US Government Support Research Articles

Exploring Parental Incarceration, US Government Support Programs, and Child Health and Well-Being: A National Cross-Sectional Study

To describe relationships between parental incarceration and child health and flourishing-a measure of curiosity, resilience, and self-regulation-and to identify government programs that moderate this relationship. Using the National Survey of Children's Health data from 2016 through 2019 for children 6-17years old, we estimated associations with logistic regression between parental incarceration and overall health and flourishing, adjusting for child, caregiver, and household factors. We secondarily examined physical health (asthma, headaches), mental health (attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression), developmental needs (learning disability, special educational plan use), and educational (missing ≥11 school days, repeated grade) outcomes. We performed interaction analyses to determine whether government program participation (eg, free/reduced lunch, cash assistance) moderated relationships between parental incarceration and child outcomes. Children with parental incarceration accounted for 9.3% of the sample (weighted n=4 400 000). Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and multiracial children disproportionately experienced parental incarceration. Parental incarceration was associated with worse health (aOR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.11-1.55) and higher odds of not flourishing (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.46-1.89). Physical health, mental health, developmental issues, and educational needs were also associated with parental incarceration. Participation in free and reduced lunch moderated the relationships between parental incarceration and general health and flourishing, and cash assistance moderated the association between parental incarceration and flourishing. For each, parental incarceration had an attenuated association with health among people who participated in government programs. Parental incarceration is disproportionately experienced by Black and Indigenous children and associated with worse child health and well-being. Government support program participation may mitigate negative associations between parental incarceration and child outcomes.

세계구호위원회(World Relief Commission)의 한국 활동과 그 의의: 엘마 길보른(Elmer Kilbourne)의 활동을 중심으로

This paper examines the motives and backgrounds of the World Relief Commission, which was closely related to the Oriental Missionary Society among foreign organizations active in Korea, and their activities in Korea. In particular, focusing on the activities of Elmer Kilbourne, who led the World Relief Commission, this paper traces the contributions to Korean social welfare since then. This thesis aims to reveal the role of evangelical Christianity and the contribution of the Korean Evangelical Holiness Church in the reconstruction of post-war Korean society, social work, and the emergence of welfare institutions, by revealing the activities of the World Relief Commission and Elmer Kolbourne. This paper compares the history of Korean society with the history of social work through materials related to the National Association onf Evangelicals, reports and memoirs of Elmer Kilbourne, records of activities of the World Relief Commission, OMS report, general meetings of the Korea Evangelical Holiness Holiness Church, and the Christian Gazette. In addition, it is taking the methodology of historical description with a sociological approach. The conclusion of this paper is as follows. First, the World Relief Commission's activities in Korea began with relief efforts and gradually developed into social work. Second, the World Relief Commission's activities in Korea were carried out through the Korea Evangelical Holiness Church, providing an opportunity for the denomination to take interest in the weak in society and attempt a humanitarian program. Third, the activities of the World Relief Commission in Korea served to further strengthen the anti-communist consciousness formed through the war. Fourth, the US government's support of the World Relief Commission through PL480 strengthened social work, but relatively exposed the limitations of voluntary activities. Finally, in conducting a research on the activities of the World Relief Commission in Korea, there are difficulties and limitations to use the data.

Growth, collaboration, and advocacy

Most of us in the chemistry enterprise appreciate the beneficial role of chemistry in our society. Chemistry provides employment to a lot of people in academia, industry, government, and nonprofit organizations. According to the American Chemistry Council’s 2020 Guide to the Business of Chemistry , the US chemical business in 2019 was a $565 billion enterprise that contributed $222.3 billion to the US gross domestic product. Nonetheless, employment in the US chemical industry has declined by about 20% in the past 30 years, according to data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. US government support for chemistry R&D has been relatively flat from 2011 to 2018, according to data from the National Science Foundation. Although we sometimes hear that chemistry is a mature discipline, many areas within chemistry continue to grow, such as energy storage, catalysis, self-assembly, sensors, organic electronics, and sustainability. And many other areas of chemistry critically

Treatment as insurance: HIV antiretroviral therapy offers financial risk protection in Malawi.

