White US Research Articles

Children's friendship stability in the United States, China, and Indonesia: Associations with individual attributes and dyadic similarity.

Predictors of friendship stability from individual attributes and dyadic similarities were assessed using cross-classified multilevel analyses in this 6- to 8-month longitudinal study of 10-year-old US (White, Black, Asian, other; n = 477, 50% girls), Chinese (n = 467, 59% girls), and Indonesian (Sudanese, Javanese, other; n = 419, 45% girls) children with complete participation and reciprocated baseline friendships. Across countries, individual attributes of social preference, popularity, and academic achievement and dyadic social preference similarity positively predicted friendship stability. Dyadic similarity of popularity, academic achievement, and aggression respectively predicted friendship stabilities of US, Chinese, and Indonesian children. Both individual attributes and dyadic similarity predicted friendship stability, with results that varied across countries consistent with attributes' reputational salience.

Association Between Race and Comorbid Conditions Among Older Adults with Dementia.

Background/Objective: Dementia is estimated to affect over 150 million individuals by 2050. Individuals with dementia commonly suffer from other comorbid conditions which can affect quality of life and result in increased health care expenditures. We conducted this study to determine the frequency of comorbid conditions between representative samples of non-Hispanic Black and White US adults aged ≥65 with dementia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on non-Hispanic Black and White adults aged 65 and older with dementia whose data were retrieved from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2016-2021, and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2016, 2018, and 2019. Dementia was defined based on medical record abstraction. The exposure was Black vs. White race. The outcome was a sum of 13 comorbid conditions, including obesity, hypertension, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease, assessed in older adults with dementia. Results: A total of 1354 non-Hispanic (1175 White and 179 Black) participants were studied. The mean number of comorbid conditions, as well as the prevalence of obesity, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease, was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the Black vs. White study participants. The Black participants were more likely to have more than two comorbid conditions relative to those who were White (odds ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 3.7). Conclusions: A higher burden of comorbid conditions was observed among non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic White older adults with dementia. Future studies should examine the quality of life and health care utilization implications of this finding.

County-level racial bias is associated with worse care for white and especially black older US adults: a cross-sectional observational study

ObjectiveTo assess the association of county-level bias about black and white people with patient experience, influenza immunisation, and quality of clinical care for black and white older US adults (age...

Black (rhetorics of) migration and laying claim to space

ABSTRACT This essay troubles the romanticized US American “nation of immigrants” narrative through its relationship to Black diasporic histories of migration. The Immigration Act of 1924 codified white ethnocentrism in US American citizenship rights, and thus represented a potential challenge to Black American citizenship claims. Here we reflect on Black American rhetorical practices as a mode of worldmaking; of laying claim to putatively white space and US American citizenship. Through this lens, Black migration and consequent transformation of space functions as a transgressive practice for a people who are perpetually positioned outside of nationality, a way of reclaiming ownership over the spoils of unwilling labor. These Black rhetorical practices echo through the diaspora, as those who built but do not own push back against the ontological negation of ethnonationalist citizenship and immigration policies dictated by white and western imperial powers, in favor of speaking themselves into belonging.

