components that can have both negative and positive effects. Many herbal plants, such as Sage (Salvia fruticosa), golden cotula (Matricaria aurea), anise (P. anisum), peppermint (Mentha aquatica), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum), etc., are used in pregnancy. To minimize the adverse effects, the use of Indian traditional medicine can be the best possible alternative. Objective: Regarding the usage of herbal medicines in India, there are large research gaps and a lack of a regulatory framework. This article aims to highlight the most common traditional Indian remedies used by pregnant women, along with their uses and any possible interactions between herbal remedies and prescription drugs. Method: Several databases, including the WHO guidelines, PubMed, Bentham Science, Elsevier, Springer Nature, Wiley, and Research Gate, were used to compile the data for the article following a thorough analysis of the various research findings connected to pregnancy and herbs for pregnancy care. Result: An overview of the use of herbal medicine is given in this review, along with information on its limitations and general safety. The prevalence of herbal medicine use during pregnancy in India is then discussed, along with the uses, adverse effects, side effects, and efficacy of the most popular herbal medications. Conclusion: The use of herbal medicine during pregnancy is a common phenomenon. The outcomes of this study showed Indian Traditional medicines are known to have numerous advantages that can be helpful during or after pregnancy, including raising milk production, reducing nausea, easing labor pains, reducing morning sickness, or reducing flatulence, however, some herbal remedies have the potential to be teratogenic, poisonous, and abortive, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy because the active components of some medicinal plants can cross the placental barrier and get to the foetus. To determine the safety of taking herbal medications, studies, especially clinical trial trials, must be conducted.

Applications, impacts and consequences of botulinum toxin usage in medicine

Introduction Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by the gram-positive bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum toxin has found great interest in the field of aesthetic medicine, but it has many other applications in other areas of medicine. Aim of the study The aim of this comprehensive review is to provide an overview of the usage of botulinum toxin in medicine, with a focus on specific areas of medicine. Attention will be paid to the safety of the use of this substance, taking into account its molecular structure and mechanism of action. Materials and methods An analysis of the scientific articles available in the Pubmed, Google Scholar and web of science databases was performed. Recent publications which most appropriately encompassed the issues under discussion have been selected for the purpose of this study. The process of search was carried out with the following keywords: neurotoxin, botulinum toxins, botulism, muscle paralysis. Summary Despite numerous studies, there is ample room for further research into the safety of using botulinum toxin in patients as well as new therapies with this substance. Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin that is widely used in medicine, but has many side effects.

Extended Reality Applications in Otolaryngology Beyond the Operating Room: A Scoping Review

Objective: Extended reality (XR) has increasing usage in medicine, especially surgical fields, but the scope of applications is largely limited to intraoperative navigation. The aim of this scoping review is to evaluate all the available literature on how XR technologies have been applied to otolaryngology—head and neck surgery (OHNS) beyond the operating room for applications such as patient education and interdisciplinary communication. Review Methods: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed and Scopus. Studies were reviewed without temporal restriction. Inclusion criteria comprised English-language, peer-review papers or conference abstracts studying XR technologies for non-operative uses such as patient education, physician training, or interdisciplinary preoperative planning in the field of OHNS. Results: Database searching initially identified 1607 records. After filtering for duplicates, screening for relevance, and applying the inclusion criteria, 10 studies were ultimately included. This study identifies gaps in the existing literature and describes future applications and key areas of research. XR is a novel strategy for increasing patients’ comprehension of their procedures and can facilitate improved communication and planning amongst a multidisciplinary surgical team during preoperative discussions. However, the existing literature is small in scale and has low statistical power for demonstrating clinical benefits. Conclusions: More robust studies are required to determine the true value of implementing XR. XR is a promising new technology with potential to advance education and patient care in OHNS. Ongoing research will continue to optimize the use of XR technology, ensuring safe and effective integration into clinical practice.

