Urethroplasty For Hypospadias Research Articles

Preoperative topical estrogen application in the management of hypospadias: a systematic review.

Local estrogen therapy has been explored as an alternative to conventional testosterone therapy in children requiring urethroplasty for hypospadias. Our objective is to evaluate if preoperative estrogen stimulation reduces post-urethroplasty complications and enhances penile dimensions. A systematic search was conducted on various databases, selecting only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that tested estrogen on hypospadias patients under 18years. Articles underwent sorting following PRISMA guidelines and bias risk was assessed using the JBI clinical appraisal tool for RCTs. Out of 607 screened records, 10 underwent full-text review, and 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected for analysis. The total patient cohort across studies was 387 with 174 in the estrogen group. All studies utilized topical estrogen, but in different formulations and timings. Prudence is necessary for interpreting results due to variations in formulation, timing, and hypospadias type across studies. Limited by a small number of studies and outcome presentation non-uniformity, the review suggests no change in penile dimensions or postoperative complications with topical estrogen. Further research is needed to explore wound-healing properties of estrogen in hypospadias through animal and human studies.Registration and protocol: Registered in Prospero CRD42024502183.

Preoperative parent education and postoperative nurse-led care for boys versus routine hospital care for urethroplasty for hypospadias in Western China: a retrospective study

Preoperative parent education and postoperative nurse-led care for boys versus routine hospital care for urethroplasty for hypospadias in Western China: a retrospective study

Single-Stage Versus Two-Stage Urethroplasty for Hypospadias

Single-Stage Versus Two-Stage Urethroplasty for Hypospadias

Grafts vs. flaps: a comparative study of Bracka repair and staged transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty for proximal hypospadias with severe ventral curvature.

Bracka repair and staged transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty are both significant methods in treating proximal hypospadias. They utilize the flap and graft techniques, respectively, to achieve a satisfactory success rate. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of these 2 methods in the treatment of proximal hypospadias with severe ventral curvature. We retrospectively analyzed 117 cases of proximal hypospadias with severe ventral curvature who had undergone either Bracka repair (n = 62) or staged transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty (n = 55). All operations were performed by a single surgeon, and the choice of method was determined by the surgeon's preference based on his experience. Cosmetic outcome was evaluated with Pediatric Penile Perception Score (PPPS). Patients' characteristics including age, penis length, glans diameter, length of the urethral defect and ventral curvature degree, cosmetic outcomes, and complication rates were all compared. There was no significant difference in age, penis length, glans diameter, length of the urethral defect, or ventral curvature degree. In the Bracka group, there were 5 patients with fistula, 1 patient with stricture, and 1 case of dehiscence. In the staged transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty group, there were 4 patients with fistula, 1 with stricture, and 2 with diverticulum. The scores of shaft skin and general appearance were consistently higher in the Bracka group than in the staged transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty group. The differences in complication rate and cosmetic outcome were not statistically different (P > 0.05). Bracka repair and staged transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty are both satisfactory staged surgical options for proximal hypospadias with severe ventral curvature and have similar complication rates. Bracka repair may create a better appearance, but more studies are needed to confirm this finding. Pediatric surgeons should consider additional factors, such as the patient's specific condition, parents' inclination, and personal experience, rather than safety, to make the best choice between the 2 methods.

Outcome of Snodgrass versus Snodgraft Urethroplasty in Distal Hypospadias

Outcome of Snodgrass versus Snodgraft Urethroplasty in Distal Hypospadias

The long term evaluation of the sexual and voiding functions in adolescents with the tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias at childhood

The long term evaluation of the sexual and voiding functions in adolescents with the tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias at childhood

Analysis of The Curative Effect of Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty for Distal Hypospadias With The Dysplastic Corpus Spongiosum Covering Technique.

