Uric Acid Output Research Articles

Dietary supplementation with live or autolyzed yeast: Effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of live or autolyzed yeast supplementation on dairy cow performance and ruminal fermentation. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate performance, feed sorting, total-tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, purine derivatives excretion, N utilization, ruminal fermentation, and abundance of specific bacterial groups in the rumen. In Exp. 1, 39 Holstein cows (171 ± 40 d in milk and 32.6 ± 5.4 kg/d milk yield) were blocked according to parity, days in milk, and milk yield and randomly assigned to the following treatments: Control (CON); autolyzed yeast (AY) fed at 0.625 g/kg DM (Levabon, dsm-firmenich); or live yeast (LY) fed at 0.125 g/kg DM (Vistacell, AB Vista). Cows were submitted to a 2-wk adaptation period followed by a 9-wk trial. In Exp. 2, 8 ruminal cannulated Holstein cows (28.4 ± 4.0 kg/d milk yield and 216 ± 30 d in milk), of which 4 multiparous and 4 primiparous, were blocked according to parity and enrolled into a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 21 d-periods (the last 7 d for sampling). Cows within block were randomly assigned to treatments sequences: control (CON2); live yeast (LY) using the same product and dietary concentration as described in Exp. 1; or autolyzed yeast fed at 0.625 g/kg DM (AY) or 0.834 g/kg DM (AY2). In Exp. 1 and 2, nutrient intake and total-tract apparent digestibility were not affected by treatments. Sorting for long feed particles (>19 mm) tended to be greater in cows fed yeast supplements than CON in Exp.1. Efficiency of N conversion into milk N was increased when feeding yeast supplements in Exp. 1. 3.5% Fat-corrected milk yield tended to be greater in cows fed yeast supplements than CON. Feed efficiency was increased when yeast supplements were fed to cows in relation to CON in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, yield of fat-corrected milk and fat were greater in cows fed yeast supplements compared with CON2. Uric acid concentration and output in urine were increased when feeding yeast supplements when compared with CON2. Neither ruminal pH nor total volatile fatty acids were influenced by treatments. The current study did not reveal treatment differences in ruminal abundance of Anaerovibrio lipolytica, genus Butyrivibrio, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, or Streptococcus bovis. Yeast supplementation can increase feed efficiency without affecting nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration, or ruminal abundance of specific bacterial groups. Supplementing live or autolyzed yeast, regardless of the dose, resulted in similar performance.

Diuretic Potential of Fenchyl Acetate with Its Mechanism of Action: Toxicity Study.

Hypertension has become a global threat and is one of the greatest risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Fenchyl acetate is a monoterpene that has been assessed for its various pharmacological activities in the past, but no study has evaluated its diuretic potential and the mechanism involved in the diuretic activity after prolonged administration in rats. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the safety and diuretic profile of fenchyl acetate in rats. For evaluating the acute toxicity, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered as per the OECD guideline no. 425, and the rats were observed for 14 days. After 14 days, blood samples were assessed for biochemical, hematological, and oxidative stress parameters. For the acute diuretic study, fenchyl acetate was given in doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, and urine samples after 8 h were assessed for sodium, potassium, creatinine, uric acid excretion, and urinary output. A single dose of fenchyl acetate (F.A) was selected for prolonged diuretic activity, and furosemide was taken as the standard drug in a repeated dose administration for 7 days. Rats' urine was assessed for pH, sodium, potassium, creatinine, and uric acid excretion along with urinary volume excretion. Furthermore, blood was withdrawn by cardiac puncture, and selected organs like the heart, liver, kidney, and spleen were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers. Using pharmacological antagonists or inhibitors, the involvement of L-NAME, acetylcholine, or prostaglandin in F.A.-induced diuresis was determined. Mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme complexes were also assessed in the kidney homogenates. The acute toxicity results showed F.A to be safe as its LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg and there were no signs of mortality or toxicity. The acute diuretic study showed that F.A resulted in a significant and dose-dependent increase in sodium, potassium, creatinine, and uric acid excretion along with urinary output, and these results were comparable to the standard drug furosemide. Prolonged administration with F.A (400 mg/kg) resulted in a comparable excretion of sodium, potassium, creatinine, uric acid, and urine output with furosemide (15 mg/kg). The oxidative stress parameters revealed that F.A (400 mg/kg) resulted in reducing the formation of free radicals. The results from the mechanism-based studies showed the involvement of NO in inducing diuresis. Furthermore, F.A (400 mg/kg) significantly increased the mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, IV, I + III, and II + III in the kidney homogenates, thus restoring the mitochondrial enzymes and improving the renal function. The current study suggests that F.A is safe with a significant diuretic potential with the involvement of NO in its mechanism of action.

