Urinary Parameters Research Articles

Urinary Output as a Predictor of Mortality in Cardiogenic Shock: An Explorative Retrospective Analysis

Background/Objectives: Cardiogenic shock (CS) remains a critical condition with high mortality rates despite advances in treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of urinary output at various time intervals during CS and its effectiveness as a predictor of 30-day mortality, particularly in comparison to the Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3). Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 96 patients diagnosed with CS, assessing urinary output at different intervals (0–6 h, 6–12 h, 12–24 h, and 0–24 h) as potential predictors of 30-day mortality. SAPS 3 was calculated for all patients, and its predictive value was compared to that of urinary output using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Additional analyses included ROC curve assessment and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results: Urinary output at 6–12 h was significantly associated with 30-day mortality in univariate analysis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) for urinary output at 0–6 h, 6–12 h, and 12–24 h was 0.61 (p = 0.07), 0.63 (p = 0.04), and 0.61 (p = 0.08), respectively. These AUROCs did not differ significantly between the three urinary output parameters. Regarding the cumulative urinary output of 0–24 h, the most pronounced impact was observed in patients producing less than 0.5 mL/kg/h. In multivariate analysis, when combined with SAPS 3, the predictive power of urinary output diminished. SAPS 3 alone demonstrated significant predictive value with an AUROC of 0.77 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: While early urinary output is a valuable predictor of 30-day mortality in patients with CS, its prognostic strength is limited when considered alongside comprehensive risk assessments like SAPS 3. These findings suggest that a multifaceted approach, incorporating both early and comprehensive indicators, is essential for accurately predicting outcomes in CS patients.

Evaluation of Buffalo Health and Prevalence of Metabolic Disorders in Pulivendula: A Urine Analysis Approach

Aim: The study aims to evaluate the health status of buffaloes in selected villages of Pulivendula, detect potential metabolic disorders, and assess the prevalence of common health issues using urine analysis via the dipstick method. Objectives: The main aim of this study is to identify abnormalities, correlates the findings with nutrition and health data and emphasizes student participation in community-based animal health programs. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 buffaloes from five villages in the Pulivendula region were randomly checked as part of the study. The dipstick method was chosen for urine sample collection and analysis because of its ease of use, affordabilitys and speedy findings. Tests were conducted on parameters including Blood, Bilirubin, Nitrite, Leucocytes, Sp. Gravity Glucose, Protein, pH, Urea, RBC and Ketones. Students also completed surveys that yielded information about the diet, living circumstances, and overall health of the buffaloes. Results and Discussion: The investigation found that a less number of buffaloes had aberrant urine parameters, indicating subclinical illnesses. Proteinuria and ketonuria were more common in buffaloes from settlements with limited access to quality feed and water. The study results revealed a link between dietary behaviours and observed urine abnormalities, highlighting the need for better nutritional management and health monitoring in these locations. This study highlights the importance of the dipstick method in routine veterinary health checks, as well as the need for focused interventions to improve buffalo health and productivity in the Pulivendula region.

Anti-urolithiatic Effect of Psiadia Punctulata Leaves Ethanolic Extracts Against Sodium Oxalate-Induced Urolithiasis in Rats

Kidney stones are rigid mineral and acidic salt deposits that accumulate in concentrated urine, leading to urolithiasis, the third most common urinary tract disorder. Current treatments for urolithiasis have limitations and frequent recurrences. This study aimed to investigate the anti-urolithiatic effects of ethanolic extracts from Psiadia Punctulata leaves on sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis in rats. Rats were administered orally Psiadia Punctulata leaves ethanolic extract (PPEE) at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses for 14 days to assess its effectiveness against urolithiasis induced by sodium oxalate. Cystone (500 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. The effects of PPEE on body and kidney weights, urinary output and pH levels, urine and serum parameters, renal oxidative and antioxidative markers, and histopathological evaluations were examined. Oral administration of PPEE at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses showed a significant dose-dependent (P<0.01) antiurolithiatic effect, reversing sodium oxalate-induced ion excretion and urinary calcium oxalate concentration. These findings support the traditional use of PPEE for renal calculi management, possibly due to its antioxidant properties identified through phytochemical screening. However, further research is needed to understand the exact mechanism of action