To investigate the use of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty for distal second- and third-degree hypospadias to free the dysplastic forked corpus spongiosum and Buck's fascia, which are used as a covering material for the new urethra, thereby reducing the incidence of urinary fistula and other complications in the coronal sulcus. Clinical data of 113 patients with distal hypospadias treated with TIP urethroplasty from January 2017 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The study group comprised 58 patients (use of dysplastic corpus spongiosum and Buck's fascia to cover the new urethra), and the control group comprised 55 patients (use of dorsal Dartos fascia to cover the new urethra). All children were followed up for more than 12 months. In the study group, 4 patients developed urinary fistulas, 4 developed a urethral stricture, and no case developed glans fissure. In the control group, 11 patients developed urinary fistulas, 2 developed a urethral stricture, 3 developed a glans cracking. Using the dysplastic corpus spongiosum to cover the new urethra increases the amount of tissue in the coronal sulcus and reduces the incidence of urethral fistula, but it may increase the incidence of urethral stricture.

Pediatric penile biometry guides the surgical outcome following tubularised incised plate urethroplasty for hypospadias: a single centre study

Background: In hypospadias urethral meatus opens onto the ventral surface of the penis proximal to tip of glans and its surgery is challenging. Recent focus of hypospadias surgery is on reduction of postoperative complications and objective assessment of penile anthropometry which can affect outcome. Aim of study was to assess the surgical outcome of tubularised incised plate urethroplasty on penile biometric parameters among children with coronal, distal penile and mid penile hypospadias. Methods: Study was conducted in the department of pediatric surgery in IPGMER and SSKM Hospital in Kolkata during November 2019 to October 2021. Results: Among 42 boys mean urethral plate length is 4.286 (coronal), 7.643 (distal penile) and 8.846 (mid penile), mean urethral plate width is 3.321 (coronal), 5.786 (distal penile) and 5.923 (mid penile), mean diameter at mid glans level is 4 (coronal), 5.071 (distal penile) and 5.923 (mid penile), mean diameter at coronal level is 5.75 (coronal), 6.429 (distal penile) and 6.769 (mid penile), mean stretched penile length is 39.2143 (coronal), 41.857 (distal penile) and 40.308 (mid penile) hypospadias respectively. P value is less than 0.05 for all except urethral plate depth which has a non-significant p value. Conclusions: Urethral plate length, urethral plate width, mid glans diameter, glans diameter at coronal sulcus level and stretched penile length affect the outcome of the surgical process TIP urethroplasty in coronal, distal penile and mid penile type hypospadias but urethral plate depth does not.

Postoperative complications of Mathieu incised plate versus standard tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Surgical reconstruction is the mainstay treatment for distal hypospadias. A range of urethroplasty techniques is available with their benefits and disadvantages. We conducted a study to investigate the postoperative complications of Mathieu with plate incision technique relative to standard tubularized incised plate (TIP) technique in patients with distal hypospadias. Materials and Methods: The course of the study was referred to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Designated articles were clinical trials comparing postoperative complications of Mathieu with plate incision and standard TIP technique for distal hypospadias, systematically searched through PubMed and ScienceDirect databases. Pooled studies were analyzed in qualitative and quantitative methods. The protocol of this study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022341745). Results: Meta-analysis of the included studies yielded a significant difference in the postoperative incidence of meatal stenosis, narrow stream, and fistula formation of distal hypospadias patients in favor of Mathieu with plate incision compared to standard TIP technique, with Mantel-Haenszel test result of OR: 0.08 CI 0.01-0.41 (p = 0.003) for meatal stenosis; OR: 0.09 CI 0.02-0.49 (p = 0.006) for narrow stream; and OR: 0.28 CI 0.08-0.96 (p = 0.04) for fistula formation. All outcomes presented insignificant heterogeneity across studies (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of meatal stenosis, narrow stream, and fistula formation is lower in patients with distal hypospadias who underwent Mathieu with plate incision procedure than the standard TIP urethroplasty.

To Compare Short-term Surgical Outcome among Patients given Continuous Postoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis and those given no Postoperative Antibiotics after Urethroplasty for Hypospadias: A Pilot Study.