764. PREDICTING AGE-SPECIFIC PREVALENCE OF BARRETT'S OESOPHAGUS IN AUSTRALIAN AND UNITED STATES

Abstract Background Barrett’s esophagus is the precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). EAC detected from endoscopic surveillance programs accounts for &amp;lt;10% of all EAC, suggesting a large number of patients with Barrett’s esophagus are likely unaccounted for. Several studies have estimated the observed prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus to be approximately 1%, but this may be an underestimate. The aim of this study is to use population incidence of EAC and rate of progression from Barrett’s esophagus from large cohort studies to estimate a realistic prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus. Methods A simple tree cohort model was created for progression to EAC from birth to death (100 years) for American and Australian population. Lifetime risk of esophageal cancer and adenocarcinoma were endpoints. This was then used to back-calculate age-specific and overall prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus using an optimisation algorithm. Results Lifetime risk of esophageal cancer and adenocarcinoma in US Whites is 0.56% and 0.36% respectively, while in Australian population is slightly higher at 0.81% and 0.61% (range 0.57% - 0.65%). Estimated overall prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus is ~3% (±0.3%) and ~5.4% (±0.6%) in US White and Australian populations, while in males is 5.3% (±0.6%) and 7.4% (±0.3%), respectively. Female cohorts were seen to have lower chance of developing esophageal cancer, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett’s esophagus. Conclusion Cohort studies of Barrett’s esophagus are likely to underestimate its prevalence of this silent disease. Computational models based on progression from Barrett’s esophagus to EAC accounting for undetected disease reveal higher estimates, which can help in future screening options.

Validation of candidate protein biomarkers previously identified by genetic instruments for prostate cancer risk: A prospective cohort analysis of directly measured protein levels in the ARIC study.

Multiple novel protein biomarkers have been shown to be associated with prostate cancer risk using genetic instruments. This study aimed to externally validate the associations of 30 genetically predicted candidate proteins with prostate cancer risk using aptamer-based levels in US Black and White men in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Plasma protein levels were previously measured by SomaScan® using the blood collected in 1990-1992. Among 4864 eligible participants, we ascertained 667 first primary prostate cancer cases through 2015. Hazard ratios (HRs) of prostate cancer and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression for tertiles of each protein. We adjusted for age, race, and other risk factors. Of the 30 proteins and considering a nominal p trend < 0.05, two were positively associated with prostate cancer risk-RF1ML (tertile 3 vs. 1: HR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.02-1.48; p trend = 0.037) and TPST1 (1.28, 95% CI 1.06-1.55; p trend = 0.0087); two were inversely associated-ATF6A (HR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.65-0.98; p trend = 0.028) and SPINT2 (HR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.61-0.90; p trend = 0.0025). One protein, KDEL2, which was nonlinearly associated (test-for-linearity: p < 0.01) showed a statistically significant lower risk in the second tertile (HR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.65-0.95). Of these five, four proteins-ATF6A, KDEL2, RF1ML, and TPST1-were consistent in the direction of association with the discovery studies. This study validated some pre-diagnostic protein biomarkers of the risk of prostate cancer.

How Threat Mobilizes the Resurgence and Persistence of US White Supremacist Activism: The 1980s to the Present

Despite a centuries-long history of violent mobilization, white supremacist activism (WSA) has received relatively little sociological attention outside a small, specialized subfield. Disciplinary interest began to change after Trump's 2016 election; the 2017 violent attack in Charlottesville, Virginia; and the January 6, 2021, insurrection. In recognition, this review article focuses on what has been learned about contemporary WSA since the 1980s. We categorize studies by their unit of analysis—individual or micro, meso, and macro levels—to highlight analytic commonalities and distinctions and to underscore the central role that threat plays in the ebb and flow of WSA. As part of our discussion, we also point to unresolved and understudied issues. We conclude by identifying issues that future research should address.

Race, social determinants of health, and comorbidity patterns among participants with heart failure in the REasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study

