Usage Of Lasers Research Articles

Comparison between three methods of diode laser 810 nm, photodynamic therapy with laser 660 nm, and hypochlorite solution for disinfection of pulp canal of primary teeth

Background: The presence of treatment-resistant microorganisms is known as the main cause of pulpectomy failure in the endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth. The usage of lasers can contribute to reducing these microorganisms. This study aimed to compare the effect of three disinfection methods for deciduous teeth canals using laser diode 810 nm, photodynamic therapy with laser 660 nm and methylene blue, and sodium hypochlorite. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 58 single-root deciduous teeth with no root resorption were investigated in four groups, including one control group of 10 and three intervention groups of 16. Preparation of the samples was done using manual files up to three numbers after the initial file. After sterilizing the samples in an autoclave, Enterococcus faecalis bacteria were cultured in the canals. In the first group, irrigating with hypochlorite 2.5% was done; in the second group, photodynamic therapy was performed using a laser diode and 0.1 mg/mL methylene solution; and in the third group, high-intensity laser 810 nm direct radiation was done into the canal. Next, samples were taken from all canals. The colony formation unit (CFU) of the bacteria was counted in the blood agar culture medium. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and negative binomial regression test (α =0.05). Results: The mean CFU differed significantly between the four groups. The rate of incidence of E. faecalis colonies showed a reduction in all three intervention groups compared to the negative control. In the high-intensity laser 810 nm group, there was 68.4%; in the photodynamic therapy with diode 660 nm and methylene blue, there was 88%; and in the hypochlorite group, 98.3% reduction was observed compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, to compare three disinfection methods of the deciduous teeth canals without preparation of canals, sodium hypochlorite had greater efficiency. All three groups of laser, photodynamic therapy, and sodium hypochlorite showed reductions of E. faecalis bacterial colony compared to the control group. The reductive effects of CFU were greater in the hypochlorite sodium group, followed by photodynamic and direct laser radiation groups.

Optimization of treatment of vulvar scleroatrophic lichen with using modern laser technologies

Background. Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis, which is characterized by focal skin atrophy of the vulva and mucous membranes. It leads to deformation of the perineum. The prevalence of VLS in children is up to 0.1%, among the adults — 3%. The average age of the first symptoms appearance in girls is 5.4 years, in women — 55.1 years. The diagnosis of VLS is made on the base of anamnesis, assessment of pubertal development, physical examination of the external genitalia, advanced vulvoscopy and vaginoscopy, bacteriological, bacterioscopic and cytological studies of vaginal wet mount, assessment of the hormonal profile. The treatment methods include high-potency steroids as the initial treatment, usage of diode, fractional CO2 and erbium lasers with different wavelengths and injections of platelet-rich plasma to improve the regeneration processes of the affected tissue by improving collagenogenesis, vasculogenesis, production of proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
 The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of photodestruction with a manual diode laser of the Dornier Medilas D LiteBeam, wavelength of 940 nm, minimum power in pulsed mode on the girls’ vulva mucosa with various types of VLS during neutral and preadolescent age. To obtain the results there were analyzed criteria including the size of the lesion after photodestruction therapy, the disappearance of cracks and angiomatosis in the LS area. The objectives of the complex therapy of VLS in girls were elimination of itching, decrease of the inflammatory changes, improvement of the skin and mucosa blood supply, and stimulation of local immunological mechanisms.
 Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the base of the gynecological department of Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital. The effectiveness of the laser-induced thermotherapy with a wavelength of 940 nm, minimum power in pulsed mode on the vulva of VLS girls of neutral and preadolescent periods as a part of the complex therapy was evaluated. Ninety 5 to 13 year VLS patients took part in the trial. They were divided into 3 groups. The first group included 30 patients (average age 7.5 ± 1.1) with atrophic form of lichen treated with a laser with a wavelength of 940 nm. The second group consisted of 30 patients (average age 6.8 ± 1.3) with erythematous-edematous lichen, who were treated with a laser with a wavelength of 635 nm. The third group included 30 patients (average age 7.3 ± 1.2) with erosive and ulcerative form of VLS, who received high-potency corticosteroids therapy. 
 Results. The treatment results in the three subgroups of VLS patients show a diode laser with a wavelength of 940 nm therapy to be the most effective. After the first treatment course 27 (90%) patients in the first group showed a positive trend with a decrease in itching and burning, pink-color presence in vulva mucousа, a decrease of the skin pigmentation area and an increase in the elasticity of the skin. After 2 courses, 29 (96.7%) patients had positive trend. The second most effective method of treatment is photodestruction with a 635 nm wavelength laser. After the 4 courses (two hospitalisations), 25 (83,3%) patients noted a decrease in itching and in a “tightening” feeling. In 24 (80%) patients there was an improvement in the condition of the mucous membranes of the vulva. Reduction of edema was observed in 23 (76.7%) patients by the time of an examination in 3 weeks after the last therapy course. However, it was not possible to completely restore the mucous membranes of the vulva in patients of this group. The least effective — drug therapy with high-potency steroids. 8 (26.7%) patients noted positive dynamics only by the 4th day therapy, 11 (36,7%) by the time of the 3 weeks after the initial application of the ointment, 12 (40%) by the 2nd month. In 5 (16.7%) patients, the visible condition of the mucous membranes did not change, the number of bleeding ulcers decreased minimally.
 Conclusions. The results of the trial indicate the high efficiency of laser therapy of VLS in children compared with the topical glucocorticoids treatment. The duration of the therapy and condition of the external genitalia after treatment depends on the histological form and stage of VLS. According to our study, laser therapy contributes to the remission onset in pediatric patients with different types of VLS in the shortest possible time after the photodestruction procedure.