There is no well-accepted guideline or uniform practice for the usage of prophylactic antibiotics along with urethroplasty for hypospadias. As antibiotic resistance is growing, it is imperative to rationalize the usage of antibiotics when a patient is operated for hypospadias. The study is aimed at finding if there is any difference in outcome if prophylactic antibiotics are given after urethroplasty for hypospadias. Prospective randomized controlled study. Forty patients between 6 months and 12 years of age were included in the pilot study. All patients received a single preoperative antibiotic and surgery as per the discretion of the operating surgeon. The participants were randomly assigned to Group A or B, Group A not receiving any prophylactic antibiotic after surgery, and Group B receiving prophylactic antibiotics till indwelling urethral catheter was in situ as per the present antibiotic policy of the institute. The patients were followed up clinically at catheter removal, 1 week after surgery and 1 month after surgery. Urine was analyzed at the start of surgery and after catheter removal. Data were tabulated and analyzed using nonparametric Fischer's exact test with help of Epi Info™ v5.5.8. Twenty-four patients were included in Group A and 16 in Group B. The clinical profile is presented in the detailed manuscript. Although pus cells could be demonstrated on urine examination in 82.5% of the study participants, only 10% grew organisms on culture media. No difference could be demonstrated among the two groups statistically. On following up with the patients for 1 month, the groups were comparable with respect to surgical site infections, and surgical complications such as urethrocutaneous fistula/dehiscence and thin stream. [Table: see text]. There was a wide variability among practicing pediatric urologists in prescribing antibiotic prophylaxis for patients undergoing urethroplasty for hypospadias. In the Urologic Surgery Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Policy by the American Urology Association, no recommendation has been made with respect to urethroplasty. Our results are in concurrence with the available English literature which has not shown any benefit of prophylactic antibiotics after hypospadias repair. Antibiotics may not have a definite role in the prevention of surgical complications and it may be imperative to avoid unnecessary antibiotics to reduce antibiotic resistance.

Modified onlay island flap versus tubularized incised plate urethroplasty for hypospadias reoperation.

This study aimed to assess the outcomes of modified onlay island flap (MOIF) urethroplasty for hypospadias reoperation. A retrospective analysis was conducted using clinical data on children reoperated with MOIF or tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty for hypospadias in the Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing, China) from December 2016 to September 2020. A total of 90 children with hypospadias who failed primary repair and were reoperated on with MOIF (MOIF group, n = 46) or TIP urethroplasty (TIP group, n = 44) were recruited. All children were postoperatively followed up for at least 6 months. Six patients with postoperative urinary fistula, 2 patients with glans dehiscence, and 1 patient with urethral diverticulum were reported in the MOIF group, while 7 patients with postoperative urinary fistula, 2 patients with urethral stricture, and 1 patient with glans dehiscence were reported in the TIP group. Postoperative infection, flap necrosis and other complications were not recorded. A total of 37 (80.4%) patients in the MOIF group and 34 (77.3%) patients in the TIP group were successfully reoperated. Although the success rates of MOIF and TIP urethroplasty are comparable, pediatricians should master different types of repair techniques for individualized hypospadias reoperation. MOIF urethroplasty can be recommended after failure of the primary repair.

Standard Snodgrass urethroplasty versus Snodgrass with glans augmentation urethroplasty for distal hypospadias: A comparative study

Abstract Introduction: Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the male genitourinary system. The Snodgrass urethroplasty is the most common worldwide accepted procedure for distal hypospadias. Various modifications have been made to reduce common complications, such as urethra-cutaneous fistula and meatal stenosis. In this study, we compare the results of hypospadias repair using the standard Snodgrass urethroplasty technique and Snodgrass urethroplasty with glans augmentation. Materials and Methods: This is a single institution series from January 2020 to January 2023. One hundred patients with distal hypospadias were included in the study. Out of these, 50 patients underwent the standard Snodgrass repair (Group 1), whereas another 50 patients underwent the Snodgrass urethroplasty with glans augmentation technique (Group 2). Results: The average follow-up period was 8 months. Four patients in Group 1 developed a fistula, and three had meatal stenosis (two were managed by meatal dilatations, and one with severe meatal stenosis was managed by meatotomy). In comparison, none of the patients in Group 2 developed a fistula, and only one developed meatal stenosis, which was managed by meatal dilatation. Partial skin necrosis was noted in three patients in Group 1 and two patients in Group 2. The final cosmetic appearance was acceptable. Conclusions: Snodgrass urethroplasty with glans augmentation is an effective procedure with a low complication rate and good cosmetic results.