BackgroundAmong individuals with heart failure (HF), racial differences in comorbidities may be mediated by social determinants of health (SDOH).MethodsBlack and White US community-dwelling participants in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study aged ≥ 45 years with an adjudicated HF hospitalization between 2003 and 2017 were included in this cross-sectional analysis. We assessed whether higher prevalence of comorbidities in Black participants compared to White participants were mediated by SDOH in socioeconomic, environment/housing, social support, and healthcare access domains, using the inverse odds weighting method.ResultsBlack (n = 240) compared to White (n = 293) participants with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) had higher prevalence of diabetes [1.38 (95% CI 1.18–1.61)], chronic kidney disease [1.21 (95% CI 1.01–1.45)], and anemia [1.33 (95% CI 1.02–1.75)] and lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation [0.80 (95% CI (0.65–0.98)]. Black (n = 314) compared to White (n = 367) participants with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) had higher prevalence of hypertension [1.04 (95% CI 1.02–1.07)] and diabetes [1.26 (95% CI 1.09–1.45)] and lower prevalence of coronary artery disease [0.86 (95% CI 0.78–0.94)] and atrial fibrillation [0.70 (95% CI 0.58–0.83)]. Socioeconomic status explained 14.5%, 26.5% and 40% of excess diabetes, anemia, and chronic kidney disease among Black adults with HFpEF; however; mediation was not statistically significant and no other SDOH substantially mediated differences in comorbidity prevalence.ConclusionsSocioeconomic status partially mediated excess diabetes, anemia, and chronic kidney disease experienced by Black adults with HFpEF, but differences in other comorbidities were not explained by other SDOH examined.

Racial and Ethnic Underserved Populations Prescription Analgesic Use Before and After Lower Extremity Amputation in US Medicare.

Racial disparities exist in access to health care and management of multiple health conditions including chronic pain; however, racial disparities in pre- and postoperative pain management in lower extremity amputation are not well-studied. Our objective was to examine the association between different racial and ethnic groups and prescription opioid and other analgesics use before and after lower extremity amputation. We hypothesize prescription opioid and other analgesic use among Black, Hispanic, and Native American US Medicare beneficiaries undergoing lower extremity amputations will be lower compared to White US Medicare beneficiaries. This retrospective cohort study included a 5% national sample of all Medicare beneficiaries from 2011 to 2015 and 15% national sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries from 2016 to 2018 undergoing nontraumatic, lower extremity amputations. The exposure of interest was racial and ethnic group membership (ie, Black, Hispanic, Native American, White, and others-with others being the combination of the categories Asian and other) as provided in Medicare claims data. Using multivariable generalized estimating equations with a logistic link to account for repeated measurements over time, we estimated the odds of prescription opioid use within 6 months before and after lower extremity amputation across different racial and ethnic groups separately, adjusting for sociodemographic and health status factors (eg, Elixhauser index). Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were reported. Among 16,068 eligible beneficiaries who underwent major and minor amputations (mean age = 65.1 ± 12.7 years; female = 36.1%), 10,107 (62.9%) were White, 3462 (21.5%) were Black, 1959 (12.2%) were Hispanic, 247 (1.5%) were Native American, and 151 (2.9%) were beneficiaries of other races. During the 6 months before lower extremity amputation, Hispanic beneficiaries (aOR, 0.71, 95% CI, 0.65-0.78) and beneficiaries of other races (aOR, 0.60, 95% CI, 0.47-0.76) had significantly lower odds of using prescription opioids compared to White beneficiaries. Similarly, Hispanic beneficiaries (aOR, 0.78, 95% CI, 0.71-0.84) and beneficiaries of other races (aOR, 0.63, 95% CI, 0.51-0.78) were associated with lower odds of opioid use in the 6 months after amputation compared to White beneficiaries. Among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries, Hispanic and other (eg, Asian) fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries had lower odds of prescription opioid use than their White counterparts before and after nontraumatic, lower extremity amputations. Efforts to determine the underlying reasons are needed to ensure equitable health care access.

Beyond the discipline gap: the role of spectacular state violence in the discipline and punishment of Black and Indigenous children in US public schools

ABSTRACT Education research frequently measures and calls for an end to racial disparities in rates of US school discipline practices such as office referrals, suspension, and expulsion. This paper asks what a more expansive understanding of discipline can demonstrate about how schools discipline different students differently. Tracing the history of corporal punishment from Native boarding schools, through Ingraham v. Wright, to violent school policing and arrests today, the author finds that, because Black and Indigenous children can never be ‘normalized’ within white supremacist US schooling, the shift in disciplinary tactics that Foucault described never took place for these students and in fact, the functioning of normalizing school discipline for all depends on extraordinary, spectacular violence against the most marginalized. Rather than focusing on the discipline gap, education research must attend to the violence inherent in US schooling and seek to abolish it.