Safety assessment of (S)-Equol: Subchronic toxicity study in Sprague Dawley Rats

(S)-Equol is a chemically synthesized nutraceutical compound and its consumption provides several health benefits for humans. The new nutraceutical, enantiopure (S)-Equol was studied for acute and sub-chronic toxicity in Sprague Dawley Rats. The oral acute toxicity study showed that (S)-Equol is safe > 2000–5000 mg/kg body weight and it classified into GHS category 5/Unclassified. The repeated dose administration of (S)-Equol at dose levels of 20, 60, and 160 mg/kg body weight for 14 days and 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight for 90-consecitve days. The 14 days repeated-dose toxicity study showed no adverse effects in Sprague Dawley rats. The 90-day repeated dose toxicity study showed a reduction in body weight gain than that of control group. No treatment-related contrary effects were perceived on haematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, urine parameters analysed, organ weights (absolute and relative), neurological and ophthalmological examination. No treatment-related abnormal gross pathological findings were obtained from gross necropsy. However, as a treatment-related effect, a significant decrease in cholesterol levels for 14 and 90 days of repeated dose administration was observed, which is considered as a pharmacological class effect of the (S)-Equol. In comparison to the corresponding vehicle control group, the high dose treatment group for both sexes showed no treatment-related histopathological abnormalities. For female rats, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was 250 mg/kg/day and for male rats, the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) was 250 mg/kg/day.

Effects of Exercise on Urinary Parameters and Proteins in Well-Trained Canicross Dogs: A Preliminary Study.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of exercise during canicross competition on urinary biochemical parameters and urinary proteins. Our results showed that, among the parameters analysed in routine urinalysis, pH was affected by exercise and albuminuria also showed changes immediately after physical exercise with a return to baseline within 2 h after the physical activity. In particular, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis allowed the separation of the urinary proteins on the basis of their molecular mass allowing a qualitative evaluation of the urinary proteome and a quantitative analysis of urine albumin and uromodulin, with a significant increase in urinary albumin and a decrease in uromodulin after exercise. In this study, urine was collected by spontaneous voiding and the use of this non-invasive sampling method proved useful in obtaining information on the health of the animals in the immediate moments before and after the competition without increasing the stress of the animals involved in the competition by any visits or invasive manipulations by veterinarians.

Predicting urinary stone recurrence: a joint model analysis of repeated 24-hour urine collections from the MSTONE database

To address the limitations in existing urinary stone recurrence (USR) models, including failure to account for changes in 24-hour urine (24U) parameters over time and ignoring multiplicity of stone recurrences, we presented a novel statistical method to jointly model temporal trends in 24U parameters and multiple recurrent stone events. The MSTONE database spanning May 2001 to April 2015 was analyzed. A joint recurrent model was employed, combining a linear mixed-effects model for longitudinal 24U parameters and a recurrent event model with a dynamic first-order Autoregressive (AR(1)) structure. A mixture cure component was included to handle patient heterogeneity. Comparisons were made with existing methods, multivariable Cox regression and conditional Prentice-Williams-Peterson regression, both applied to established nomograms. Among 396 patients (median follow-up of 2.93 years; IQR, 1.53–4.36 years), 34.6% remained free of stone recurrence throughout the study period, 30.0% experienced a single recurrence, and 35.4% had multiple recurrences. The joint recurrent model with a mixture cure component identified significant associations between 24U parameters - including urine pH (adjusted HR = 1.991; 95% CI 1.490–2.660; p < 0.001), total volume (adjusted HR = 0.700; 95% CI 0.501–0.977; p = 0.036), potassium (adjusted HR = 0.983; 95% CI 0.974–0.991; p < 0.001), uric acid (adjusted HR = 1.528; 95% CI 1.105–2.113, p = 0.010), calcium (adjusted HR = 1.164; 95% CI 1.052–1.289; p = 0.003), and citrate (adjusted HR = 0.796; 95% CI 0.706–0.897; p < 0.001), and USR, achieving better predictive performance compared to existing methods. 24U parameters play an important role in prevention of USR, and therefore, patients with a history of stones are recommended to closely monitor for future recurrence by regularly conducting 24U tests.