Host cytokine genetic polymorphisms in a selected population of persons living with hepatitis B virus infection in the central region of Ghana.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a public health concern in resource limited settings like Ghana. Over the past decades, it is noted that the natural course of HBV in persons infected are taking a worse turn leading to liver cirrhosis and cancer. The outcome of HBV infection is influenced by viral and host factors including genetics. Cytokine variations affect virus survival and progression and may even influence associated complications. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18), interferon gamma (IFN)-γ, and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β) have key roles in HBV infection and modulation. In this study, polymorphisms occurring in five cytokines were analysed to understand how they can influence prognosis of HBV infection. The study is a single centre cross-sectional study involving 227 participants made up of HBV infected participants and HBV-negative controls. Recruitment was from March 2021 to April 2022. Blood samples were taken for full blood count, HBV antigen profile, liver function tests, HBV DNA quantification and cytokine genotyping. FIB score was calculated using available tools. Statistical analysis was undertaken with p < 0.05 set as statistically significant. The 20-39-year-old group formed majority of the HBV infected participants with 60% of all participants being classified as healthy HBsAg carriers. IL2 rs1479920 GG carriers ((1258.93; 0.00-5011.87) IU/mL had reduced HBV DNA in comparison to IL2 rs1479920 AA ((5011.87; 2113.49-5956.62) /AG (3548.13; 0.00-6309.57) IU/mL carriers. TNF-α rs1800629 AA carriers (1258.93; 0.00-3981.07) IU/mL had a reduction in HBV DNA levels in comparison to TNF-α rs1800629 GG carriers (1584.89; 0.00-5011.87) IU/mL. The results of univariate (OR = 0.08, 0.00-0.93; p = 0.043) and multivariate (OR = 0.02, 0.00-0.67; p = 0.029) analysis, showed that carrying TNF-α rs1800629 AA genotype reduce susceptibility to high FIB score compared with GG genotypes. In univariate analysis, subjects aged 20-39years (OR = 5.00, 1.13-6.10; p = 0.034) and 40-59years (OR = 41.99, 3.74-47.21; p = 0.0002) were more susceptible to high FIB score compared to subjects aged 1-19years. Being female (OR = 2.42, 1.03-5.71; p = 0.043) in the univariate models showed higher odds of having high levels of HBV DNA in the multivariate model. There was a reduced likelihood of herbal medicine usage influencing HBV DNA levels significantly (OR = 0.29, 0.10-0.86; p = 0.025). In conclusion, variations in IL2 rs1479920 GG and IL2 rs1479921 AA could offer protective effects by reducing HBV DNA. TNF-α rs179924CT may also cause elevation in HBV DNA levels whiles TNF-α -308A/G, showed a potential protective effect on liver scarring in HBV infected participants. It is therefore important to take a further look at such variations for understanding of HBV modulation in the Ghanaian population.

Indian hidden tuber “Ram Kand Mool” (Maerua oblongifolia A. Rich): Cultivation, phytochemistry and potential applications—A comprehensive review

AbstractRam Kand Mool (Maerua oblongifolia A. Rich) is a little tree or shrub. It grows easily from seed or cuttings and requires minimal care. The leaves and roots of Maerua oblongifolia A. Rich have most commonly been used for ages. This shrub has a mythological importance in Indian beliefs. Maerua oblongifolia A. Rich has many ethnobotanical uses. Maerua oblongifolia A. Rich contains various phytochemicals, including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. These phytochemicals have antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Traditional medical practices use it to treat inflammation, pain, infections, skin diseases, and gastrointestinal concerns. Maerua oblongifolia A. Rich may be used in pharmaceutical, nutritional, and personal care products. It is useful in the kitchen, medical cabinet, and cosmetics sector. The information compiled indicates that Ram Kand Mool has enormous potential for utilization as a functional food and various other value‐added products. Pre‐treatments are needed to remove the anti‐nutritional factors present in it. This article describes the nutritional and medicinal benefits of Maerua oblongifolia A. Rich in detail. The information about the medicinal usage of Ram Kand Mool in traditional medical practices and nutritional benefits have been comprehensively compiled in this article.