Lasers in Defence

Abstract: The development and usage of laser technology in fields such as defence, law enforcement, communication, and defence have had a major impact on the law enforcement sector. The idea of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) was conceived in 1957, but it wasn't until 1960 that Theodore H. Maiman built the first practical application of the technology. In addition to its high coherence and intensity, laser illumination is also distinguished by its spatial coherence, enabling light pulses on the femtosecond timescale. It finds use in various disciplines, including holography, the space sciences, spectroscopy, medicine, microelectronics, power electronics, industrial engineering, and even directed energy weaponry. Laser target markers and beam riders are the most common methods for accurately controlling LGW towards ground objects. Recent advances in laser technology are intensively investigated for their potential use in target indicators and range finders. There has been an increase in the usage of lasers in recent years, with several new services in fields as diverse as commerce, industry, medicine, science, technology, and even the military. Applications like range finders, target designators, power beamers, LIDARs, and long-range, high-speed, secure communication systems have the potential to completely alter the face of combat. India's laser R&D centres are working on various laser systems and their supporting components and materials for use in directed energy applications. Laser crosslinks are a technology that can maintain data speeds in the tens of gigabits, and they give higher bit rates with decreased bit error rates owing to their small wavelengths.

Nanotechnology and Quantum Dot Lasers

In this paper, we reviewed the recent literature on quantum dot lasers. First, we started with the physics of quantum dots. These nanostructures provide limitless opportunities to create new technologies. To understand the applications of quantum dots, we talked about the quantum confinement effect versus dimensionality and different fabrication techniques of quantum dots. Secondly, we examined the physical properties of quantum dot lasers along with the history and development of quantum dot laser technology and different kinds of quantum dot lasers compared with other types of lasers. Thirdly, we made a market search on the practical usage of quantum dot lasers. Lastly, we predicted a future for quantum dot lasers.

Lasers - just a toy or a serious threat to aviation safety? Legal and comparative analysis of selected countries.

This article presents a legal and comparative analysis of the potential threat to aviation safety posed by the excessive use of lasers, questioning whether lasers are mere toys or a significant peril to aviation operations. Despite their seemingly innocent nature, lasers have the potential to pose a serious risk to flight operations and associated air traffic. The study aims to comprehend the varied approaches of different countries in regulating laser usage and assess the effectiveness of their measures in preventing potential incidents. The comparative legal analysis focuses on selected countries, including Poland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada, as representative examples. The article delves into the identification of existing regulations governing the purchase, possession, and usage of lasers, particularly concerning their potential impact on aviation. Additionally, it highlights disparities in legislative approaches and the measures undertaken by states to control and mitigate the threat.