Assembling vaccine perspectives: Vaccination and moral self-talk in the journals of white US mothers during Covid-19

Assembling vaccine perspectives: Vaccination and moral self-talk in the journals of white US mothers during Covid-19

Beliefs about COVID-19 testing and treatment: A national survey of Black and White adults

ObjectivesKnowledge, access, and use of testing and antiviral treatments is critical to managing and mitigating the continuing burden of the novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) in the United States. This study measured knowledge, attitude, behaviors, and self-reported barriers towards COVID-19 testing and outpatient anti-viral medications (OPA) treatments among Black and older individuals who face greater hospitalization and mortality from the disease. Study designCross-sectional structured survey. MethodsRespondents were randomly selected from an opt-in national panel in December 2022. Equal numbers of Black and White US adults over the age of 40 (n = 1037) completed the 42 item online survey. The main measures were key sociodemographic variables of respondents, race, age, political affiliation and COVID-19 attitudes, beliefs, testing behaviors, and knowledge and barriers to OPA access. ResultsOverall, awareness and knowledge of COVID-19 outpatient treatments was low. Black respondents were more likely to test for COVID-19 than White respondents but less likely to know about OPA treatments. Insurance coverage was a significant factor in use of home tests. Knowledge of OPA treatments was low across groups. White respondents were more likely than Black respondents to be aware of OPA treatments (1.75, 95 % CI [1.31–2.33]) as were higher income respondents (1.13, 95 % CI [1.08–1.17]) and self-identified Liberals (1.79, 95 % CI [1.29–2.49]). ConclusionsClinicians should know large numbers of patients may not be testing for COVID-19, nor are they aware of outpatient treatment options and may hold inaccurate beliefs about them. Developing culturally specific patient education materials are warranted to increase testing, utilization of vaccinations and OPAs.

Social Determinants of Health and Incident Apparent Treatment-Resistant Hypertension Among White and Black US Adults: The REGARDS Study.

We examined the association of multilevel social determinants of health with incident apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH). We analyzed data from 2774 White and 2257 Black US adults from the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study taking antihypertensive medication without aTRH at baseline to estimate the association of social determinants of health with incident aTRH. Selection of social determinants of health was guided by the Healthy People 2030 domains of education, economic stability, social context, neighborhood environment, and health care access. Blood pressure (BP) was measured during study visits, and antihypertensive medication classes were identified through a pill bottle review. Incident aTRH was defined as (1) systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg, or systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥80 mm Hg for those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease while taking ≥3 classes of antihypertensive medication or (2) taking ≥4 classes of antihypertensive medication regardless of BP level, at the follow-up visit. Over a median 9.5 years of follow-up, 15.9% of White and 24.0% of Black adults developed aTRH. A percent of the excess aTRH risk among Black versus White adults was mediated by low education (14.2%), low income (16.0%), not seeing a friend or relative in the past month (8.1%), not having someone to care for them if ill or disabled (7.6%), lack of health insurance (10.6%), living in a disadvantaged neighborhood (18.0%), and living in states with poor public health infrastructure (6.0%). Part of the association between race and incident aTRH risk was mediated by social determinants of health.