Phytochemical Profiling and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts from Fadogia cienkowskii Leaves

This study assessed the phytochemicals in the methanolic extract of Fadogia cienkowskii leaves and ascertained their antioxidant qualities In vitro, taking into account the plant's extensive usage in traditional medicine. Standard procedures were followed in the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical examination as well as the In vitro antioxidant activities of the extracts. The methanolic extracts of F. cienkowskii leaves produced a yield of 4%. The main phytochemical components found in the plant were phenolics (tannins and flavonoids), saponins, protein, and carbohydrates. The amount of total phenols in the dried plant extract was 2.085± 0.35 μg garlic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg, tannins in the extract was 0.755±0.17 μg GAE/mg, flavonoid contents in the extract was 3.646± 0.45 μg GAE/mg, and flavonols in the extract was 0.868± 0.20μg quercetin equivalent/mg. At a dosage of 10,000μg/ml, the extract demonstrated a noteworthy dose-dependent ability to scavenge DPPH radicals, effectively blocking 96.56 ± 0.46 % of DPPH, in contrast to ascorbic acid, which inhibited 89.10 ± 3.73 % at the same concentration. At a concentration of 2500μg/ml of extract, the extract demonstrated the highest level of superoxide anion (O2) inhibitory action, at 71.91±0.66% of the radical, in comparison to quercetin, which exhibited 68.23 ± 0.41% at 250μg/ml. The extract's ability to scavenge Nitric Oxide (NO) was concentration-dependent, with 250µg/ml of it being more effective than α-tocopherol. These results consequently imply that the leaf extract of F. cienkowskii likely mediates its medicinal potentials through the efficient scavenging of free radicals. Therefore, the plant can be used to create safe and natural antioxidant compounds because it has the potential to scavenge free radicals and contains sufficient concentrations of phytochemicals.

Comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents in different parts of Aspilia africana: A potential medicinal plant for therapeutic applications

BackgroundAmong the diverse array of plants used in traditional medicine, Aspilia africana is highly valued due to its high efficacy against many ailments and its well-noted potential for wound healing. The plant has been widely used to cure illnesses in traditional medicine, which is practiced throughout much of Africa, where an estimated about 80 % of the population gets their main healthcare from this source. PurposeThis study aimed to qualitatively screen the phytochemical constituents of Aspilia africana to confirm its therapeutic properties and generate scientific proof that justifies its usage in traditional medicine. Study designAspilia africana stem, roots, and leaves were screened qualitatively for phytochemical components using pet-ether extracts and distilled water, and qualitative data was generated. MethodExtraction of phytochemicals was done by using the cold maceration method, 150 g of each of the dried parts were taken and packed into 3 separate glass jars containing 500 ml of each solvent (distilled water and pet-ether solvents) and allowed to stand for 24 h. ResultsThis study found 15 phytochemicals which include tannins, phlobatannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonols, glycosides, phenols, steroids, anthraquinones, saponins, phytosterols, proteins and amino acids, coumarins, cardiac glycosides, and flavonoids in A. africana. The occurrence of the therapeutic components in the aqueous extract of roots, leaves, and stem were nine (9), nine (9), and eight (8) respectively, and that of the pet-ether extract were nine (9), eight (8), and seven (7) in roots, leaves, and stem respectively. ConclusionThe presence of these phytochemicals indicates prospective uses in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries, as well as supports the use of Aspilia africana in traditional medicine. To completely understand and make use of the plant's medicinal qualities, further investigations are required on its anti-microbial activities.

Is cannabis a slippery slope? Associations between psychological dysfunctioning, other substance use, and impaired driving, in a sample of active cannabis users.

Cannabis is a gateway drug that can lead to the engagement of other substances. Psychological dysfunctioning and dependence have been highlighted as primary components to substance misuse. The purpose of this study was to investigate what aspects of cannabis use and psychological dysfunctioning are associated with the engagement of other substances and impaired driving. Subject to screening, 200 active adult cannabis users completed an online survey. Existing data involving non-cannabis users (N = 833) were also implemented as comparative data. The comparisons suggested that cannabis users were far more likely to have used other drugs in the past 12 months, compared to non-cannabis users. Bivariate correlations and multiple regressions indicated that the degree of cannabis use and likely dependence, psycho-social motives for using cannabis, emotion dysregulation, and psychopathology were positively associated with the frequency of using and driving on other substances. Finally, an ANOVA demonstrated that outside of age, there were no apparent differences in substance use behaviours, motives for using cannabis, and psychological dysfunction, between medicinal and black-market cannabis users. These findings highlight the potential benefits of incorporating self-regulatory concepts into current road safety initiatives, which aim to reduce the interconnected issue of substance misuse and impaired driving behaviours.