AN OVERVIEW ON LOW LESAR THERAPY IN DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURE

Several therapeutic procedures have been proposed to improve the current management of fractures. Low lesar treatment appears to be linked to pain relief and improved function and bone regeneration. Regardless of the settings or the usage of biomaterials, a low-level laser promotes the procedures of bone defect repair, according to data. However, standardizations are yet lacking, and additional research is needed to reach more definitive conclusions about the usage of low-level lasers. Low-power laser treatment is the assimilation of laser beam at the electronic level with in visible to near-infrared spectral spectrum without the generation of heat (390-1100 nm). It's used to manage healing of wounds, inflammation, and pain reduction, among other things. Despite its potential benefits, the use of lasers for health purposes is still controversial in mainstream medicine. The study's goal is to present a full picture of current research in the area in light of the potential influence at the molecular level, while taking into consideration the physical characteristics of various types of lasers used in bone fractures.

Origin of the anomalous properties in supercooled water based on experimental probing inside “no-man's land”

Austen Angell conducted pioneering work that opened up the field of supercooled water by observing the temperature dependent divergence of the thermodynamic response functions. Many different scenarios have been proposed as the origin of the anomalous properties and now it has become possible to test the various hypotheses in experimental studies of bulk supercooled water at conditions where ice crystallization becomes extremely rapid. Through the usage of x-ray lasers, ultrafast measurements could be conducted, as the sample is rapidly brought to the extreme conditions on time scales preceding ice formation. In particular the experimental observation of the existence of a liquid-liquid transition at positive pressure, one phase behavior at atmospheric conditions at temperatures down to 228 K, and the existence of maxima in several properties at 230 K indicative of a Widom line, are only consistent with the proposed liquid-liquid critical point model as the origin of the anomalous properties. • Unexpected behavior of the heat capacity started the field of supercooled water. • Experimental exploration of no-man's land tests hypotheses. • The liquid-liquid transition and critical point scenario consistent with the data.

Flow cytometry. Basics of technology and its application in biology

The given review is an attempt of concentrated consideration of flow cytometry problem which is widely used as a fundamental research approach in various fields of biology like cell biology, biophysics, biochemistry and molecular biology and also in applied and diagnostic medicine. The method principle, construction of flow cytometers and their possibilities (study of structure and function state of cell populations and cell sorting), usage of lasers in flow cytometers, wide assortment of fluorophores and monoclonal antibodies. The concrete examples of flow cytometer methods in different experiments are given. The trends in development of flow cytometry are considered.

The Effectiveness of Lasers in Treatment of Oral Mucocele in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review.

The mucocele is the most common minor salivary gland associated disease of the oral cavity. It is also considered one of the most common biopsied oral lesions in pediatric patients. In recent years, extensive evidence has been published about the usage of lasers in treating mucoceles in pediatric patients. The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of laser irradiation in the treatment of pediatric mucocele. An electronic search of databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) was carried out in order to identify all relevant articles using a combination of the following keywords: “Pediatric”, “Oral”, “Mucocele”, “Dental”, “Oral Medicine”, “Soft Dental Lasers”, “Hard Dental Lasers”, and “Lasers,” for all case reports, case series, case-control and cohort studies published from 2007 to 2021. After limiting the search results, removing duplicate titles, and eligibility evaluation, 17 papers were enrolled in the study. Out of the total studies included, 10 articles were related to the diode (635 nm, 808 nm, 810 nm, and 980 nm), 5 to CO2 (10,600 nm), 3 to Er, Cr: YSGG (2780 nm), and 1 involving KTP lasers (532 nm). All studies indicated successful clinical results on mucocele excision with better intra- and post-operative indicators. The general characteristics and outcomes were summarized, and the quality of the studies was assessed using CARE guidelines in this systematic review. The reduction or absence of pain and bleeding, hemostasis, reduced operating time, minimal analgesic consumption, and an antibacterial effect were among the advantages of laser irradiation in the included studies. The laser has proven itself to play an effective role in the treatment of oral mucocele in paediatric patients.