Tubularized incised-Plate urethroplasty for distal hypospadias in a day-case setup; Is it feasible?

Highlights

Outcomes of Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty (TIPU) for Hypospadias at Tikur Anbesa Specialized and Menelik II Referral Hospitals: One-year Prospective Cohort Study

To evaluate the results and related factors of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty at two institutions. This was a prospective cohort analytical study conducted over a period of 12 months. All patients who underwent TIP urethroplasty in the specified period were studied. Quantitative and qualitative data of the intrinsic parameters of the penis were obtained and patients were followed for an average period of 14.72 ± 3.67 months (range 9-21months) after surgery. One hundred twenty-nine patients (N=129) were included in the study. The mean age at surgery was 50.93 months. The mean glans size and pre-incised urethral plate width were 14.34 mm and 8.38mm respectively. The post-operative results were satisfactory with the meatus in a glanular position in 122(94.6%) patients. Overall, 49 patients (38%) developed complications. Eighteen patients (14%) developed early complications whereas forty-two (32.6%) patients had late complications. UCF and Meatal stenosis occurred in 27 (20.9%) & 14 (10.9%) patients respectively. Seven patients developed recurrent hypospadias and dehiscence of glans occurred in eight patients (6.2%). TIP can be used to repair for all types of hypospadias in the absence of severe penile curvature. It has more complication rate in proximal than distal hypospadias. Distal hypospadias were the most common type of hypospadias corrected with TIP. UCF and meatal stenosis were the most common complication followed by glans dehiscence and recurrent hypospadias. Glans size, age at surgery, plate width, location of meatus and stretched penile length were the most determinant factors for the outcome.

Dorsal Versus Ventral Dartos Flap to Prevent Fistula Formation in Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty for Hypospadias.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of two different flap procedures for prevention of urethrocutaneous fistula in hypospadias patients undergoing tubularized incised plate urethroplasty . We retrospectively reviewed 89 patients who underwent hypospadias repair. The standard technique of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty was used. There were 45 patients in Group 1 and 44 patients in Group 2, in which ventral and dorsal dartos flaps were used to cover the neourethra respectively. Surgical complications were assessed as the main outcomes. The results were analyzed with Chi-square and Mann-whitney u tests. There was no significiant difference between the groups in terms of age and meatus location. We observed postoperative surgical complications in 15 (33.3 %) patients in Group 1 and in 4 (9.1 %) patients in Group 2. The complications noted in the Group 1 were urethrocutaneous fistula in 10 patients ( 22.2 %) and meatal stenosis in 5 patients ( 11.1 %). In Group 2, fistula was observed in 2 patients (4.6 %) and stenosis in again 2 patients (4.6 %). Urethrocutaneous fistulas occurred statistically more frequently when ventral based dartos flaps were used (P < .05). Several flap procedures and their modifications have been suggested to avoid fistula formation. Within these procedures, dartos flaps are reported to be very useful for primary distal or proximal hypospadias repair and reoperations. In this study, we concluded that ; vascularized dorsal preputial dartos flap procedure is safe and more effective than ventral based flap in prevention of fistula formation.