Seasonal impact of particulate matter exposure on urinary health of mine workers in iron ore mining environment

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) in opencast iron ore mines poses a significant health risk to mine workers, particularly impacting urinary health. This study specifically examines how mining activities influence urinary parameters in employees, with a focus on how seasonal variations – such as shifts between monsoon and winter – intensify these effects. Through real-time analysis of air pollutants including PM1, PM2.5, PM10, CO2, and HCHO, we captured critical seasonal fluctuations in pollutant concentrations across different mining departments.Urine samples from workers in diverse departments were rigorously analyzed for glucose levels, elemental concentrations, and other health indicators. Advanced regression and correlation analyses revealed strong associations between urine markers and PM exposure, with exceptionally high R² values across departments: 0.984 for excavation, 1.000 for crushing, 0.969 for downhill, 0.963 for screening, and 0.992 for loading, indicating a precise relationship. Low mean squared error (MSE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) values further underscored the model's predictive accuracy. Seasonal variations showed a clear impact on exposure levels, with the overall relevance percentage between monsoon and winter seasons approximating 39.24%, underscoring the added health burden during seasonal transitions. The results indicate that workers' health is clearly affected by exposure to mining-related air pollutants, as shown by the urine analysis, which revealed elevated levels of occupationally relevant elements. These findings highlight the need for proactive air quality monitoring and targeted mitigation strategies in mining environments to protect worker health, offering critical insights for policymakers and occupational health professionals focused on improving safety standards in mining operations.

Characterization and progression of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in SDT fatty rats

Abstract Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical phenotype associated with the presence of multiple comorbidities including diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. A major challenge in the search of new therapies for HFpEF is the development of relevant animal models. The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat is a well-established type2 diabetic model with multiple diabetes-related comorbidities such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. However, the onset and spontaneous progression of cardiac dysfunction is not yet reported in this model. Purpose To validate the SDT fatty rat as a type2 diabetes related HFpEF model, we assessed the natural evolution, i.e., without any diet or surgical intervention, of cardiac function in SDT fatty at different ages starting at 7-week of age. Methods The cardiovascular phenotyping of male SDT fatty rats was assessed by echocardiography at 7, 12 and 17-week of age and invasive left intraventricular and blood pressure measurements at 17-week of age. Vascular function of isolated thoracic aortas was also evaluated at 17-week of age. Renal function was investigated by measuring the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and urine parameters at 7, 12 and 17-week of age. A group of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats was included as a negative control. Results Compared to SD rats, echocardiography in SDT fatty showed cardiac remodeling starting at 7 weeks and persistent with age. Systolic function and ejection fraction were preserved, while diastolic function was impaired as early as 7-week of age and worsened with time. E/A was comparable in SDT fatty and SD rats at 7-week of age and then increased with age to reach 1.8±0.1 vs 1.2±0.05 in SD (p&amp;lt;0.001) at 17 weeks, while E’/A’ was already inverted at 7 weeks (0.9± 0.02 vs 1.3±0.03 in SD, p&amp;lt;0.001), and lasted with age which is a sign of relaxation default and suggestive of a restrictive filling pattern. E/E’ was significantly higher at 7-week of age (16.1± 0.9 vs 12.1±0.6 in SD, p&amp;lt;0.01) and further increased at 17 weeks (23.1± 0.8 vs 12.1±0.8 in SD, p&amp;lt;0.001) indicating higher filling pressure. Intraventricular and arterial pressure were also increased (p&amp;lt;0.05). As well, SDT fatty rats showed altered endothelium vasodilating properties. As expected, SDT fatty rats were hyperglycemic and showed renal impairment expressed by higher proteinuria, urine albumin/creatinine ratio, KIM-1 and cystatin-C levels and a hyperfiltration state (80% higher GFR, p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusions The present data demonstrate that the SDT fatty rats developed diastolic dysfunction characterized by a restrictive profile combining compliance and relaxation impairments as well as higher filling pressure along with hypertension. This type2 diabetic model seems as a very promising model to translate the hypertension/kidney dysfunction and cardiometabolic clinical HFpEF phenogroups and is consequently a relevant model to evaluate drugs targeting HFpEF.

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of the β3-Adrenoceptor Agonist Vibegron for Urgency and Mixed Urinary Incontinence: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study.