Many countries have expanded insurance programmes in an effort to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). We assess a complementary path toward financial risk protection: increased access to technologies that improve health and reduce the risk of large health expenditures. Malawi has provided free HIV treatment since 2004 with significant US Government support. We investigate the impact of treatment access on medical spending, capacity to pay and catastrophic health expenditures at the population level, exploiting the phased rollout of HIV treatment in a difference-in-differences design. We find that increased access to HIV treatment generated a 10% decline in medical spending for urban households, a 7% increase in capacity to pay for rural households and a 3-percentage point decrease in the likelihood of catastrophic health expenditure among urban households. These risk protection benefits are comparable to that found from broad-based insurance coverage in other contexts. Our findings show that targeted treatment programmes that provide free care for high burden causes of death can provide substantial financial risk protection against catastrophic health expenditure, while moving developing nations toward UHC.

Funding for tuberculosis research—an urgent crisis of political will, human rights, and global solidarity

Tuberculosis (TB) killed more people in 2015 than any other single infectious agent, but funding for research to develop better prevention, diagnosis, and treatment methods for TB declined to its lowest level in 7 years. TB research and development (R&D) is woefully underfunded, a situation best viewed as a crisis of political will and a failure on the part of governments to see unmet innovation needs in the TB response as a human rights issue requiring immediate action. Over 60% of available money for TB R&D comes from public sources, and 67% of public money comes from a single country: the USA. The election of Donald Trump to the US presidency in November 2016 has introduced great uncertainty into the support that science generally, and TB research in particular, will receive in the coming years. Advocacy on the part of all actors-from civil society to TB-affected communities to scientists themselves-is urgently needed to increase US government support for TB research moving forward.

Using performance-based financing (PBF) to motivate health commodity supply chain improvement at a central medical store in Mozambique

Background The predominant model of public health commodity supply chains in developing countries is one dominated by a central medical store (CMS). In this model, the CMS plays the pivotal role of procurement, storage and warehousing of all health commodities before they are distributed to the next level in the supply chain. Challenges with technical and organization capacity at the CMS level has led to longstanding difficulties in creating sustainable performance improvements in several countries. In Mozambique, the central medical store (Central de Medicamentos e Artigos Medicos-CMAM) receives significant US government support (through USAID) for both health commodities and technical assistance. We tested the effectiveness of a PBF scheme between CMAM and USAID, to improve the functioning of the CMS in Mozambique.

Regime Change and Arab Countries' Lobbying in the United States

In this article lobbying by several Arab countries in the United States is analyzed to answer two questions: What are the ramifications of a regime change for lobbying strategy in the United States? Does lobbying matter in securing US government support? First, the study demonstrates that regime change in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya has had no effect on their lobbying in the United States so far. The analysis of lobbying by countries which eschewed regime change—Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan—surprisingly comes to the same conclusion. Second, the ability of troubled regimes to peacefully control their own populace is more important for securing US support than lobbying.

The Estimation of the South Korean Government's Diplomacy for Its Opposing Public North Korea

Based on the influence of the contingency factors of inner organizational and external situational factors, contingency theory of accommodation provides a good explanation for the real public relations practices. A recent series of experimental studies supports the idea that the theory is also applicable in the public's estimation pattern regarding an organization's public relations practices. This survey study is theoretically important when examining and sorting out significant factors in the real population of a notable public diplomacy domain. That is, this research examines how the South Korean people perceive the contingency factors and how people estimate the South Korean government's stance toward its opposing public, North Korea. The regression model of perceived contingency factors and stance estimation was generalizable in the population of this study (R 2 = .279). The most influential perceptual predictors in the model include: the North Korean leader's preference for the South Korean president, the relative power of South Korea, the level of commitment of North Korea, the South Korean president's preference for the North Korean leader, the US government's support for the South Korean policy toward North Korea, the South Korean government's certainty to deal with the North Korean military threat, situational difficulties, the South Korean government's knowledge and skill to deal with the threat, the situational duration of threat, and the South Korean president's relation-oriented leadership. Finally, this study discussed practical implications for the government practitioners.