MP08-03 FLOW RATES AND FLOW INDEXES IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AFTER HYPOSPADIAS URETHROPLASTY: UROFLOW PARAMETERS IN 458 REPAIRED HYPOSPADIAC AND 1,081 NORMAL FLOWS

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022MP08-03 FLOW RATES AND FLOW INDEXES IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS AFTER HYPOSPADIAS URETHROPLASTY: UROFLOW PARAMETERS IN 458 REPAIRED HYPOSPADIAC AND 1,081 NORMAL FLOWS Joseph Boroda, Paul Zelkovic, Alexander Fang, Jordan Gitlin, and Israel Franco Joseph BorodaJoseph Boroda More articles by this author , Paul ZelkovicPaul Zelkovic More articles by this author , Alexander FangAlexander Fang More articles by this author , Jordan GitlinJordan Gitlin More articles by this author , and Israel FrancoIsrael Franco More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002530.03AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Uroflowmetry is a noninvasive method used to assess for possible obstruction after hypospadias surgery. While numerous publications on this topic are available, few compare flows to age matched normals or to pediatric nomograms and most have small numbers of cases. Our aim is to establish normal flow values in patients after repair of varying degrees of hypospadias and to identify if there are reliable differences between those with complications and those without. METHODS: A retrospective review of ICD-10 codes for all patients with hypospadias and uroflowmetry was performed over a 10 year history. Flow parameters were compiled in a database and patients were grouped by the pre-operative location of their urethral meatus. Critical parameters evaluated were Qmax, Qavg, voided volume, PVR, Qmax flow index (FI), and Qavg FI. We compared hypospadiac flows to 1,081 normal age matched male flows from a previous study. Our benchmark normal was a bell shaped curve in both normal and hypospadiacs. Descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni correction were performed using SPSS. RESULTS: Original urethral meatal locations were recorded as distal, midshaft and proximal with 134 flows from 90 patients, 47 flows from 23 patients, and 277 flows from 109 patients, respectively, and 1,081 flows from 656 normal patients. As outlined in Table 1, repaired hyspospadiacs with bell curves had lower Qmax and Qmax FI compared to normal bells. Only proximal hyposadiacs had lower Qavg and Qavg FI compared to normal. When comparing all voids, the hypospadiacs were significantly different than normal. When comparing patients with complications and those without, there were differences between the different urethral positions as noted in Table 2. CONCLUSIONS: We have established useful normal parameters which can be used to follow postoperative hypospadias patients over time, allowing for the identification of complications by simply keeping track of flow indexes which are volume and age agnostic. Source of Funding: None © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e125 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Joseph Boroda More articles by this author Paul Zelkovic More articles by this author Alexander Fang More articles by this author Jordan Gitlin More articles by this author Israel Franco More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

Comparison between Perimeatal-Based Flap (Mathieu) and the Tubularized Incised-Plate Urethroplasty (Snodgrass) in Distal Hypospadias

Introduction: Hypospadias can be defined as a state in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. The specific cause of the hypospadiac penis is unknown but some factors such as endocrine &amp; genetic factors are likely to be involved. The perimeatal based flap urethroplasty developed by Mathieu is commonly used for the correction of distal hypospadias. The pediatric urologist Warren Snodgrass described a newer procedure for distal hypospadias repair with a combination of incising the urethral plate &amp; a meatal based flap with a low complication rate &amp; better cosmetic outcome. A prospective comparative study was conducted to determine whether the Snodgrass or Mathieu urethroplasty is more appropriate for distal hypospadias in terms of complications, cosmesis of the meatus &amp; glans. Aim of the study: This study aimed to determine whether the Snodgrass or Mathieu urethroplasty is more appropriate for distal hypospadias in terms of complications, cosmesis of the meatus &amp; glans. Methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka the period from 1 February 2002 to 30 "April 2003 for a total period of 15 months. A total number of 30 patients with distal penile hypospadias were selected for clinical study, of which 15 patients belong to group A (study group) treated surgically by SNODGRASS technique and another 15 patients belonging to group B (control group) surgically treated by MATHIEU technique. All these 30 patients were followed up for a minimum of 3 months and a maximum of up to 12 months (The average follow up was 7.5months). Urinary diversion in the form of urethral catheters was kept in position for 6-10 days. On the 4th to 6th post-operative day, the dressing was changed usually and details of the healing patterns and other findings were registered. Data were analyzed with SPSS-10 and MS Excel-16. Result: By comparing the surgical outcome of hypospadias .....