Objective To compare the efficacy of vibegron for urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) in patients with overactive bladder(OAB). Methods We performed a post hoc analysis of a phase 3 study of vibegron in Japanese patients with OAB. Based on the patterns recorded in the three-day bladder diary, only female patients were categorized into UUI and MUI populations. The primary endpoint was the change in the mean micturition number per 24 hours from baseline to week 12. Other endpoints included the mean changes in urgency episodes per 24 hours, incontinence episodes per 24 hours, voided volume per micturition, and the number of nocturia episodes per night. The proportion of urinary incontinence (UI) normalization, quality of life (QOL) as measured by the King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ), and patient satisfaction level as assessed by the Patient Global Impression (PGI) were investigated. Result Data from a UUI population (vibegron 50 mg, n = 237; vibegron 100 mg, n = 231; placebo, n = 237) and an MUI population (vibegron 50 mg, n = 70; vibegron 100 mg, n = 77; placebo, n = 78) were analyzed. Vibegron 50 mg and 100 mg significantly improved the change in micturition number per 24 hours from baseline to week 12. Compared to those of patients receiving a placebo, all other endpoints of urinary parameters were significantly improved in patients receiving vibegron, except for nocturia in the vibegron 50 mg group in both populations. In the vibegron 50 mg, vibegron 100 mg, and placebo groups, the proportions of those who attained normalization of UI were stratified by the UUI (51.5%, 57.6%, and 44.7%, respectively) and MUI (40.0%, 41.6%, and 20.5%, respectively) populations. Furthermore, both vibegron doses improved KHQ scores in both populations, and PGI improvement was significantly higher than that in the placebo group in both populations. Conclusion This post hoc analysis demonstrated that vibegron has equivalent efficacy and safety in the MUI and UUI populations. The results of this study provide important information for the treatment of MUI.

Piper attenuatum leaves extract reduced renal crystallization formation in urolithiasis might be due to probable interaction with uromodulin protein: An evidence based in vivo and in silico studies

Urolithiasis can cause excruciating pain and hardly managed by allopathic medicine without surgery. Recently, many of research on validation of traditional medicinal plants provided a hope for management of urolithiasis. In this context, we have found a gap between traditional claims and scientific validation on use of Piper attenuatum (P. attenuatum) towards mangement of renal caliculi. Therefore, present study was planned to determine anti-urolithiatic efficacy of ethanol extract of P. attenuatum (EEPA) leaves on ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis on male Wistar rats. Further, study pertaining to phytochemical analysis followed by molecular docking of selected bioactive phytochemicals of P. attenuatum against human uromodulin (a key potential biomarkers relevant for renal function and chronic kidney disease including urolithiasis) protein. As a result, EEPA (400 mg/kg/bw) was found to significantly improves various urinary (volume: 7.19 ± 0.11 ml/24 hr; calcium: 6.15 ± 0.51 mg/dl; phosphate: 7.83 ± 0.56 mg/dl and oxalate: 1.78 ± 0.03 mg/dl) and serum parameters (creatinine: 1.85 ± 0.04 mg/dl; uric acid: 1.65 ± 0.08 mg/dl and blood urea nitrogen or BUN: 32.20 ± 1.41 mg/dl), when compared with negative control group followed by reverse in changes as an evidence of histological studies. Additionally, molecular docking studies revealed higher binding affinity to some selected phytoconstituents against human uromodulin enzyme. It was further concluded that EEPA leaves exhibits significant antiurolithiatic activity due to presence of aristolactam A II, cepharadione A and B, piperolactam A, norcepharadione B and pipoxide chlorohydrin via strong binding efficiency with uromodulin protein.

Gut microbiota in mexican population with urolithiasis and its correlation with serum and urinary parameters

Gut microbiota in mexican population with urolithiasis and its correlation with serum and urinary parameters

Acute Effect of High Fat Intake on Urinary Acidification Parameters in Uric Acid Stone Formers and Non-stone Forming Controls

Acute Effect of High Fat Intake on Urinary Acidification Parameters in Uric Acid Stone Formers and Non-stone Forming Controls

Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Extract: In-vitro, in-silico and in-vivo Approaches.