U.S. support for Ukraine’s liberation during the Cold War: A study of Prolog Research and Publishing Corporation

The US government established contact in Western Europe with anti-Communist refugees following World War II and covertly supported a variety of groups. Initially in the 1940s cooperation between the OSS/CIA and émigré groups provided support for the parachuting of couriers to contact underground organizations in ethnic homelands and over the next four decades until the late 1980s through support for non-violent methods against Soviet power. One of the organisations supported by the US government was Prolog Research and Publishing Corporation that existed from 1952 to 1992. Prolog was established by zpUHVR (external representation of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council), the political umbrella of Ukrainian nationalist, anti-Soviet partisans who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviet state until the early 1950s. US government support facilitated a democratic alternative to nationalist émigrés who dominated the Ukrainian diaspora as well as a different strategy towards the pursuit of the liberation of Ukraine. Prolog proved to be more successful in its liberation strategy of providing large volumes of technical, publishing and financial support to dissidents and opposition currents within the Communist Party of Ukraine. The alternative nationalist strategy of building underground structures in Soviet Ukraine routinely came under threat from infiltration by the KGB. US government support enabled Prolog to publish books and journals, including the only Russian-language journal published by a Ukrainian émigré organization, across the political spectrum and to closely work with opposition movements in central-eastern Europe, especially Poland.

Abstinence-Only Education: Politics, Science, and Ethics

John S. Santelli Abstinence-Only Education: Politics, Science, and Ethics INTRODUCTION UNTIL AUGUST 2 0 0 4 , 1W ORKED ATTHE US CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL and Prevention (CDC) as a researcher on adolescent health issues, an Institutional Review Board chairm an, and a supervisor of other public health scientists.* This opportunity to do im portant public health research in a supportive, collaborative environm ent was a trem endous personal experience. CDC prided itself on excellence in epidemiologic and social science research and on science as the prim ary basis for its public health policy. I joined the CDC in 1991 because doing research w ith the centers m eant that a scientist could influence critical public health issues—he or she could make a difference. Sadly, toward the end of my 13-year stay at CDC, it was becom­ ing increasingly difficult to conduct research on certain sensitive social issues. Although I was never overtly censored, scientific review became m ore labored and colleagues began to talk, somewhat ironically, about “self censorship,” that is, avoiding research that m ight not be received favorably in W ashington. A paper I had w ritten on teen pregnancy declines, which examined the contributions of fewer teens having sex and m ore teens using contraception, made reviewers nervous because it could be used to support a conclusion that would have been contrary to the adm inistration’s em phasis on abstinence-only education for social research Vol 73 : No 3 : Fall 200 6 835 teenagers. Although scientific review in my own division and center seemed fair, I began to hear stories from other centers about papers and projects that had been stopped by scientific reviewers. Then, one day in 2003, under the Departm ent of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Secretary Tommy Thompson’s “one voice” initiative, the entire com m u­ nications group at CDC, the group that helped us to clarify and hone our scientific messages for the public, was transferred from CDC headquar­ ters in Atlanta to DHHS headquarters in D.C. It seemed that control­ ling the message in term s o f its policy im pact suddenly had become m ore im portant than getting the scientific content right. I became increasingly beleaguered and began to feel that creativity, an essential elem ent of research, was not longer valued, particularly if it challenged orthodoxy. Also, after September 11th, the surgeon general had begun to discuss the idea of retraining CDC and National Institutes of Health (NIH) scientists, regardless of their specialty, as disaster preparedness experts. Feeling th at my skill set was no longer as valued inside the governm ent sector, and having an outside opportunity present itself, I joined the exodus of senior researchers from the agency. Suddenly, my shoulders felt lighter, and the air seemed clearer. In January 2006, colleagues and I published two papers in the Journal ofAdolescent Health. One (Santelli, 2006) was a scientific review and analysis of federal funding for “abstinence-only” education (AOE), or abstinence until marriage programs; the other was a position paper from the Society for Adolescent Medicine (SAM) on the same subject (SAM, 2006). The review paper, at considerable length, pointed out num erous scientific problem s w ith US governm ent support for AOE. Building upon writing from the 1990s on reproductive rights as hum an rights, we also pointed to w hat we saw as the inherently coercive aspects of a governm ent policy that suppresses inform ation or provides only half-truths. In February, I spoke on the issue of AOE at the New School’s Politics and Science conference. And in May, I experienced an example of the current adm inistration’s interference w ith science. I had subm itted an abstract, w hich was then accepted through the peer review process, to the National STD Prevention Conference, 836 social research co-sponsored by the CDC Division of STD Prevention and three profes­ sional groups. Others, including a state STD director, a graduate student, and an advocate for comprehensive sexuality education, also subm itted abstracts that were each accepted through the same process. Two weeks before the m eeting date in May, we began to receive...

