Urology Training Research Articles

Non-technical Skills for Urology Trainees: A Double-Blinded Study of ChatGPT4 AI Benchmarking Against Consultant Interaction

Non-technical Skills for Urology Trainees: A Double-Blinded Study of ChatGPT4 AI Benchmarking Against Consultant Interaction

Inaugural Australian urology bootcamp for early-career medical officers: improving knowledge, skills, and confidence to prepare for registrar years.

Surgical bootcamps provide hands-on learning opportunities for junior doctors and trainees in low-pressure, non-clinical environments. Participants develop skills, knowledge, and confidence in preparation for their registrar years. A number of international urology-specific bootcamps have demonstrated improvements in these technical and non-technical domains. However, there was no such opportunity for Australian doctors. In the first urology bootcamp in Australia, we aimed to assess participants' knowledge, technical skills, and confidence in managing urological conditions pre- and post-bootcamp. Twenty-five early-career medical officers attended the bootcamp and completed a comprehensive written survey at the beginning and end of the bootcamp. Results showed that self-perceptions of knowledge, confidence, and technical skill all improved at the conclusion of the bootcamp (P = 0.01). All participants reported the bootcamp to be 'useful' or 'very useful' in furthering their urological training. This study demonstrates the success of an inaugural Australian urology bootcamp in preparing junior doctors and unaccredited registrars for their registrar training years.

Artificial intelligence versus human touch: can artificial intelligence accurately generate a literature review on laser technologies?

To compare the accuracy of open-source Artificial Intelligence (AI) Large Language Models (LLM) against human authors to generate a systematic review (SR) on the new pulsed-Thulium:YAG (p-Tm:YAG) laser. Five manuscripts were compared. The Human-SR on p-Tm:YAG (considered to be the "ground truth") was written by independent certified endourologists with expertise in lasers, accepted in a peer-review pubmed-indexed journal (but not yet available online, and therefore not accessible to the LLMs). The query to the AI LLMs was: "write a systematic review on pulsed-Thulium:YAG laser for lithotripsy" which was submitted to four LLMs (ChatGPT3.5/Vercel/Claude/Mistral-7b). The LLM-SR were uniformed and Human-SR reformatted to fit the general output appearance, to ensure blindness. Nine participants with various levels of endourological expertise (three Clinical Nurse Specialist nurses, Urology Trainees and Consultants) objectively assessed the accuracy of the five SRs using a bespoke 10 "checkpoint" proforma. A subjective assessment was recorded using a composite score including quality (0-10), clarity (0-10) and overall manuscript rank (1-5). The Human-SR was objectively and subjectively more accurate than LLM-SRs (96 ± 7% and 86.8 ± 8.2% respectively; p < 0.001). The LLM-SRs did not significantly differ but ChatGPT3.5 presented greater subjective and objective accuracy scores (62.4 ± 15% and 29 ± 28% respectively; p > 0.05). Quality and clarity assessments were significantly impacted by SR type but not the expertise level (p < 0.001 and > 0.05, respectively). LLM generated data on highly technical topics present a lower accuracy than Key Opinion Leaders. LLMs, especially ChatGPT3.5, with human supervision could improve our practice.

Post-Graduate Urology Training in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Post-Graduate Urology Training in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

The impact of single-port robotic surgery: a survey among urology residents and fellows in the United States.

Our aim was to investigate the perception and future expectations of Single-Port (SP) surgery among urology trainees in the United States. A 34-item online survey was distributed to urological residency and fellowship programs across the US, covering demographic profiles, SP training opportunities, perceived educational impact, and future perspectives. Descriptive analysis and multivariable linear regression were used to assess predictors of SP adoption. 201 surveys were completed (28.6% completion rate). Among institutions with an SP platform, about 50% have used it regularly for over 2 years, though often in less than 50% of procedures. While robotic simulators are commonly available, only 17% offer both multi-port and SP simulators, and structured pre-clinical SP training is limited. Approximately 30% of respondents expressed concerns over limited hands-on experience and a steeper learning curve with SP. Around 40% felt that their robotic surgery exposure was negatively impacted by SP's introduction. SP surgery's benefits are seen mostly in the immediate post-operative period and a significant number of respondents foresee a major role for SP in urology. However, proficiency in SP surgery is not seen as crucial for career advancement or job opportunities. Academic job aspirations, SP platform availability, and SP surgery workload are predictors of future SP implementation. Trainees increasingly recognize the clinical benefits of SP procedures but express concerns about the potential negative impact on hands-on experience. Training programs should more systematically integrate SP technology into curricula. There is a correlation between training in high-volume SP centers and future SP adoption.