Objective: Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), has traditionally been used for various renal diseases including urolithiasis. Considering the therapeutic and nutritional values, the present study was designed to investigate the antiurolithiatic potential of M. oleifera leaves through in-vitro, in-silico and in-vivo approaches. Methods: Methanolic aqueous extract of M. oleifera. leaves (MoL.Cr) was prepared and screened for phytoconstituents through FTIR and HPLC analysis, while antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH assay. Crystal nucleation, aggregation and growth assays were carried out to ascertain the in-vitro inhibitory effects of MoL.Cr. Molecular docking was performed to analyze the interactions between phytoconstituents and targeted proteins (Glycolate oxidase, Albumin and Tamm-Horsfall). Whereas, ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model (1% ammonium chloride +0.75% ethylene glycol) was used for in-vivo study. Presence of alkaloids, phenols, glycosides and flavonoids was confirmed by FTIR and HPLC analysis. Results: MoL.Cr significantly inhibited the CaOx crystal nucleation, aggregation as well as growth and normalized urinary and serum parameters. Histological studies showed that MoL.Cr significantly restored hyperoxaluria-induced irregular epithelial lining, interstitial inflammation and dilated proximal tubules. Conclusions: Thus, M. oleifera demonstrated marked stone inhibiting potential which can be due to its antioxidant, lowering of urinary concentration of stone forming constituents and anti-crystallization effects.

Prospective study investigating the influence of nutritional intervention on biochemical profiles in patients with recurrent urolithiasis.

Urolithiasis, commonly known as kidney stones, is a condition significantly impacted by dietary habits. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of a tailored dietary plan on the crystalluria and biological parameters of patients with different types of kidney stones over a 3-month period. We conducted a prospective study of 3 months. The study involved patients with recurrent nephrolithiasis. Alongside the medical consultation, a comprehensive dietary survey was performed to assess the patients' nutritional habits. Urinary parameters, including volume, calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and power of hydrogen (pH), were evaluated both before and after the dietary intervention. 69 patients were involved. There were 17 patients diagnosed with cystine lithiasis, 33 with oxalocalcic lithiasis and 19 with uric lithiasis. After 3 months, only 32 patients revisited for follow-up. There were significant changes (p = 0.002 and 0.04) in urine crystalluria for cystinic and uric lithiasis. For the urinary oxalate variation, there was a significant decrease from T1 (before dietary intervention) to T2 (after dietary intervention), with levels dropping from 0.289 ± 0.10 umol/l to 0.215 ± 0.079 umol/l (p = 0.02).Regarding urinary calcium (calciuria), there was a trend toward a decrease from T1 to T2, although the change was not statistically significant, with levels decreasing from 2.42 ± 1.68 umol/l to 2.14 ± 1.62 umol/l (p = 0.1). Our research underscores the favorable effects of a tailored and well-balanced diet on both the crystalluria and biological parameters of individuals with recurrent lithiasis.

A clinical case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the duodenum

Background. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors localized in the duodenum are very rare and account for only 4–5%. They can be asymptomatic, while reaching large sizes and causing dangerous complications. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the duodenum are a special problem for diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, it is relevant to highlight the issue of their detection and treatment on the example of the presented clinical case. Purpose – present a description of the literature and present a rare clinical case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the duodenum. Material and methods. The patient, a 49-year-old woman, was diagnosed with a tumor of the abdominal cavity during a routine preventive ultrasound examination. The patient underwent a laboratory and instrumental examination, which included determination of blood and urine parameters, video esophagogastroduodenoscopy, contrast x-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract, contrast-enhanced computer tomography and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the abdominal cavity. Results. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tumor of the duodenum. During the immunohistochemical study, the tumor cells were positive for markers DOG-1, CD117. As a result, «Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the wall of the duodenum of a low degree of malignancy pT2N0M0R0» was diagnosed. During the six-month follow-up of the patient, no data on tumor recurrence were found. The relatively rare frequency of gastrointestinal tumors of the duodenum leads to difficulties at the diagnostic stage. In this clinical case, the tumor was asymptomatic, was not visualized during video esophagogastroduodenoscopy and was suspected during ultrasound examination. This indicates the importance of preventive examinations. Oncological awareness of doctors is extremely important for early diagnosis of oncology. Conclusion. Based on the analysis of the literature, the data on the epidemiology, clinical picture, methods of diagnosis and treatment of this rare pathology are displayed.