Renal underexcretion of uric acid is present in patients with apparent high urinary uric acid output.

To compare renal handling of uric acid in patients with primary gout with that of a control group. A case-control study of 100 patients with primary gout and 72 healthy controls was undertaken. Creatinine clearance, uric acid clearance, 24-hour uric acid urinary excretion, fractional excretion of uric acid, excretion of uric acid per volume of glomerular filtration, urinary uric acid to creatinine ratio, and glomerular uric acid filtered load were calculated using 24-hour urine samples. After treatment with allopurinol to achieve similar glomerular filtered load of uric acid, patients were again compared with controls. Patients with gout showed lower uric acid clearance, fractional excretion of uric acid, excretion of uric acid per volume of glomerular filtration, and urinary uric acid to creatinine ratio than controls at baseline, when patients showed hyperuricemia. Although the glomerular uric acid filtered load was much higher in patients with gout than controls, 24-hour uric acid excretion was not statistically different. After treatment with allopurinol, and achieving similar uric acid filtered loads, patients still showed lower figures than controls. When patients with 24-hour urinary uric acids levels >700 mg/day were compared with controls, they had lower uric acid clearance and fractional excretion of uric acid than controls, both at baseline and after achieving similar filtered loads with allopurinol therapy. Renal underexcretion is the main mechanism for the development of primary hyperuricemia in gout, but even patients showing apparent high 24-hour uric acid output show lower uric acid clearance than controls, indicating that relative, low-grade underexcretion of uric acid is at work.

Nitrogen Content of Manure from Older Broiler Breeders Fed Varying Quantities of Crude Protein

Two experiments attempted to evaluate the nitrogen balance of older broiler breeder hens fed different levels of dietary protein while maintaining adequate levels of limiting amino acids. The study also evaluated the relationship between the intake, retention, and output of nitrogen as well as the uric acid output of the birds. In Experiment 1 (14 to20% CP diets), nitrogen and uric acid excretion increase linearly (P < .01) with nitrogen intake. Proportional nitrogen retention decreased linearly (P < .01) with increased dietary protein. In Experiment 2 (9 to 15% CP diets), both nitrogen and uric acid excretion increased linearly (P < .05) with nitrogen intake. Also, a trend was observed of nitrogen retention (g/bird/day) increasing as dietary protein increased. Results indicate that an increase of nitrogen intake is positively correlated with nitrogen output, a finding suggesting that higher nitrogen intake does not cause higher nitrogen retention.

Effects of sulfate supplementation on performance, acid-base balance, and nutrient metabolism in Alpine kids

Twenty Alpine goat kids (BW: mean ± SE =23.70 ± 0.99 kg; castrated males) were individually fed isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 2.28% N, and 0.11 (basal), 0.20, 0.28 or 0.38% S (added as CaSO 4) of dietary DM. Sulfate supplementation during the 8-wk growth trial tended to increase (quadratic, P<0.20) average daily gain (ADG), DM intake (DMI) and feed efficiency (FE, ADG/DMI), also tended to increase (quadratic, P<0.20) plasma concentrations of HCO 3 −, total CO 2, urinary creatinine output, and increased (quadratic, P<0.05) urinary uric acid output. However, sulfate supplementation did not affect ( P>0.20) plasma sulfate, plasma cyst(e)ine, ruminal NH 3-N concentrations and purine N content of isolated ruminal bacteria. Sulfate supplementation increased plasma glucose (linear, P<0.10), rumen sulfate-S (linear, P<0.01) and ruminal sulfide-S (quadratic, P<0.05) concentrations. Sulfur (linear, P<0.001) and N retention (quadratic, P<0.05) increased with sulfate supplementation. Calculated by regression, optimal dietary S content for ADG was 0.21% S ( N S = 10.9:1 ). This result substantiates the NRC (1981) recommendation of S requirements of goats for growth ( N S = 10:1 ).