The usage of lasers in cleaning, shaping, and disinfection of root canal system

Since the laser was first used in endodontics in the 1970s, many studies have been conducted on this subject. This paper aims to summarize the studies about the effects of lasers in endodontics, which analyze the preparation and disinfection of the root canal system, postoperative pain, and the effect on the smear layer. The still-controversial question is; if lasers provide better results when used in tandem with conventional methods or alone. Another unknown factor is the side effects on teeth and surrounding tissues. With the increase in technology and knowledge in this field, developments are promising with different devices, laser tips, and wavelengths.

Acoustically-shaped laser: a machining tool for Industry 4.0

The high versatility of laser direct-write (LDW) systems offers remarkable opportunities for Industry 4.0. However, the inherent serial nature of LDW systems can seriously constrain manufacturing throughput and, consequently, the industrial scalability of this technology. Here we present a method to parallelise LDWs by using acoustically shaped laser light. We use an acousto-optofluidic (AOF) cavity to generate acoustic waves in a liquid, causing periodic modulations of its refractive index. Such an acoustically controlled optical medium diffracts the incident laser beam into multiple beamlets that, operating in parallel, result in enhanced processing throughput. In addition, the beamlets can interfere mutually, generating an intensity pattern suitable for processing an entire area with a single irradiation. By controlling the amplitude, frequency, and phase of the acoustic waves, customised patterns can be directly engraved into different materials (silicon, chromium, and epoxy) of industrial interest. The integration of the AOF technology into an LDW system, connected to a wired-network, results into a cyber-physical system (CPS) for advanced and high-throughput laser manufacturing. A proof of concept for the computational ability of the CPS is given by monitoring the fidelity between a physical laser-ablated pattern and its digital avatar. As our results demonstrate, the AOF technology can broaden the usage of lasers as machine tools for industry 4.0

"Laser Dentistry"-The Need of the Hour: A Cross-sectional Study.

ABSTRACTAim:The increase in the technological development in dentistry has led to a better and efficient treatment being rendered to the patient. One such development is the application of laser in the field of dentistry. The introduction of laser has provided various advantages to the dentist. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess awareness among the dentists in Coimbatore district about the application of laser.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among the dentists in Coimbatore district. A questionnaire consisting of three parts was used to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of laser dentistry.Results:The results were tabulated, and the percentages were statistically analyzed. The knowledge of laser usage and application of laser was present for almost 55% of the dentist. The attitude of dentist toward the advantage of laser was less. The practice of laser dentistry was poor among dentists, and only 10% were effectively practicing laser dentistry.Conclusion:The advantages of laser in daily dental practice are more advantageous than the disadvantages such as cost of equipment and material handling. Therefore, there is a great need for creating awareness of laser dentistry. Cost-effective equipment is the need of the hour to promote laser dentistry.

Hybrid multi-wavelength nonlinear photoacoustic sensing and imaging.

Multi-wavelength photoacoustic (PA) imaging has been studied extensively to explore the spectroscopic absorption contrast of biological tissues. To generate strong PA signals, a high-power wavelength tunable pulsed laser source has to be employed, which is bulky and quite expensive. In this Letter, we propose a hybrid multi-wavelength PA imaging (hPAI) method based on the combination of a single-wavelength pulsed laser source and multi-wavelength continuous-wave (CW) laser sources. By carefully controlling the laser illumination sequence (pulse-CW-pulse) and extracting the PA signal difference before and after the heating of CW lasers, the optical absorption property of multi-wavelength light illumination could be obtained. Compared with conventional PA imaging, the proposed hPAI shows a much lower system cost due to the usage of single-wavelength pulsed lasers and multiple inexpensive CW lasers. As the preliminary results show in this Letter, hPAI imaging has the potential to provide another pathway for high spectroscopic optical absorption contrast in PA imaging.