Near-infrared microscopy reveals diabetic nephropathy in ob/ob mice

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major cause of global kidney failure. While histological kidney biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis, it primarily reveals tissue morphology. In contrast, near-infrared (NIR) microscopy offers a label-free method for detailed molecular characterization of kidney tissue. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained kidney tissue samples from 17 ob/ob mice with DN and 14 healthy mice were examined using Fourier transform-NIR microscopy. Four different spectra were obtained from both the mesangium and tubulus. NIR spectral analysis unveiled distinct differences in wavenumbers between DN-affected and healthy kidneys, notably in the carbohydrate and protein-associated region (5500-4200 cm−1). In the mesangium, DN tissue samples exhibited higher median values at 4235 cm−1, 4659 cm−1, 4844 cm−1, 4906 cm−1, and 5222 cm−1 compared to controls (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). In tubular spectra, higher median values were found at 4258 cm−1, 4659 cm−1, 5222 cm−1, and 5346 cm−1 in the DN group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). These spectral differences strongly correlated with metabolic, histologic, and urinary parameters, providing valuable DN progression insights. The classification model achieved a visible clustering between the control and DN group for both the mesangial and tubular measurements. NIR microscopy demonstrated significant spectral differences between DN and healthy kidney tissues in mice, hinting at its potential for providing chemical insights, aiding in more accurate diagnoses, and offering a foundation for further clinical exploration and potential therapeutic advancements in DN.

Changes in 24-Hour Urine Chemistry in Patients with Nephrolithiasis during Weight Loss with Glucagon-Like Peptide 1-Based Therapies.

Key Points In obese kidney stone formers, weight loss with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP)-based therapy was associated with a significant decline in 24-hour urine oxalate and sulfate excretion rates.Weight loss through GLP-based therapies was associated with nonsignificant changes in urine saturation indices.In obese kidney stone formers, GLP-based therapy appears to be a safe option for weight loss on the basis of 24-hour urine studies. Background Obesity is an independent risk factor of incident and recurrent nephrolithiasis. The effect of weight loss through glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dual GLP-1/gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor agonists (GLP-based therapies) on nephrolithiasis is not well understood. This study examined the changes in 24-hour urine chemistry assessing for stone risk during weight loss through GLP-based therapies. Methods This retrospective analysis identified adult stone formers followed at our academic institution's weight wellness clinic between September 2015 and August 2023 and included patients with at least two 24-hour urine collections for stone risk assessment. 24-hour urine parameters before and during weight loss in patients on GLP-based therapies were compared. Results Forty-four obese patients with nephrolithiasis experienced significant weight reduction (−6.6±7.3 kg, P &lt; 0.001) over a median 1.1 years of follow-up with GLP-based therapies. During this period, there was a significant decrease in 24-hour urine oxalate (40±16 to 32±11 mg/d, P = 0.002), sulfate (21±10 to 17±9 mmol/d, P = 0005), and ammonium (35±22 to 29±15 mEq/d, P = 0.01) excretion rates. There were nonsignificant changes in urine calcium, citrate, uric acid, pH, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, creatinine, or total volume. In addition, there was no statistical difference in urine supersaturation indices with respect to calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid. Conclusions Our results indicate that weight loss through GLP-based therapies is not associated with prolithogenic changes in 24-hour urine chemistry in patients with nephrolithiasis, unlike what happens with other weight loss modalities.

225 Kidney function and nitrogen excretion in Brown Swiss and Holstein dairy cows

Abstract The agricultural sector contributes to nitrogen (N) emissions since farm animals excrete considerable N amounts via feces and urine. To reduce N emissions by dairy cattle, methods predicting accurately individual N emissions are of great interest. Recent data showed that Brown Swiss (BS) cows have greater urea concentrations in milk and blood than Holstein (HO) cows. However, it is still unknown if greater BUN concentrations in a particular breed are congruently reflected by concomitantly increased contents of nitrogenous compounds in other media (e.g., urine and saliva). Thus, the present study simultaneously assessed biomarkers for kidney function like urea, and creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentrations in several body fluids (i.e., blood, urine, milk, and saliva) as well as nitrogen excretion in feces in BS and HO cows under identical feeding conditions. Blood, saliva, urine, and feces were sampled in 31 multiparous BS and 46 HO cows kept under identical feeding and management conditions. Samples were collected at different lactational stages after the monthly DHIA control test-day. Concentrations of urea and creatinine were measured in serum, urine, and saliva. Symmetric dimethylarginine was determined in serum, which is an established indicator for glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Feces were analyzed for dry matter content and nitrogen concentrations. Data on milk urea and protein concentrations, and daily milk yield were obtained from the monthly DHIA test-day records. The effects of breed, time, and parity number on blood, saliva, urine, feces, and milk parameters were evaluated with the GLM procedure with breed, time, and parity number as fixed effects. Differences between BS and HO were assessed by the Tukey-corrected t-test at P &amp;lt; 0.05. Dry matter intake and body weight were similar in BS and HO cows (P &amp;gt; 0.05). No differences between BS and HO were observed for milk yield, fecal DM and nitrogen content. BS cows showed greater urea concentration (25.8 ± 0.7 vs 21.8 ± 0.7 mg/dL), and protein content in milk (3.70 ± 0.08 vs 3.45 ± 0.07%) than HO cows (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Concentrations of urea, creatinine, and SDMA in serum, were greater in BS than in HO cows (P &amp;lt; 0.01) with 5.46 ± 0.19 vs 4.72 ± 0.13 mmol/L for urea, 105.96 ± 2.23 vs 93.07 ± 1.50 mmol/l creatinine, and 16.78 ± 0.69 vs 13.39 ± 0.44 µg/dL SDMA, respectively. Urea and creatinine concentrations in urine and saliva did not differ among breeds. Despite greater urea and creatinine concentrations in blood, and milk urea content in BS compared with HO, excretion of these parameters did not differ between breeds in urine. Our results suggest a reduced renal glomerular filtration rate in BS compared with HO. The underlying mechanisms require further investigations.