Selection for amoxicillin-, doxycycline-, and enrofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli at concentrations lower than the ECOFF in broiler-derived cecal fermentations.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging worldwide problem and a health threat for humans and animals. Antimicrobial usage in human and animal medicine or in agriculture results in selection for AMR. The selective concentration of antimicrobial compounds can be lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration and differs between environments, which can be a reason for bacterial resistance. Therefore, knowledge of the minimal selective concentration (MSC), under natural conditions, is essential to understand the selective window of bacteria when exposed to residual antimicrobials. In this study, we estimated the MSCs of three antimicrobials, amoxicillin, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin in a complex microbial community by conducting fermentation assays with cecal material derived from broilers. We examined the phenotypic resistance of Escherichia coli, resistome, and microbiome after 6 and 30 hours of fermenting in the presence of the antimicrobials of interest. The concentrations were estimated to be 10-100 times lower than the epidemiological cut-off values in E. coli for the respective antimicrobials as determined by EUCAST, resulting in an MSC between 0.08 and 0.8 mg/L for amoxicillin, 0.4 and 4 mg/L for doxycycline, and 0.0125 and 0.125 mg/L for enrofloxacin. Additionally, resistome analysis provided an MSC for doxycycline between 0.4 and 4 mg/L, but amoxicillin and enrofloxacin exposure did not induce a significant difference. Our findings indicate at which concentrations there is still selection for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This knowledge can be used to manage the risk of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.IMPORTANCEAntimicrobial resistance possibly affects human and animal health, as well as economic prosperity in the future. The rise of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a consequence of using antimicrobial compounds in humans and animals selecting for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Concentrations reached during treatment are known to be selective for resistant bacteria. However, at which concentrations residues are still selective is important, especially for antimicrobial compounds that remain in the environment at low concentrations. The data in this paper might inform decisions regarding guidelines and regulations for the use of specific antimicrobials. In this study, we are providing these minimal selective concentrations for amoxicillin, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin in complex environments.

Trade-off between herbal and allopathic treatments: An ethnopharmacological case study in Rema-kalenga wildlife sanctuary, Bangladesh

The Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary (RKWS) is a protected forest in Bangladesh that houses a variety of rare flora and fauna and supports the sustenance of 13 ethnic communities. This forest's indigenous and other inhabitants traditionally have a strong cultural connection to the plants, particularly medicinal plants. Due to modern allopathic medicine's rapid growth and commercial tree species prioritization, many medicinal plants are now on the verge of endangerment. Under such circumstances, it is crucial to explore how the local community perceives the importance of herbal treatments in contrast to allopathy, the underlying reasons for their perceptions, and the specific ailments for which they use the plants. The main objectives are: 1) to evaluate the perceptions of the local community towards allopathy and herbal medicine using Nussbaum's central capabilities approach, 2) to identify medicinal plant diversity, therapeutic usages, and quantitative indices, 3) to determine the factors that influence the use of medicinal plants. Repeated interviews and field surveys were conducted at the RKWS, interviewing 145 people, including the indigenous community (72.42 %) and traditional healers (8.27 %) from the surrounding seven villages. The study identified 51 medicinal plant species belonging to 39 families for their potent medicinal properties in treating various ailments. The predominant parts of the plants used in the treatments were leaves and roots. The uses were classified into 12 categories according to Nussbaum's central capabilities. The findings identified Aloe vera, Phyllanthus emblica, and Azadirachta indica as highly culturally important species. In contrast, Terminalia arjuna, Swertia chirata, and Azadirachta indica were found to have the highest relative importance. The underlying determinants influencing the preferences of individual users towards herbal medicine were income from agroforestry, beliefs, knowledge, and ethnicity, as revealed by the analysis of the ordinal logit model. The respondents viewed their strong inclination toward herbal medicine with many positive attitudes. Herbal medicine users held a negative perception of allopathy except for affiliation and practical reasons being viewed as the positive outcomes. Conversely, allopathic medicine users expressed mixed perceptions towards the treatment, with both positive and negative aspects being identified. Promoting the sustainable use of medicinal plants and their conservation efforts is imperative for the benefit of present and future generations in this region.

The Awareness of and Adherence to the Pregnancy Prevention Program for Oral Retinoids: A Questionnaire Survey in Denmark.