Social Conflict and Social Change in Colson Whitehead’s The Nickel Boys

Social conflict is a common phenomenon in everyday life. Basically, social conflict occurs because of differences in interests between the two groups. As a result, this triggers the emergence of social change in society. Not only in real life but conflict can also be represented in literary works, such as in the novel The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead. The novel tells about the social conflicts that occurr in black and white US society, especially at the Nickel Academy. Furthermore, this study aims to determine the form and impact of social conflict on social change in the novel. This research is included in literary criticism, which uses the sociology of literature approach by applying Ralf Dahrendorf's conflict theory. The data in this study were taken from the novel The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead, which was published in 2019 by Doubleday, US. Research data were analyzed by identifying, classifying, interpreting, and making conclusions. This research resulted in two findings. First, the social conflict in the novel is represented through several acts of discrimination that occur at Nickel Academy. This social conflict occurred as a result of differences in interests and goals between groups in the social structure there, namely the Nickel Academy staff group, which has the above social structure (superordinate group) and the Nickel Academy student group, which has the lower social structure (subordinate group). Second, the social conflict that occurs in the novel has an impact on social change which is related to the social structure that exists in the Nickel Academy. This change is represented by the removal of the social structure that was there by the US government. Moreover, the researcher suggests future researchers use another approach, such as structuralism, psychology, or others. In addition, they can also use other conflict theories, such as the conflict theory of Karl Marx, Lewis A. Coser, or George Simmel.

Can We Develop Holistic Approaches to Delivering Cyber-Physical Systems Security?

Can We Develop Holistic Approaches to Delivering Cyber-Physical Systems Security?

Social and Cultural Barriers Reported by STEM International Graduate Students of Color

This article explores international students’ experiences in their graduate STEM programs at predominantly white US institutions through in-depth qualitative interviews and thematic analysis. International students reported encountering social and cultural barriers with American peers and sometimes even with other international students. These barriers include language, popular cultural, and social norms. Some students, who were less culturally represented in their cohorts, felt isolated but later found other people outside of their departments, often people from their same cultural background. The experiences of our participants varied by the representation of their culture in their departments, where students from less represented countries experienced more isolation. Connections to current acculturation theory will be discussed, as well as further implications and possible solutions for increasing intercultural exchanges.

Race and ethnicity reporting and representation in hemophilia clinical trials

AbstractRacial and ethnic representativeness in clinical trials is crucial to mitigate disparities in outcomes; however, diversity among hemophilia trials is unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the reporting and representation of race and ethnicity in trials of people with hemophilia (PwH). In this cross-sectional study, the ClinicalTrials.gov database was queried in April 2023 for interventional clinical trials involving PwH between 2007 and 2022. The distribution of participants (observed) was compared with expected proportions based on US Hemophilia Treatment Center (HTC) and country-specific census data with observed-to-expected ratios (OERs). Of 129 trials included, 94.6% were industry sponsored, with a mean of 62 participants and mean age of 26.8 years. Overall, 52.0% (n = 66) of trials reported data on race and ethnicity, increasing from 13.9% in 2007-2012 to 22.5% in 2013-2016 to 100% in 2017-2022 (P = .001). Among these 66 trials, 65.8%, 22.8%, 5.1%, 3.9% of participants were White, Asian, Hispanic, and Black, respectively. OERs were 10% to 20% lower for White participants vs US HTC, and US, UK, and Canadian census populations and ∼75% lower for Black or Hispanic participants when compared with US HTC and US census population. OERs for Asian participants were 1.6 to 3 times higher than Canada, US, and UK census populations. The reporting of race and ethnicity in hemophilia trials has drastically improved; however, Black and Hispanic PwH remain especially underrepresented. To address these disparities, stakeholders across the clinical trial enterprise need to implement strategies to ensure equitable participation.

Sodium Intake and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Predominantly Low-Income Black and White US Residents