From computational prediction to experimental validation: Hesperidin's anti-Urolithiatic activity in sodium oxalate-induced urolithiasis models in fruit flies and mice

Kidney stones have been a long-standing health issue, contributing to renal failure, especially in co-morbid patients. There is an increasing interest in exploring natural compounds with anti-urolithiatic properties. Our study utilized in-silico techniques followed by in vivo experiments to evaluate the anti-urolithiatic potential of selected phytoconstituents. Molecular docking studies were conducted on 11 different targets, including inhibitors of kidney stone formation, antioxidant enzymes, and biomarkers of kidney injury, to explore the potential of anti-urolithiatic effects of 38 phytoconstituents from medicinal plants possessing diuretic activity. Further, the anti-urolithiatic activity of the phytoconstituent was evaluated using a sodium oxalate-induced urolithiatic fruit fly and mouse model. Hesperidin emerged as a promising candidate, exhibiting binding interactions with a specific set of 11 target proteins involved in crystal formation with minimal free energy. Hesperidin demonstrated promising anti-urolithiatic potential in mitigating urolithiasis as evidenced by reduced crystal covered area of Malpighian tubules of fruit fly and reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine and serum sodium, potassium levels in mice. Moreover, it increased urine volume, preventing crystal deposition, and reduced urine urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, and potassium levels, enhancing urine flow and preventing crystal accumulation. Histopathological analysis further supported its efficacy by showing minimal crystal deposition and reduced kidney damage. Hesperidin exhibited superior effectiveness in reducing various serum and urine parameters, making it promising alternatives for urolithiasis management warranting further investigation to determine its safety and optimal dosages in human.

Toxicological evaluation of combination products containing imidacloprid, moxidectin and pyriproxyfen

The purpose of the research is to investigate subacute cutaneous toxicity in rats, allergenic properties in guinea pigs and tolerance of increased doses of drugs based on imidacloprid, moxidectin and pyriproxyfen by dogs and cats of different age groups.Materials and methods. Toxicological studies (subacute cutaneous toxicity, study of allergenic properties) were conducted in the vivarium of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, a branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on male rats and guinea pigs. Experiments on the tolerance of drugs by target animal species (dogs, cats) were conducted in the Podolsk department of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection. The choice of doses, frequency and methods of administration of the studied drugs were determined in accordance with the Guidelines for Experimental (Preclinical) Study of New Pharmacological Substances. All doses were calculated for the drug taking into account the density (1.08 g/cm3).Results and discussion. When studying the acute cutaneous toxicity of the drug on rats, LD50 exceeded the maximum possible dose of 10 000 mg/kg (hazard class 4 according to GOST 12.1.007-76). In a subacute experiment on rats, it was established that doses of 1000 and 500 mg/kg are ineffective (safe), the threshold and toxic doses could not be established. These drugs, when treating animals 8 times with an interval of 3 days in a three- and five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose during the experimental period, did not have a negative effect on the general condition of the animals, their physiological status and behavior; no statistically significant changes in the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood, physicochemical parameters of urine were noted in animals from the experimental groups compared to the control. However, in one adult dog from the second experimental group, which was used a five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose of the drug, depression was noted on the 20th day of the experiment. The physiological state of the animal returned to normal within 24 hours voluntarily without the use of symptomatic therapy.