Sexuality of urologist in training: Does cobbler always wear the worst shoes? Sex AFUF study.

Sexuality is an integral part of well-being. Urologists are a population faced with a significant workload and stress that can affect their sexuality. The purpose of this study is to investigate sexuality in this population and assess factors that may impact it. A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and July 2023 among French urology residents and fellows. Data was collected through an anonymous questionnaire sent by the French Association of Trainee Urologists (AFUF) via email. Out of 445 members of the AFUF, 196 trainee urologists responded. Among them, 130 young urologists, accounting for 66% of respondents, were satisfied with their sexual life, and 123 (63%) respondents reported having one or more sexual encounters per week. In univariate analysis, factors significantly impacting the level of sexual satisfaction were gender (p=0.029), level of job satisfaction/well-being (p<0.01), level of professional burnout (p<0.001), and the existence of a romantic relationship. Young urologists are mostly satisfied with their sexual life. Gender, level of job satisfaction/well-being, and level of professional burnout are significant factors impacting the level of sexual satisfaction.

Trends of European School of Urology (ESU) training and resident education: an overview of 2 decades of EAU education programme.

Over the last 2 decades, various education and training programmes have been launched by the European School of Urology (ESU) on behalf of the European Association of Urology (EAU) Education Office. These include e-learning platforms, in-person meetings, courses, podcasts, webinars, sub-specialisation meetings and the European Urology Resident Education Programme (EUREP), all of which aim to achieve standardisation in urological education (SISE) and training at the highest level. Data from the last 2 decades of all ESU activities were collected by the EAU/ESU office and analyzed for attendance, geographical, gender and age trends. Demographic data on registrations and attendances at EUREP were also monitored and analysed. A descriptive analysis of participation and trends is provided. A total of 4750 participants have completed ESU courses (including guideline courses, specialization courses and webinar courses). Similarly, a total of 5958 trainees attended the EUREP from 2004 to 2022 of which the male: female ratio was 3.75:1. However, the proportion of females increased 3.5-fold from 10.7% in 2004 to 37.1% in 2022(p < 0.001). There is a growing interest in the meeting, with increasing registrations over this time (353 in 2004 to 599 in 2023, p < 0.001). The mean age of participants is constantly decreasing (32.6 years in 2004 to 31.54 in 2022), with a mean yearly decrease of -0.18% (p < 0.001). ESU courses have had increasing interest and participation from young urologists worldwide. During EUREP, while the trainee age has decreased, there has been a surge in the proportion of female trainees. ESU is providing all modes of education and training across the world with both virtual and in-person meetings and courses, which would help in the development and preparation of urologists of the future and provide the best patient care.

Financial and Business Literacy Among Urology Residents: Is this a Problem and How Can We Better Prepare Residents for their Careers?

Although financial wellness is a predictor of physician burnout, we are yet to optimize financial education or wellness of Urology trainees. We assessed existing studies, compared them to those of other specialties, and discussed resources and methods to address this deficiency. Urology residents tend to be less fiscally savvy (carry significant debt, and lack retirement savings or disability insurance), and 90% of trainees and young Urologists do not feel comfortable with the business of practice, including skills like coding and billing, contract negotiation, and self-value assessment. Financial and business literacy are deficiencies of Urology training, as in other specialties. Eventually, the goal should be universal adoption of a formal curriculum that is graded in nature. In the interim, we need to propose and endorse adoption of a formal curriculum, and we should support trainees by promoting a space for easily accessible and transparent information regarding best practices in personal finance and the business of healthcare.

Boris N. Kholtsov (1861–1940): outstanding urologist, scientist, and teacher. To the 100th anniversary of the start of employment in the Urological Clinic of the Leningrad State Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors

This article is dedicated to outstanding clinical scientist Professor B.N. Kholtsov (1861–1940). The main stages of his scientific, clinical, and teaching activities and his scientific achievements in the development of novel methods for treating diseases of the urinary and male genital organs are presented. He was the first to propose a two-stage adenomectomy technique, an original method of urethral resection in case of stricture, and developed a surgical treatment method for contracture of the bladder neck. The role of Kholtsov in the training of urologists at the Department of Urology of the Leningrad State Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, which he headed in 1926–1940, is shown. Kholtsov was a talented clinician, scientist, teacher, and innovator, whose main ideas remains in demand today.