Trading in Souls

In the years since 9/11, a group of prominent Evangelical Christian ministers has sought to capture the Islamic faithful and convert them to Christianity. Incendiary comments about Islam from religious leaders like Franklyn Graham, Jerry Falwell, Pat Robertson, and Jerry Vines have drawn rebukes from Muslims and Christian groups alike, but many in the grass roots of Evangelical Christianity have absorbed their leaders’ antipathy for Islam. In Evangelical churches and seminaries across country, lectures, and books criticizing Islam and promoting strategies for Muslim conversions are gaining currency. Many of these groups view the US military and its wars in the Muslim world as the perfect vehicles for missionary work in the difficult ‘10/40 Window’, Evangelical speak for the portion of the Middle East that is oil-rich and waiting for conversion to Christianity. The same Evangelical political groups have dedicated themselves to financial support of ultra-orthodox Jewish settlements in the Occupied Territories while advocating US government support of imperialist Israel. Chosen–ness is being crafted as a political term, smacking of imperialism, while the chosen people are the ones on our side.

Dedication of the Third Issue of ‘Current Alzheimer Research’ to President Ronald Reagan (1911-2004)

Alzheimers disease (AD) respects not privilege, rank, nor fame. It is among the great equalizers that strike where they will and reveal the fundamental human unity we all share. In November of 1994, the world was shown this when Ronald Reagan, 40th president of the United States of America, announced that he had been diagnosed as a likely case of AD [1]. As of June of 2004, his long struggle has ended. He announced his diagnosis already having weathered ridicule based upon worn-out prejudices regarding age and mental capacity. His publication of his AD diagnosis takes on all the more meaning in such light-even though Mr. Reagan had already experienced the stereotypes many elderly have to endure regarding their mental competency, he stepped up and willingly became a target and a banner. In association with the Alzheimers Association, Mr. and Mrs. Reagan formed the Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute in 1995, dedicated specifically to funding basic science research on mechanisms and molecules associated or potentially linked with AD [2]. Nancy Reagan has since been tireless as an advocate of AD research, including speaking publicly at a benefit for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation in favor of US government support of stem cell research [3], a stand which may have put her at odds with long-term political allies. Their daughter, Maureen Reagan, was committed to the cause of AD research, serving as a board member for the Alzheimers Association from 1999 to her death from melanoma in 2001. Her duties were taken up by her husband, continuing the Reagan family legacy of support for AD research. She has also testified before the US Congress regarding AD and served as an honorary chair for the Alzheimers Associations Memory Walk from 1997 to 2000. In 2000 she received the Alzheimers Associations Distinguished Service Award [2]. Ronald Reagan was diagnosed in his eighth decade of life and managed to survive nearly a decade with the condition. This is more than double the median survival time after diagnosis reported for male patients in one recent study [4]. While this may point to what can currently be done when a patient fully acknowledges and seeks treatment for AD as soon as a diagnosis is reached, it also should bring to mind that current treatments, which slow but neither halt nor reverse AD progression, cannot lift the significant burden that AD puts on caregivers [4, 5]. This burden is not merely financial, but is, in the words of Nancy Reagan, “a truly long, long good-bye” [6]. In essence, a caregiver must deal with watching a loved one die twice: “There are so many memories I can no longer share, which makes it very difficult. When it comes right down to it, youre in it alone.”[6] Currently available treatments do no more than postpone the sentence that AD inflicts on its victims. We as AD researchers are caught short and humbled by every decline due to AD and the part the disease plays in a patients death, and more especially, the inevitability of ADs progression, even with complete access to the best therapies we have been able to offer. Indeed, in an ultimate sense, AD can be said to not only give no respect to rank, but precious little to treatment. It is this basic shortcoming of our current methods that saddens us most regarding the decline and death of Ronald Reagan, that it was inevitable despite our best efforts. This is not to say there is no hope. Tremendous research is currently underway in basic science and clinical settings to understand the pathobiology, genetics, and patient care issues of AD in order to find novel strategies for treatment of Alzheimers disease. To this end, a new journal, Current Alzheimer Research, has been started. This peer-reviewed research journal “is meant to disseminate up-to-date knowledge in different aspects of current AD research” [7]. Nevertheless, the difficulties they faced only served to drive Mr. Reagan and his family to redouble their efforts to see to it that researchers received the funding needed and the public receive the education needed to deal with Alzheimers disease, not only as a current problem, but to seek its causes, seek more effective treatments, and possibly find a means to eradicating it. Therefore, we dedicate this, the third issue of Current Alzheimer Research, to Ronald W. Reagan, 40th president of the United States of America and unashamed AD patient, to Mrs. Nancy Reagan, AD caregiver, survivor, and advocate, and to Ms. Maureen Reagan.