Sulfate supplementation of growing goats: effects on performance, acid-base balance, and nutrient digestibilities.

Castrated male goat kids (20 Alpine, 12 Angora) were individually fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing 2.28% N and S (added as CaSO4) at either .11 (basal), .20, .28, or .38% of dietary DM. Sulfate supplementation during the 8-wk growth trial quadratically increased ADG (P < .05) and tended to increase quadratically the DMI (P < .07) of goats, with a peak value for the .20% S diet. Even when analyzed using DMI as a covariate, ADG was quadratically increased (P < .05) by added S. Sulfate supplementation linearly increased (P < .001) S intake, fecal S output, and S retention. Sulfate supplementation tended to increase quadratically (P < .06) the blood plasma concentration of L-lactate. However, sulfate supplementation did not significantly affect (P > .10) plasma sulfate, plasma cystine, ruminal ammonia N concentrations, or purine N content of isolated ruminal bacteria. Sulfate supplementation quadratically increased (P < .05) fractional N retention. Urinary output of uric acid increased quadratically (P < .01) with S supplementation, presumably reflecting ruminal bacterial protein synthesis. Calculated by regression, the optimal dietary S content for maximum ADG was .22% S (N:S = 10.4:1), for maximum DMI it was .24% S (N:S = 9.5: 1), for maximum N retention it was .23% (N:S = 9.9: 1), and for maximum absorbed N retained it was .22% (N:S = 10.4:1). These results support the current estimate of the S requirement of goats for growth (N:S = 10:1).

Renal effects of fenoldopam in refractory hypertension.

Fenoldopam, a dopamine-1 (D1) agonist, was administered by a 6-h intravenous infusion to patients with refractory hypertension [diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 115 mmHg while on triple therapy] in order to achieve a fall in DBP of 30 mmHg. The evolution of blood pressure, heart rate, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), urine volume, renal excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, uric acid, phosphate, plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone and prolactin were evaluated. A significant fall in blood pressure (P less than 0.01) accompanied by an increase in heart rate (P less than 0.01) was attained after 30 min. GFR and RPF increased significantly (P less than 0.01) but the filtration fraction fell. Urine volume and urinary output of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, uric acid and phosphate increased markedly (P less than 0.01). Meanwhile, plasma potassium fell (P less than 0.01) and the hormonal parameters showed no significant change. We concluded that in refractory hypertension fenoldopam has potent renal and systemic vasodilatory properties through which blood pressure falls. The hypotensive effect of fenoldopam is also facilitated by its marked diuretic and natriuretic properties. The absence of variations of plasma prolactin confirm the D1 selectivity of fenoldopam and the lack of increase in PRA indicates that fenoldopam blocks the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Quantitative measurements of the urinary excretion of creatinine, uric acid, hypoxanthine and xanthine, uracil, cyclic AMP, and cyclic GMP in healthy newborn infants.

Serum creatinine, uric acid, and hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations were determined in 17 mother-infant pairs at the time of delivery. Creatinine and uric acid levels were nearly similar, but hypoxanthine and xanthine were more than twice as high in the blood of the infants than in the blood of their mothers. In the same newborns the urinary excretion of creatinine, uric acid, hypoxanthine and xanthine, uracil, cAMP, and cGMP was measured on the first and fourth day of life. Creatinine, uracil, and cAMP increased, hypoxanthine and xanthine, and cGMP decreased, whereas the output of uric acid was nearly the same on both days. Correlations of the excreted substances to each other were calculated.