Sustainable residency training in urology in context of current changes in the German healthcare system

Promoting sustainable structures and measures in residency is crucial to meet current and future requirements of the German healthcare system. This process does not only involve the integration of social, ecological, and economic aspects into everyday professional life but also into residency training. Specifically, sustainable structures and measures in residency include initiatives such as structured training curricula, simulation-based training, digital training opportunities, flexible working time models, and gender equality. In addition, consideration of environmental aspects as well as expansion of quality management programs are essential. Aholistic approach that considers both the efficiency and the needs of physicians and their patients is the key to sustainable urologic residency programs. This way, urology will remain an attractive specialty for future generations.

Rural Surgery Preparedness After Graduation From a Surgical Residency.

General surgeons in rural communities face unique challenges due to broad scopes of practice with limited support and difficulties providing training. In 1998, this academic medical center initiated a rural program consisting of senior level rotations in rural communities. We surveyed past residents to determine scope of practice, level of preparedness, and recommendations. The survey was sent to n = 89 residents and n = 34 surveys were completed. Of those, 85% took part in the rural program, 23.5% practice in a zip code defined as rural by HRSA, and 53% had fellowship training most commonly vascular (n = 5), critical care (n = 5), cardiothoracic (n = 3), and MIS (n = 3). Most common procedures reported were MIS (64.7%), vascular (38.2%), cardiothoracic (26.5%), hepatobiliary (23.5%), and pediatric (23.5%). Over 97% of participants were satisfied/very satisfied with their overall program, and 94% were satisfied/very satisfied with their preparedness for rural surgery. When prompted with, "A general surgery program must have some type of rural specific specialized curriculum and extended rotations to facilitate a career path in rural general surgery," 41.2% responded strongly agree, 47.1% agree, and 11.8% neutral. Recommendations for bolstering a rural program included urology (59%), MIS (59%), vascular (56%), OBGYN (47%), and pediatrics (38%). Regarding non-surgical education, residents felt underprepared for billing (79.4%) and administration (50.0%). Although satisfaction scores were high, improvements to better prepare surgeons for rural practice include increasing residents' exposure and training in OBGYN, MIS, vascular, urology, and billing and administration. These results should direct programs to prepare surgeons for effective rural practice.

A pilot study of performance enhancement coaching for newly appointed urology registrars.

To assess the feasibility of performance enhancement coaching (PEC) for newly appointed Urology registrars (ST3s), specifically: whether the concept appealed, and which areas beyond technical skills acquisition were felt to be most relevant or useful. All delegates on the Urology Bootcamp 2023 were invited to take part in an online survey before and after a 2-hour PEC workshop, collecting: basic demographic data, performance challenges, and the important aspects to include in, and consider with, a coaching programme. The workshop was delivered by a surgeon with a professional coaching qualification, to groups of four delegates at a time over 4 days. Ten pre-defined areas were offered during the session. On a scale of 1 (poor) to 10 (excellent), the 62 participants' overall health was reported as a median of 8/10 (physical) and 7/10 (mental). Anxiety during performance was the most common concern (63%) and was accompanied by a tremor in 55%. The next most popular concerns, with 19% of responses each, were: sleep, insufficient operative skill or expertise, and worry about relationships with trainers. The commonest topics discussed were 'the inner critic' (100%), 'autonomic modulation' (69%), 'not working, well' (13%) and 'optimising study' (6%). Seventy-seven per cent were unaware of PEC for practising surgeons. All respondents felt that they would benefit from PEC to some extent (80% ≥8/10 where 10/10 was 'very useful'), ideally at the ST3 level. Sixty-two percent of respondents said there should be a fee for trainees, whereas 38% thought it should be free and paid for by their training authorities. The concept of PEC is acceptable to ST3 Urology trainees, with particular interest in techniques to mitigate negative self-talk and autonomic modulation techniques. Existing barriers to coaching for the surgical community would need to be addressed in designing an acceptable coaching programme.

Quality improvement project on trainee induction in urology

An induction is the first and most important introduction to a department[1]. We outline the changes that led to a significant improvementand triggered positive change in the induction process.Aim: To improve the trainees induction.The Plan Do Study Act methodology was used. We designed a questionnairefor trainees in Urology; improvements were made based on thefeedback and a second cycle was undertaken. Change was measured statistically.We authored a Urology learning resource for the trainees. Westructured the induction and made it more relatable to the trainees. Evidently, the induction was far from effective with less than 25%of the doctors feeling confident going into the rotation even after theinduction, this markedly improved to about 70% after the improvements.Also, from the first cycle, half of the doctors did not find the inductionrelevant to their rotation, this improved to about 70% after the improvements.Similar data like this highlighted the profound effectiveness of thischange. Inductions happen in every hospital but are often not audited tosee if they are still relevant to the inductees. This project was very informativeon the induction process in the department and the changes thatshould have been made a long time ago. From the result of this project,other departments now see the need to also improve their induction.Anyone can make a change beyond just having an induction; the inductionmust be satisfactorily done to meet the needs of the inductees.