We aimed to investigate the awareness of oral retinoid teratogenicity and the adherence to the pregnancy prevention program (PPP) related to oral retinoid use by physicians, pharmacists, and patients in Denmark. As part of the multi-country survey, web-based questionnaires were distributed among Danish dermatologists, general practitioners, community pharmacists, and women of childbearing age, who were using or had used oral retinoids within the past 5 years. A total of 62 physicians, 96 pharmacists, and 50 oral retinoid using women responded; 95%, 100%, and 98%, respectively, were aware of the teratogenic risks of oral retinoids. For physicians, the most applied PPP measures were the usage of the patient (44%) and the healthcare professional (19%) guides, while the least applied measure was signing medication risk awareness form (3%). Among the pharmacists, the warning sign on the outer medication package was the most used measure (45%). Among the women, a majority (90%) had read the patient information leaflet included in the medication package and 72% discussed the use of contraception with their healthcare provider, while risk awareness forms and patient cards were seen by only few. In Denmark, physicians, pharmacists, and medicine users were aware about the teratogenic effects of oral retinoids. Adherence to pregnancy preventionmeasures varied, suggesting unwillingness to use the measures that require patients' signatures among physicians and a lack of awareness of pharmacy targeting measures. Accessibility of the latter measures need to be optimized to improve the safety of oral retinoid use.

AI-Based solutions for current challenges in regenerative medicine

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its usage in regenerative medicine represents a significant opportunity that holds the promise of tackling critical challenges and improving therapeutic outcomes. This article examines the ways in which AI, including machine learning and data fusion techniques, can contribute to regenerative medicine, particularly in gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and tissue engineering. In gene therapy, AI tools can boost the accuracy and safety of treatments by analyzing extensive genomic datasets to target and modify genetic material in a precise manner. In cell therapy, AI improves the characterization and optimization of cell products like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by predicting their function and potency. Additionally, AI enhances advanced microscopy techniques, enabling accurate, non-invasive and quantitative analyses of live cell cultures. AI enhances tissue engineering by optimizing biomaterial and scaffold designs, predicting interactions with tissues, and streamlining development. This leads to faster and more cost-effective innovations by decreasing trial and error. The convergence of AI and regenerative medicine holds great transformative potential, promising effective treatments and innovative therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the continued integration of AI-based technologies, such as data fusion methods, to overcome current challenges and advance regenerative medicine.

Evaluation of the Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Potential of Extract Fraction of Quercus baloot Griff Seeds in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice.

The discovery and development of new phytomedicines can be greatly aided by plants because of their tremendous therapeutic benefits, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, lack of side effects, and cheaper therapies. In this regard, Quercus baloot, generally known as oak, is used in folkloric medicine for treating and preventing various human disorders, including diabetes. For this purpose, the present study aimed to evaluate crude methanolic extract and various fractions of Quercus baloot for antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic potential followed by the analysis of active compounds. The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity was evaluated in Swiss male Albino mice by administering an oral dose of 150-300 mg/kg of Q. baloot extracts in alloxan induced diabetic mice for 14 days. The results revealed that crude methanolic extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg exhibited a significant reduction in the blood glucose level (198.50 ± 1.99 mg/dl) at day 14 and the same treatment significantly increased the body weight (31.26 ± 0.27 g) at day 14 in comparison to the control group. Moreover, the biochemical parameters were investigated which presented an increase in high-density lipids (HDL) (30.33 ± 0.33 mg/dl), whereas low-density lipids (LDL) showed a significant decrease (105.66 ± 0.26 mg/dl). Additionally, triglyceride levels 104.83 ± 0.70 mg/dl, and total cholesterol 185.50 ± 0.76 mg/dl are significantly decreased. In serum biochemical analysis creatinine and hepatic enzyme markers, like serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (32.00 ± 0.36 U/mg), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (34.33 ± 0.61 U/mg), and alkaline phosphatase (157.00 ± 0.73 U/mg), were significantly reduced by the crude methanolic extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg as compared to the control group. The antioxidant enzymes like Superoxide dismutase (4.57 ± 0.011), peroxidases dismutase (6.53 ± 0.014, and catalase (8.38 ± 0.014) at a dosage of 300 mg/kg of methanolic extract exhibited a significant increase. The histopathological study of the diabetic heart, liver, and pancreas showed substantial restoration of damaged tissues in the methanolic extract 150 and 300 mg/kg treated group, which supports the effectiveness of Q. baloot seeds. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of methanolic extract identified 10 antidiabetic active compounds in the Q. baloot seeds, validating the antihyperglycemic activity. Thus, methanolic crude extract at the doses 150 and 300 mg/kg of Q. baloot showed significant antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic activities, which validate the folkloric utilization of Q. baloot as a remedy in diabetes. In conclusion, the 300 mg/kg methanolic extract of Q. baloot has notable hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potential, supporting the plant's traditional medicinal usage in the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Further studies are needed for the purification, characterization, and structural clarification of bioactive compounds.