Epidemiologic evidence regarding the outcomes of dietary sodium intake on mortality remains limited for low-income individuals, particularly Black people. To investigate the associations of excessive dietary sodium with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among predominantly low-income Black and White Americans. This cohort study included participants aged 40 to 79 years from the Southern Community Cohort Study who were recruited at Community Health Centers in 12 southeastern states from 2002 to 2009. Analyses were conducted between March 2022 and June 2023. Dietary sodium intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for mortality outcomes (all-cause, cardiovascular disease [CVD], coronary heart disease [CHD], stroke, heart failure, cancer, and other) associated with sodium intake. Nonlinear associations and population-attributable risk (PAR) of the mortality burden associated with excess sodium were further assessed. Among the 64 329 participants, 46 185 (71.8%) were Black, 18 144 (28.2%) were White, and 39 155 (60.9%) were female. The mean (SD) age at study enrollment was 51.3 (8.6) years for Black participants and 53.3 (9.3) years for White counterparts. Mean (SD) dietary sodium intake was 4512 (2632) mg/d in Black individuals and 4041 (2227) mg/d in White individuals; 37 482 Black individuals (81.2%) and 14 431 White individuals (79.5%) exceeded the current dietary recommendations of 2300 mg/d. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 13.8 (11.3-15.8) years, 17 811 deaths were documented, including 5701 from CVD. After adjustment for potential confounders, in Black individuals, HRs per 1000-mg increase in daily sodium intake were 1.07 (95% CI, 1.03-1.10) and 1.08 (95% CI, 1.02-1.14) for deaths from total CVD and CHD, respectively; while in White individuals, the corresponding HRs were 1.08 (95% CI, 1.02-1.14) and 1.13 (95% CI, 1.03-1.23). No significant associations were found for cancer mortality. PAR estimates suggest that sodium intake above the recommended threshold may account for 10% of total CVD, 13% of CHD, and 30% of heart failure deaths in this low-income southern population. In this cohort study of 64 329 low-income Americans, nearly 80% of study participants consumed sodium exceeding the current recommended daily amount, which was associated with 10% to 30% of CVD mortality. Public health programs targeted to reduce sodium intake among this underserved population may be beneficial.

Abstract P426: County-Level Structural Racism and Diabetes Prevalence Among White and Black US Adults

Background: Diabetes Mellitus affects 12.7% non-Hispanic Black adults as opposed to 7% non-Hispanic White Adults. We hypothesized that higher structural racism (SR) is associated with greater diabetes prevalence among Black and White adults. Methods: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study recruited 30,239 US Black and White adults from 48 contiguous US states in 2003-2007. We linked a novel county-level structural racism (CSR) metric reflecting domains of housing dissimilarity, school dissimilarity, high school graduation, incarceration, poverty, primary care access, and ambulatory care access. CSR was determined linked to REGARDS participants’ county location at time of recruitment. Diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL or random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL or use of diabetes medications. We excluded those missing CSR score and diabetes status. Poisson regression estimated relative risk (RR) of prevalent diabetes by higher (more adverse) CSR. Results: Among the 28,329 included participants (mean [SD] age 65 years, [9.43], 55% female participants, 42% Black participants). There was a greater proportion of Black adults in areas with higher CSR. As is shown in Table 1 , higher CSR was associated with higher RR of prevalent diabetes overall. However, higher CSR was associated with lower RR in race stratified models. Conclusions: Adverse levels of CSR were associated with lower diabetes prevalence in Black adults. It is unclear if this observation reflects operationalization of CSR, omitted variable bias, survival bias, or a true structural racism-diabetes association. Table 1 - Relative risk (RR) of Diabetes Prevalence age and sex adjusted per 1-point higher CSR*

Dissecting Whiteness: consistencies and differences in the stereotypes of lower- and upper-class White US Americans

ABSTRACT Economic inequality is increasing in the United States, making categorization and stereotyping based on social class more likely. Yet, social class stereotypes have received relatively little attention. Focusing on spontaneously generated stereotypes of different White lower-class and upper-class groups in the United States, we find consistencies and differences across groups. Lower-class groups were stereotyped as poor, uneducated, dirty, and lacking ability, while upper-class groups were stereotyped as rich, arrogant, and lacking sociability. Stereotypes for all groups were largely negative but there were notable variations in stereotype valence, sociability, morality, ability, and assertiveness as well as perceived attitudes toward the groups within each social class, highlighting the importance of moving beyond a monolithic view of “the rich” and “the poor.”