Revitalizing Urologists' Role in Transplantation as a Novel Strategy to Address Surgeon Shortage: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey.

Urologists represent functional alternatives for transplant surgeons, but their involvement is minimal. Evaluating urologists' interests in transplant and identifying associated factors may help to determine whether recruitment of more urological providers is a viable strategy to address transplant surgeon shortages in the United States. We emailed a 10-question survey to individuals pursuing urology in the United States and collected demographic data, education and training backgrounds, and preferences for proposed integrated residency programs and abbreviated transplant fellowships. We stratified respondents based on transplant interest (yes/no); we made comparisons by using t-tests for continuous variables and Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with interest in transplant surgery. Of 104 respondents, 98 were included in the final analysis, with 47% indicating a current or prior interest in transplantation. Male respondents were 3.7 times more likely than female respondents to be interested (odds ratio = 4.675; 95% CI, 1.411-15.495; P = .012). Participants aged <30 years were 93% less likely than older participants to be interested in transplantation (odds ratio = 0.071; 95% CI, 0.006-0.779; P = .03). International medical graduates reported higher enthusiasm for transplantation compared with US-trained counterparts (89% vs 42%), with a trend toward significance (P = .06). Nearly all (93%, 43/46) who expressed interest endorsed having an integrated training pathway. Only 70% (32/46) supported an abbreviated fellowship (<24 mo). Lifestyle concerns and insufficient exposure during residency were the most frequently cited reasons for lack of interest. Compared with male and older urology trainees, female and younger urology trainees were less inclined to pursue transplant surgery. Nonetheless, urologists represent an untapped pool of transplant surgeons. Proposing an integrated training program for urologists and increasing exposure to transplantation during urology residency represent potential strategies to decrease transplant surgeon shortages.

Assessment of neuropathic pain management knowledge, attitudes, and practices among urology trainees and consultants in prostate cancer care: a survey-based study

BackgroundEffective neuropathic pain management is crucial in improving the quality of life for patients with prostate cancer. There is an abundance of research about cancer pain and guidelines that have been developed by World Health Organization including the analgesia stepladder, yet patients with cancer pain are still sub optimally analgesed. This is due to a variety of both patient and physician factors which include: lack of knowledge on the use of adjuvant medication, fear of addiction and poor characterization of the type of pain. This study intended to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of urology trainees and consultants in the the context of neuropathic pain in prostatecancer care.MethodsThe study involved 91 urologists, comprising of junior registrars, medical officers and experienced specialists who are members of the South African Urological Association (SAUA). Data was collected through a 25-question web-based survey. The survey covered: demographic information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to cancer pain management.ResultsThe study revealed that a significant proportion of urologists assessed neuropathic pain reactively, with only 8% of respondents being familiar with screening scales. Approximately, one-third preferred referrals, and 74% expressed confidence in self-treatment. Concerns regarding opioid prescription were observed in 40.4% of respondents. Furthermore, the usage of adjuvant medications was limited, with only 35% proficiently combining analgesia and adjuvants. Notably, 65% continued to escalate analgesic monotherapy.ConclusionEffective neuropathic pain management in prostate cancer care necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, comprehensive assessment and expertise in adjuvant medication usage. The discrepancies observed among urologists are likely due to variations in experience levels. The study identifies knowledge gaps and suboptimal practices in neuropathic pain management among urologists. Addressing these issues through education, awareness, and interdisciplinary collaboration is imperative to enhance patient outcomes and improve the quality of life for individuals with prostate cancer. This study underscores the need for improved education and interdisciplinary collaboration among urologists in managing neuropathic pain among prostate cancer patients. Enhancing these aspects is essential to achieve better patient outcomes and overall quality of life.

Burnout in Urological Education: An In-Depth Study of Residents and Fellows in the 2021 AUA Census.