DM: new definition, new era of US government support

DM: new definition, new era of US government support

Venture Funders — Are They the Solution?

The author briefly describes what venture funders do and how they do it to illuminate the process of high-tech business formation and development. By way of illumination, he gives two short histories of successful university spin-outs that his company, Zero Stage Capital, has helped launch. He then examines how this firm's knowledge and experience may apply in the context of the Scottish university and financial climate, and bearing in mind the goals of Scotland's Technology Ventures strategy. Finally, he discusses the US government support initiatives for small business, the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) Program. He suggests an approach for its application in increasing the birth-rate of fast-track technology-based ventures in Scotland or in other countries that have the infrastructure to support and enhance the process.

An assessment of the Qualified Manufacturer List (QML)

The Qualified Manufacturer List (QML) approach, detailed in MIL-I-38535, General Specification for Integrated Circuits (Microcircuit) Manufacturing, embraces many of the commercial practices employed by high volume microcircuit suppliers. Nevertheless, with the availability of highly reliable and lower cost commercial parts, the QML approach becomes unnecessary and undesirable. In this paper we attempt to show why US government support of the QML program is leading the military and government to unaffordable access to out-dated technologies, damaging our country's military and avionics position. We will present information to show why we support the retraction of MIL-PRF-38535 and any other documents which imply that QML parts are superior to commercial parts, including those of QPL, MIL-STD-454, and MIL-HDBK-217 (now prohibited from use in all new Army programs).

US Technology and Economic Development Strategies

The article points out that prior to 1980 most US government support of science and technology projects was carried out at the federal level. However, during the 1980s initiatives have come increasingly from the state level. Selected federal and national schemes are described, including the NIST, the National Science Foundation and the Small Business Innovation Research Program. Various state level activities are then outlined, attention being paid to incubators and science parks, seed capital programmes and centre of excellence programmes.

Mobile robot with a developed sense of security

A mobile sentry only 54cm tall has been designed by Sandia Laboratories with US government support, to patrol high‐security buildings.

Nuclear Power for Militarization of Space

It is anticipated that the militarization of space will ultimately require the development of nuclear reactors smaller than those presently used on earth. A summary is made of the role played by Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTG) in space efforts, and then RTG's advantages and disadvantages are compared to those of nuclear reactors. The history of the US government's support for the research necessary for space applications is also summarized, emphasizing the delicate, controversial political environment that influences legislation and funding.

US shipping policy under conditions of a new world economic and political environment

The maritime policy of the US has evolved over more than 100 years from the support of US shipping through mail and fleet auxiliary contracts before the turn of the century, to the present array of direct and indirect Government aids and regulations based on the assumption that a strong maritime industry composed of both US-flag shipping and US-shipbuilding capacity is essential for the economic well-being and defence of the country. Notwithstanding massive direct and indirect aid to the US merchant marine, amounting to well over a billion dollars a year in recent years, US shipping and shipbuilding has declined dramatically and now comprises less than 3% of world shipping. Only 2.8% of US foreign trade by volume and 6% by value is today carried in US flag ships. Government aids constitute well over 33% of total revenues of US-flag shipping. The traditional argument for US Government support has been the need for cost parity to permit US-flag shipping to compete effectively in international trade against ...

US government support for civilian technology: economic theory versus political practice

The author discusses what he perceives as a major gap between the economic concept of externalities as a justification for US Government intervention in the process of developing commercial technology and the direction that, in practice, this intervention appears to be taking. He argues that, unless the economics profession provides an operational concept of externalities for use by decision makers and monitors the application of that concept to specific situations, externalities may be discovered primarily whenever it is politically advantageous to do so.