Joint Assignment of Spatial Granularity, Routing, Modulation, and Spectrum in SDM-EONs: Minimizing the Network CAPEX Considering Spectrum, WSS, and Laser Resources

In space division multiplexing (SDM) systems, the spatial dimensions can be divided into one or several group(s). Spatial dimensions in the same group can be jointly switched based on joint switching (J-Sw)/fractional joint switching (FrJ-Sw), resulting in less wavelength selective switch (WSS) usage. Additionally, optical carriers on the same frequency of these spatial dimensions in the same group can share a single laser source. Therefore, a coarser spatial (switching) granularity can reduce the usage of both WSSs and lasers. However, compared to the case of a finer spatial granularity, this scenario leads to more guard bands (GBs), i.e., more spectrum resources, being required. Consequently, spatial granularity is a key factor of minimizing the cost in SDM network design. In this paper, we present a problem called routing, modulation, spatial granularity, and spectrum assignment (RMGSA). Our objective is to minimize the network CAPEX, i.e., minimize the total cost related to the network resources containing the spectrum, WSS, and laser. We first present a joint ILP-RMGSA formulation to solve this problem. Next, we present a decomposition method that divides RMGSA into two substituent subproblems, i.e., first, routing, modulation, and spatial granularity and, second, spectrum assignment, and then solve them sequentially. Because of the limitation of ILP formulation in larger scale problem instances, a rerouting-based heuristic algorithm is proposed. We examine the performances of the proposed approaches via simulation experiments and find that the best spatial granularity is related to the network resources to which network operators attached more importance. Moreover, as another contribution of this paper, we analyze the impact of GB width and the size of the connection requests on the decision regarding the best spatial granularity.

Cervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema associated with dental laser treatment

Cervicofacial subcutaneous emphysema is a rare complication of dental procedures. Although most cases of emphysema occur incidentally with the use of a high-speed air turbine handpiece, there have been some reports over the past decade of cases caused by dental laser treatment. Emphysema as a complication caused by the air cooling spray of a dental laser is not well known, even though dental lasers utilize compressed air just as air turbines and syringes do. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed cases of emphysema attributed to dental laser treatment that appeared in the literature between January 2001 and September 2012, and we included three such cases referred to us. Among 13 cases identified in total, nine had cervicofacial subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema. Compared with past reviews, the incidence of mediastinal emphysema caused by dental laser treatment was higher than emphysema caused by dental procedure without dental laser use. Eight patients underwent CO2 laser treatment and two underwent Er:YAG laser treatment. Nine patients had emphysema following laser irradiation for soft tissue incision. Dentists and oral surgeons should be cognizant of the potential risk for iatrogenic emphysema caused by the air cooling spray during dental laser treatment and ensure proper usage of lasers.

Frequency and Intensity Control of Lasers to Cool and Control Caesium Atoms

Lasers are now being routinely used to control the atomic motion. We describe the usage of narrow linewidth lasers to capture, cool, manipulate and detect the caesium atoms. This control helps in increasing the interaction time between atoms and microwave field in a cesium atomic clock. This paper describes the optics in detail for Cesium Fountain of NPLI. The aim of this work is to build a fountain frequency standard with a relative uncertainty below 10−15.

Complications in Lasers, Lights, and Radiofrequency Devices

Lights, lasers, and radiofrequency are unique sources of energy that are increasingly utilized for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. As the indications for these tools continue to increase and their use expands beyond physicians to aestheticians, physician-extenders, and technicians, the incidence of complications has also risen. It is imperative that operators of these tools be as familiar with the management of potential complications as they are with their usage and indications. This article serves as a review of potential complications encountered with usage of lasers, lights, and radiofrequency devices in dermatology.

Abstract 3412: Quadruple immunofluorescence protocol for identification of the metastatic potential of prostate CTCs