Our goal was to explore the current trends in burnout, career choice regret, and well-being needs among urology residents and fellows, with specific emphasis on identifying key factors associated with burnout. The AUA Workforce Workgroup collaborated with the AUA Data Team to analyze data from the 2021 AUA Census, comprising a total of 243 residents and fellows. Key demographics, benefits and resources, career choice and debt, and burnout levels were analyzed, focusing on variables like gender, PGY (postgraduate year) level, debt burden, and personal health appointments. Overall, 48% of residents and 33% of fellows met criteria for professional burnout, with a higher incidence among PGY-2 residents (70%). Depersonalization was particularly notable, with 74% of residents reporting medium to high levels. Burnout was significantly associated with difficulty attending personal health appointments (52% vs 34%) and lack of access to on-call rooms (54% vs 36%). In contrast, having children during residency was associated with lower burnout levels (30.8% vs 49.1%). Meal plans were ranked as the most desired benefit (32%), followed by ability to attend health appointments during work hours (17%) and paid family leave (16%). Educational debt over $150,000 was carried by 53% of residents and 48% of fellows. Interestingly, burnout rates showed no statistically significant difference in response rates across genders, relationship status, amount of educational debt, presence of paid maternity or paternity leave, and type of childcare arrangements. Burnout remains a significant issue among urology trainees, with a complex interplay of factors like lack of personal time and provision of call rooms. The alarming rates of depersonalization and exhaustion highlight the urgency of implementing targeted interventions. Enhanced support systems, improved access to health care appointments, provision of call rooms, and debt management programs are recommended to alleviate the growing problem of professional burnout in the field of urology.

Evaluating the Efficacy of AI Chatbots as Tutors in Urology: A Comparative Analysis of Responses to the 2022 In-Service Assessment of the European Board of Urology

Introduction: This study assessed the potential of large language models (LLMs) as educational tools by evaluating their accuracy in answering questions across urological subtopics. Methods: Three LLMs (ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and Bing AI) were examined in two testing rounds, separated by 48 h, using 100 Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) from the 2022 European Board of Urology (EBU) In-Service Assessment (ISA), covering five different subtopics. The correct answer was defined as “formal accuracy” (FA) representing the designated single best answer (SBA) among four options. Alternative answers selected from LLMs, which may not necessarily be the SBA but are still deemed correct, were labeled as “extended accuracy” (EA). Their capacity to enhance the overall accuracy rate when combined with FA was examined. Results: In two rounds of testing, the FA scores were achieved as follows: ChatGPT-3.5: 58% and 62%, ChatGPT-4: 63% and 77%, and BING AI: 81% and 73%. The incorporation of EA did not yield a significant enhancement in overall performance. The achieved gains for ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, and BING AI were as a result 7% and 5%, 5% and 2%, and 3% and 1%, respectively (p > 0.3). Within urological subtopics, LLMs showcased best performance in Pediatrics/Congenital and comparatively less effectiveness in Functional/BPS/Incontinence. Conclusion: LLMs exhibit suboptimal urology knowledge and unsatisfactory proficiency for educational purposes. The overall accuracy did not significantly improve when combining EA to FA. The error rates remained high ranging from 16 to 35%. Proficiency levels vary substantially across subtopics. Further development of medicine-specific LLMs is required before integration into urological training programs.

Making strides in POCUS training in urology.

Making strides in POCUS training in urology.

Artificial Urinary Sphincter Complications: A Narrative Review.

Stress urinary incontinence is a financially burdensome and socially isolating problem and can be experienced by men as a result of radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, or other urologic surgery. Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement for stress urinary incontinence is considered the 'gold standard' for male stress urinary incontinence. While initially only placed by specialized prosthetic surgeons, changes in urologic training have made implantation of the device by general urologists more widespread. Additionally, even though a minority of urologists place the majority of implants, many urologists may find themselves caring for patients with these devices even if they have never placed them themselves. For this reason, it is paramount that the urologic surgeon implanting the device and those caring for patients with prostheses are familiar with the various perioperative and postoperative complications of AUS implantation. This review discusses the most commonly reported complications of AUS implantation as well as those that are rarely described. Knowledge of these potential complications is necessary in order to care for patients with urologic implants.

Simulation and Training in Robot-Assisted Urological Surgery: From Model to Patient.

(1) Background: Simulation-based training has revolutionized surgical education, providing a solution to the changing demands of surgical training and performance. The increasing demand for standardized training in robotic surgery has accelerated the adoption of simulation-based training as a necessary component of modern surgical education. This study examines the existing literature on training approaches employed in robot-assisted urological surgery; (2) Methods: The authors conducted a standardized search of online databases. Upon collecting the articles, the authors assessed their relevance and content before proceeding with the drafting of the text; (3) Results: The use of simulators is supported by convincing evidence that shows an advantage in the acquisition of robotic skills. Urological societies have created detailed training programs for robotic surgery that guide beginners through the entire process of skill acquisition; (4) Conclusions: The future landscape for robotic urology training is likely to involve organized, obligatory, and centralized training, which may be overseen by urologic associations.