Koyanagi urethroplasty for proximal hypospadias: A stage procedure?

To report experience and technical refinements with the Koyanagi urethroplasty for proximal hypospadias. A retrospective study was conducted between 2004 and 2017. Medical records of patients treated by the Koyanagi technique were investigated. The penile ventral skin was closed either with a Byars flap or using an "Ombredanne's chasuble" (OC). The cohort was divided chronologically into two groups of the same number of patients (early -E- and late experience group-LEG-). Demographics, anatomical findings and surgical outcomes were compared between groups using univariate analysis. A logistic regression was performed to assess factors associated with the occurrence of a postoperative urethrocutaneous fistula or urethroplasty dehiscence (UD). The Koyanagi urethroplasty was performed in 67 patients, 33 in the EEG and 34 in the LEG. The overall surgical complication rate was 64.2% (n=43), including 42 fistula or UD, higher in the EEG (81.8%) than in the LEG (44.1%, P<0.01). However, in the LEG, patients underwent the surgery older and the use of OC more frequent. After multivariate analyses, factors associated with a postoperative fistula or UD were the year of surgery (OR=0.71 [0.53-0.96] P=0.02), the age at surgery (OR=1.11 [1.01-1.22], P=0.03); contrary to the skin coverage method or the stenting duration (P>0.05). An urethral stenosis occurred in 1 patient (1.5%). At last follow-up, 64.2% of patients required a further procedure and 80.6% of urethral meatus were glandular. In this study the complication rate, particularly the urethrocutaneous fistula, remained high. Urethral stenosis, were rare but the follow-up was too short to clearly identified them. Considering as a 2 stage procedure koyanagi uretroplasty allows to obtain finally good results. III.

Outcome Analysis of Urethroplasty in Distal Hypospadias with Minimal Period of Postoperative Stenting

Background: Glandular, coronal, and distal penile are the variants of distal hypospadias. Surgical techniques for distal hypospadias varied based on the location of the meatal opening. Usual variants of techniques of surgery are glanduloplasty, MAGPI, and tabularized incised plate with or without internal urethral stenting postoperatively. Aim of the study: To see the outcome of urethroplasty in distal hypospadias with a minimal period (&lt;48 hours) of postoperative stenting. Methodology: This Quasi-experimental study was conducted from January 2018 to April 2019 in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Mymensingh medical college hospital, Mymensingh. Among the 50 patients with distal hypospadias who fulfill the inclusion and exclusion criteria. MAGPI and TIP procedures were done with a minimum period of postoperative stenting (&lt;48hours). Postoperative care by nothing per oral for 4-6 hours, intravenous fluid, intravenous antibiotics, parenteral, and per rectal analgesics. Postoperative follow-up was observed and recorded if any uneventful events occurred, measures were taken accordingly. The stent was removed on the 2nd POD and discharged the patient on the 3rd POD. After discharge, all patients were followed up for 3 months. Data were analyzed by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results: Among the 50 patients, the age range was 6 months to 12 years with the mean age 6.08±3.69 years. 8(16%) patients were glandular variety, 22(44%) patients were coronal and 20(40%) were distal shaft variant. Among them, MAGPI procedures were performed in 18(36%) patients and TIP in 32(64%) patients. Immediate postoperative complications- hematoma 2(4%), stent block 2(4%), wound disruption 2(4%). Stent block treated by normal saline irrigation through stent, hematoma, and wound disruption by local wound care. Among the 2(4%) patients with hematoma, 1(2%) patient developed wound infection, later on, U-C fistula occurred and among the 2(4%) patients of wound ....

The usefulness of scrotal ultrasonography in diagnosing giant urethral stone after urethroplasty for hypospadias: a case report

The usefulness of scrotal ultrasonography in diagnosing giant urethral stone after urethroplasty for hypospadias: a case report