Abstract Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer in men and second to lung cancer in cancer-associated mortality in United States. The prognosis for 5-year survival is >90% if detected at an early stage while it decreases to 31% for patients diagnosed with metastases. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are being studied to develop new anti-metastatic therapies. Our immunofluorescence protocol will help in identification of the metastatic potential of prostate CTCs. Methods: We have developed and optimized quadruple immunofluorescence protocol for the characterization of PCa CTCs. Cells were seeded on cell-tak coated coverslips, fixed with 2% HCHO and washed with PBS containing glycine. Triton-X (0.1%) for 10 min was used to permeabilize the cells followed by three times wash with PBS containing 0.5% BSA (PBB). Cells were incubated with 2% BSA for 1 hr at room temperature following which cells were washed three times with PBB. Anti-rat HECA-452 and anti-rabbit CXCR4 primary unconjugated antibodies were added for 1 hr and washed with PBB three times. Cells were incubated with highly cross-adsorbed secondary antibodies for goat anti-rabbit 405 and goat anti-rat 594 for 1 hr at room temperature. Cells were washed with PBB and incubated with two primary conjugated antibodies for PSMA (AF 488) and EpCAM (AF 647) for 1 hr. Cells were washed, mounted and analyzed using Zeiss LSM 700 confocal microscope. Results: We have been successfully able to visualize four markers in a single cell. Different cell lines were used as negative and positive control for different markers. U937(PSMA-, HECA452+, EpCAM-, CXCR4+), MDAPCa2b(PSMA+, HECA452+, EpCAM+, CXCR4+), PC3(PSMA-, HECA452-, EpCAM+, CXCR4+), KG1(PSMA-, HECA452α, EpCAM-, CXCR4-). Isotype and secondary antibody controls were used for unconjugated antibodies to determine the specificity of primary and secondary antibodies, respectively. We chose surface markers involved in the adherence of PCa CTCs to the blood vessel and homing to the bone. Previous studies have shown that hematopoietic progenitor cells utilize the coordinated expression of CXCR4 and E-selectin to migrate to the bone marrow. CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor, which binds to SDF-1α present on the human bone marrow while HECA-452 is an epitope present on the selectins and is associated with E-selectin ligand activity. EpCAM and PSMA were used to identify prostate epithelial CTCs.Images were taken under the transmitted light to observe the cell. Conclusion: The multi-marker immunofluorescence (MMI) is challenging because of limited species of specific antibodies and simultaneous usage of limited lasers for the excitation. However, MMI is important in assessing different cell markers in CTCs where the sample size is very limited. Our protocol can be used for the detection and characterization of prostate CTCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3412. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3412

Perfect Precision in Industrial Micro Machining

AbstractIndustrial applications have driven the commercial laser market for decades. The widespread usage of CW lasers in welding and cutting, in particular at kilowatt average powers, is complemented by the success of pulsed lasers in applications where excessive heat is undesired and where sublimation rather than melting provides ultimate precision in manufacturing. During the past years, ultrafast lasers have become established industrial tools for cold, yet efficient micro machining. They nowadays provide the desired tens of megawatt peak powers at average powers of several tens of watts as required to reach sufficient productivity, at a total cost of ownership below 10 cent (€ or $) per watt and hour of operation. TRUMPF has pioneered ultrafast machining with new lasers based on Yb:YAG disk modules since the beginning of this millennium. This article gives a brief review of the state of the art of ultrafast disk lasers, amplifiers and their industrial applications.

Low power CW optical limiting properties of bis(2-aminopyridinium)-succinate-succinic acid (2APS) single crystal

The increase in the usage of low power CW lasers in various applications needs for the design of optical limiters with low thresholds. The optical limiting properties and nonlinear refractive index ( n 2 = −2.4189 × 10 −8 cm 2/W) of transparent organic crystal bis(2-aminopyridinium)-succinate-succinic acid (2APS) single crystal using continuous wave He–Ne laser excitation following Z-scan method have been evaluated. The sample exhibited negative (defocusing) nonlinearity. This thermally induced defocusing nature of 2APS crystal can be used to design the low power optical limiters. As the origin for this nonlinearity is thermal, a complete thermal transport properties such as thermal diffusivity ( α s = 5.97 ± 0.03 × 10 −3 cm 2/s), thermal effusivity ( e s = 1.94 ± 0.02 × 10 −2 J/cm 2-K-s 1/2), thermal conductivity ( k s = (4. 66 ± 0.04) × 10 −3 W/cm-K)) and specific heat capacity ( C ps = (5.61 ± 0.05) × 10 −1 J/g-K) of the material were studied following the photopyro electric (PPE) technique.