Protein Intake, Uric Acid Metabolism and Protein Efficiency Ratio in Growing Chicks

Changes in uric acid metabolism in chicks resulting from alterations in dietary protein intake have been correlated with dietary protein quality. Plasma uric acid levels, total uric acid excretion and protein efficiency ratio were measured in growing chicks fed diets containing 11%, 20%, 43% and 80% protein. A second degree polynomial with a coefficient of determination of 93% best described the relationship between dietary protein intake and total uric acid output. A second degree polynomial with a coefficient of determination of 58% best described the relationship between protein intake and dietary protein quality as measured by the protein efficiency ratio method. Plasma uric acid level was correlated, positively and linearly, with dietary protein intake and had a coefficient of determination of 42%. An integration of these relationships with purine biosynthesis and reutilization would enhance our knowledge of the control of uric acid production in the chick and possibly in human gout. The data demonstrate that total uric acid excretion and uric acid concentration in excreta may represent very useful methods of measuring dietary protein quality in the chick. The data also demonstrate that dietary protein level markedly affects uric acid production.

Some unusual features of gouty arthritis in females

Gouty arthritis in females is relatively infrequent, although the sex ratio may be somewhat altered in different races. A positive family history is relatively prevalent among females whose onset of gout is premenopausal. In those patients with a postmenopausal onset, the incidence of diuretic-associated gout is high. The bimodal distribution of serum urate might be related to some variance of genetic transmission in female gout. Hypertension and coronary heart disease are common coexisting conditions, as is true of gouty arthritis in males. Chronic urinary tract infection dating from previous pregnancies is a frequent complication. The relative prevalence of proteinuria and diminished renal function leads to increased hyperuricemia, with a tendency to a low urinary uric acid output. This explains in part the higher incidence of extensive tophaceous deposition but lower incidence of renal calculi. Diuretics are associated with a higher urine pH, likewise, they reduce the urinary uric acid excretion. This also may contribute to the lower incidence of renal calculi. There may be some statistical support for the low fertility rate among the gouty females. Only two females became pregnant after the onset of gouty arthritis. All other pregnancies occurred before the onset of arthritis. Even then, abnormal pregnancies were relatively frequent. Some hormonal malfunction among the gouty females cannot be discounted. Both renal calculi and tophi are frequent in female gout associated with blood dyscrasias. They may manifest early, preceding the first attack of acute gouty arthritis. In both the male and female secondary gout, the primary underlying disease governs the uric acid metabolism and the clinical symptomatology of gout. The predominant role in pathogenesis is the excessive rate of uric acid production, and its disposal is governed by the different stages of the underlying disease and the treatment. Thus, secondary gout in females appears to be somewhat different from primary gout in females, but not different from secondary gout in males.

Studies on the influence of ethanol and of lactic acid on uric acid metabolism.

It is known since long time that acute attacks of gout are often provoked by the consumption of large quantities of food and of alcoholic beverages (1). In 1962 Lieber et al. showed that serum uric acid levels were substantially higher during ethanol intoxication in alcoholic patients than several days later in the sober state (2). Administration of ethanol to volunteers resulted in a distinct increase in serum uric acid concentration of 1–3 mg/100ml (2). Additionally a rather small rise in blood lactic acid concentration was noted in man at periods of high blood levels of ethanol. Although lactic acid concentration increased merely by 1–1.5 mmol/1 the effect on uric acid concentration was related by these authors to a decrease in renal uric acid excretion caused by the lacticacidemia (2). Especially Burch and Kurke (3) showed that renal excretion of uric acid was inhibited by the intravenous infusion of sodium lactate. During infusion of lactate serum uric acid concentration increased only by 0.4–0.5 mg/100 ml. However, in contrast to this renal mechanism discussed above Grunst et al. were able to show an increase in hepatic uric acid output during the application of ethanol in human volunteers (4).

Wine versus ethanol in human nutrition. I. Nitrogen and calorie balance

There are implications in the literature that wine is different from other alcoholic beverages and that it may even have a beneficial effect on the nutritional process. A metabolic study was undertaken in an attempt to document the effects of wine versus ethanol on absorption of various nutrients. Nitrogen and caloric data are presented here. During each of four 18-day experimental periods, six healthy, young men were given, in random order, a liter per day of the following test beverages: Zinfandel wine (9.3% w/v alcohol); dealcoholized Zinfandel wine; pure ethanol (9.3% w/v aqueous alcohol solution); and deionized water. These beverages were divided into four equal feedings and administered with a carefully controlled isocaloric diet over a 12-hr period. The subjects tended to lose weight on alcohol-containing regimens, suggesting that calories from alcohol may not be as efficient as those from fat and carbohydrate. Urinary excretion of nitrogen was significantly greater during wine and ethanol administration than during feeding of the other test beverages. This was reflected in an increase in uric acid and urea nitrogen output, primarily, the latter, suggesting that alcohol may directly affect protein catabolism. There was no significant difference in fecal nitrogen excretion between experimental periods.