Exploring influential factors in selecting halal pharmaceuticals among students (study case IAI Tazkia &amp; University Ibnu Khaldun in Bogor)

Users of halal-certified medicines involve individuals, groups, and organizations; individual actors cannot be separated from students. Several factors influence students who use halal-certified medicines, including attitudes, subjective norms, and purchase intentions. These factors are motivated by the desires and needs of students. This study investigates the impact of knowledge, attitudes, and subjective norms on the purchase intention of halal-certified medicines. The research explores the factors influencing the intention to purchase halal-certified over-the-counter medicines among students at IAI Tazkia and Ibn Khaldun University in Bogor. Data collection primarily comprises primary data. The primary data utilized in this study were gathered by distributing questionnaires to 215 student respondents. This research uses a qualitative methodology and is analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the help of SmartPLS 3 software with 215 respondents. The results showed that the attitude variables and subjective norms were significantly affected. On the other hand, the knowledge variable was found to have a low influence on the purchase intention of halal medicines among Muslim students, indicating that other factors may play a more significant role in their purchase decisions. Keywords: Attitude, Halal medicine, Purchase intention, Subjective norms

Renal Profile of Herbal Medicine Users and Nonusers: An Exploratory Cross-sectional Study in a Family Medicine Clinic in Nigeria

Abstract Context: A major risk of herbal medicine is the potential for toxicity and serious side effects. Unlike orthodox medicine, herbs are usually consumed without prior safety assessment via clinical studies. This means that the clinical effects of herbs may be detected only through an assessment of the health parameters of consumers. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate participants’ renal profiles, comparing that of herb users with nonusers, thereby identifying any differences between the two groups. Settings and Design: It is a cross-sectional, analytic study among adult patients attending the general outpatient unit of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study assessed and compared estimated glomerular filtration rate, microalbuminuria, and proteinuria among patients who reported using herbs and those who did not report any use. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using Epi Info 7.2. Results: Three hundred and forty-one participants were enrolled. The mean eGFR was 87.47 ± 25.44 ml/min/1.73 m2 for participants who used herbs and 84.76 ± 25.49 ml/min/1.73 m2 for those who never used herbs (P value 0.48). Among all participants, proteinuria ≥0.3 g/l was present in 29 (8.50%) and microalbuminuria ≥30 mg/l in 138 (40.47%). There was no statistically significant difference in the renal parameters of both groups. Conclusion: The study found no evidence of the harmful effect of the herbs reported on kidney function. This could be because that the study participants mainly reported using edible—and, therefore, presumably safe—herbs. Further studies in human subjects of the effect of herbal medicine on the kidney and other systems are suggested.

Comparison of organelle genomes between endangered mangrove plant Dolichandrone spathacea to terrestrial relative provides insights into its origin and adaptative evolution.

Dolichandrone spathacea is a mangrove associate with high medicinal and ecological values. However, due to the dual-pressure of climate change and human activities, D. spathacea has become endangered in China. Moreover, misidentification between D. spathacea and its terrestrial relative D. cauda-felina poses further challenges to field protection and proper medicinal usage of D. spathacea. Thus, to address these problems, we sequenced and assembled mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) genomes for both D. spathacea and D. cauda-felina. Comparative analysis revealed apparently different size and scaffold number between the two mt genomes, but a high similarity between the cp genomes. Eight regions with high sequence divergence were identified between the two cp genomes, which might be used for developing candidate DNA markers for distinguishing the two species. The splitting between D. spathacea and D. cauda-felina was inferred to occur at ~6.8 - 7.7 million years ago (Mya), which may be driven by the environment fluctuations in late Miocene. In the cp genome, 12 genes related to the expression of photosynthesis-associated proteins were detected with signatures of positive selection, which may contribute to the origin and evolutionary adaptation of Dolichandrone mangrove species. These new findings do not only enrich organelle genomic resources of Dolichandrone species, but also provide important genetic clues for improving the conservation and proper usage of endangered mangrove associate D. spathacea.