Influence of parenteral fructose or glucose administration on uric acid formation and phosphate uptake of the human liver

15 min. after intravenous administration of fructose (10 g/5 min, 0,5 g/kg/h) the hepatic uric acid production in healthy volunteers increased from 0,07 mg/100 g X min to 0,52 mg/100 g X min. After one hour the enhanced uric acid production was 0,3 mg 100 g X min. The enhanced uric acid production was accompanied by an increased hepatic phosphate uptake. The highest value was 13 mumol/100 g X min. During the control period the liver released small amounts of phosphate into the hepatic vein. The increased hepatic uric acid output correlated with an enhanced renal clearance, therefore the peripheral venous uric acid concentrations remained unchanged.

Uricase inhibition in the rat by s-triazines: an animal model for hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria.

Oxonic acid and allantoxaidine were potent in vivo inhibitors of uricase. Oxonic acid, when fed to rats or injected intraperitoneally, produced a marked increase in blood plasma urate levels and urinary uric acid output with a concomitant decrease in urinary allantoin excretion. Addition of 5% oxonic acid plus 1% uric acid to the diet resulted in a 22-fold increase in urinary uric acid by day 23 of treatment with deposition of uric acid in the kidney tubules. The oxonic acid-treated rat may serve as a useful animal model for the study of hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria.

Benzoly-glycine conjugation after whole-body irradiation.

SummaryUrinary excretion of benzoyl-glycine was increased after whole-body gamma-irradiation of rats, sheep and pigs maintained on a constant daily food intake. The increase occurred in the rat and sheep in the third and fourth week, and in the pig in the third to sixth weeks. In rats submitted to audiogenic stress there was no increased excretion of benzoyl-glycine. Creatinine excretion was not changed after whole-body irradiation or stress in the three species. Uric acid output was decreased in the rat between days 3 and 10 after irradiation or after stress, and for the pig and sheep between days 1 and 7 after irradiation. The data are indicative of changes produced by ionizing radiation in the conjugation of glycine with benzoic acid.

Effects of food, fast and alcohol on serum uric acid and acute attacks of gout

The interrelationship of the effects of brief periods of fasting and of alcohol on uric acid metabolism has been investigated in nine gouty patients and in two normouricemic subjects. There were appreciable elevations in serum urate concentration after one and two day fasts, which were accompanied by increases in both serum beta-hydroxybutyrate and blood acetoacetate. The rise in serum urate could be accounted for in most cases by a diminution in the urinary output of uric acid, which was presumably the result of inhibition, by the elevated ketone levels, of urate excretion by the tubules. The administration of from 68 to 100 gm. of ethyl alcohol together with a low purine diet produced only minor changes in serum urate levels and urinary excretion of uric acid. Larger doses of alcohol (112 to 135 gm.) given with food led to significant increases in blood lactate concentration, diminution in urinary uric acid output and hyperuricemia. When the same (smaller) amounts of alcohol which had been found to be without effect on serum urate levels were taken during brief periods of fasting, there was an elevation in serum urate levels which was slightly greater than that observed after fasting alone. This was accompanied by greater increases in blood lactate than observed after the administration of alcohol with food, and greater increases in serum beta-hydroxybutyrate than observed after an equivalent period of fasting alone. It appears that the combination of fasting and ethyl alcohol may be additive or mutually potentiating with respect to the effects of each of these factors on uric acid metabolism. Eight of the nine patients experienced one or more acute attacks of gout during the course of these studies. In the majority of cases the onset of the attack appeared to be related to rapid fluctuations in serum urate levels induced by fasting or by fasting together with alcohol ingestion. Serum urate levels tended to remain stable during and immediately after these attacks, giving little or no indication of the changes which had preceded the onset of acute gouty-arthritis. Although treatment with probenecid in two cases produced the expected uricosuria, it did not prevent the increase in serum urate induced by fasting and alcohol. The patient with gout should be cautioned to avoid prolonged fasting and other situations which produce rapid changes in serum urate concentration. However, our gouty patients do not go out to fast, but to drink. Unfortunately the alcoholic bout often continues in the absence of food, thus resulting in a combination of metabolic changes which often lead to an acute attack.