Ethnobotanical Assessment of Herbal Medicine Practices for Cancer Treatment among Traditional Medicine Practitioners in Kenya

Traditional Medicine Practitioners (TMPs) play a vital role in healthcare delivery across Africa, including Kenya. They frequently use herbal remedies to address various ailments, including cancer. However, this practice raises global public health concerns due to the lack of adherence to established policies and guidelines, which poses risks to users. In low-income countries like Kenya, where conventional cancer treatments are often prohibitively expensive, many patients turn to herbal remedies. This situation underscores the need for standardization and monitoring of traditional medicine practices to mitigate risks associated with contamination, improper dosage, and misdiagnosis. Additionally, there is a significant gap in the systematic documentation and scientific validation of these practices. This study aimed to explore the ethnobotanical knowledge and practices of TMPs in Kenya regarding herbal medicine for cancer treatment. The specific objectives were to: Assess the medicinal plants used by TMPs, assess the Practice TMPs' in cancer treatment and Determine TMPs' compliance with WHO guidelines for cancer treatment. A cross-sectional study design, guided by the plant use value theory, was employed. Using purposive sampling, 53 TMPs from five counties were selected in proportion to the county TMP populations. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires, observational check list, and Key Informant Interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS version 28, including descriptive statistics, means, standard deviations, figures, and proportions, presented through graphs and tables. The study identified 58 unique plants from 14 families. Roots were the most commonly used plant parts (20.6%) for cancer management. Decoctions were the primary preparation method (35%), while poultices were the least used (14.7%). Oral administration was the predominant method. TMPs most frequently treated prostate and throat cancers (20.7%), followed by breast cancer (17.2%). Most new patients (76.9%) were referred by others, with minimal use of modern advertising methods such as social media. Women sought TMP services more than men. Most practitioners (92.3%) planned to pass their knowledge to their descendants. However, compliance with WHO guidelines was low, at only 27%. The study highlights the extensive use of herbal remedies by TMPs in Kenya but also reveals significant issues in practice. There is minimal formal supervision and monitoring of traditional medicine practices, and most TMPs lack formal training, relying instead on inherited knowledge. Awareness and adherence to WHO guidelines are notably low.The health act policy no. 21 of 2017 which empowered the department of Health to provide policies and regulatory institutions that guide the practice of traditional and alternative medicine needs to be implemented by Government. Furthermore, TMPs need to be trained by WHO on best practices of usage of herbal medicines in cancer treatment, the regulatory bodies in Ministry of Health under surveillance therein should provide guidance on registration, licensing and standards, and ensure compliance of TMPs.

Exploring the Potential of Turmeric as a Natural Antibacterial Agent: In Vitro Evaluation of Crude Paste and Aqueous Extract

Background: There is growing concern in the use of natural antimicrobial compounds due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. One such contender is turmeric (Curcuma longa), an herb known for its usage in medicine for centuries; nowadays, however, its prospects in pharmacology are being actively discussed. Since access and utilization of modern health care is scarce in Bangladesh, such natural cures are worth researching. Objective: To assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of turmeric’s crude paste and aqueous extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Pharmacology with the collaboration of Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh, over a period of one year from July 2010 to June 2011, and it consisted of three experiments: Effects of crude turmeric paste incorporated in nutrient agar media, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Aqueous Turmeric Extract and Amikacin by broth dilution method, and Subculture method to confirm bactericidal effect. Results: CTP demonstrated effective growth of S. aureus at 10% concentration and E. coli at 30% concentration. The MIC of ATE was found to be 800 μg/ml for S. aureus and 2000 μg/ml for E. coli. The MIC for amikacin was 10 μg/ml for both organisms. These effects have been further substantiated in subculture studies regarding their bactericidal properties. Conclusion: From the findings of the current study, it is evident that both turmeric and its crude paste had profound antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E. coli, though the effect of crude paste was observed to be stronger than that of the aqueous extract. Although not as strong as Amikacin, its organic nature and possibility of side effects make it worth pursuing. Hence, this work adds to the literature on the fact that turmeric has health benefits as highlighted by traditional medical practice and points to the need to find new natural sources of .............