Frusemide (February 5, p. 9.)

The statement that the uric acid output is initially increased referred to Schirmeister &amp; Willmann8, not Forrester &amp; Shirriffs7.

Uric acid excretion in obese subjects during periods of total fasting

The mechanisms involved in the renal excretion of uric acid were studied in obese subjects undergoing short-term total fasts. On such a regimen with the caloric needs derived from endogenous fat stores, the serum uric acid increases above normal levels while the urinary excretion of uric acid decreases. A similar effect on serum and urine uric acid levels with diets high in exogenous fat has been noted by other investigators. Probenecid was found to be effective in reversing these changes in the fasting subject, suggesting that the mechanism involved is an increased uric acid reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules. Both glycine and glucose taken orally lowered the elevated fasting uric acid levels and increased the uric acid output in the urine. It is concluded that in a fasting subject (or subjects on high fat diets), decreased levels of amino acids and carbohydrate in the serum result in reduced amounts of these substances in the glomerular filtrate, thereby diminishing the competition with uric acid for the proximal renal tubular reabsorptive pathways and accounting for the increased uric acid reabsorption.

Nitrogen Excretion in Nymphs of Aeshna Cyanea (Müll.) (Odonata, Anisoptera)

ABSTRACT The excretion of ammonia and uric acid has been studied in nymphs of Aeshna cyanea (Odonata, Anisoptera). Ammonia is the main nitrogenous component of the excreta of nymphs during fasting and after feeding on a protein-rich diet. Only a small proportion of the total nitrogen excreted is present as uric acid. Retention of uric acid in the body is at most trivial. When fasting nymphs are fed on a protein-rich diet in the form of egg-white there is a large, temporary increase in the amount of ammonia excreted, but the output of uric acid remains constant. It has been estimated that nymphs excrete a quantity of nitrogen within 24-48 hr. after feeding equivalent in amount to 60% or more of the total nitrogen absorbed during that period.

URIC ACID METABOLISM IN PATIENTS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS RECEIVING PZA AND INH

Patients receiving PZA showed hyperuricemia and the renal mechanism was found to be involved in this phenomenon. In patients receiving PZA (1.5-3.0gm per day) with the combination of INH (200-300mg per day), the serum level of uric acid rose and reached to a peak in 2 weeks; i.e. from pretreatment level of 3.85(2.0-6.8)mg per dl in mean value to peak value of 8.13(6.0-10.7)mg per dl. The daily output of uric acid fall more rapidly, reaching to a peak value in 1 week which was 296.8(90-552)mg per day in mean value.After 1/2 month, there was no significant change in uric acid serum level and urinary output. In this observation, there was found no significant correlation between these values and the dosis of PZA. In patients treated by PZA, creatinine clearance showed no appreciable change, but uric acid clearance decreased markedly. The urate/creatinine clearance ratio was low that is 0.02-0.04. This may suggest that the reduction of the output of uric acid does not come from the involvement of glomerular mechanism, but from the involvement of tubular mechanism. During PZA-INH treatment, there was no pathological change in N. P. N. and water test.Probenecid (2gm per day) was administered 4 days to the four patients receiving PZA-INH therapy and it was found that the uric acid clearance returned to control level. Probenecid might possess an antagonistic tubular effect to PZA.After stop of the administration of PZA, the serum uric acid of all patients decreased to control level in 7-10 days. So the effect of PZA on tubular function of the kidney is reversible. Also in two patients died after taking long term chemotherapy of PZA (daily 1.5gm and 3.0gm) and INH, the autopsy finding revealed no appreciable change of the kidney. The clinical application of PZA seems to be justified in the relation of its side effect of hyperuricemia and the application of probenecid may have some beneficial effect.