Urea Spray Research Articles

Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Plant Growth Regulators on Stomatal Resistance, Leaf Temperature and Transpiration Rate and Yield of Banana cv Ney Poovan

The present Study was carried out to understand the effects of certain plant growth regulators under different nitrogen levels on different gas exchanging parameters viz., stomatal resistance, leaf temperature, transpiration rate and yield of banana cv. neypoovan. Different levels of nitrogen viz.,150 g Nplant-1 (45g + 75g +30g N plant-1 at 3,5 and 7 MAP, respectively), M1 + Urea 2% foliar spray, 200 g N plant-1 (60g + 100g + 40g N plant-1 at 3,5 and 7 MAP respectively), M3 + Urea 2% foliar spray and foliar spray of salicylic acid 100 ppm, mepiquat chloride 500 ppm, chlormequat chloride 1000 ppm, nitrobenzene 50 ppm, benzyl adenine 20 ppm and 25 ppm of 2, 4-D at 3rd , 5th and 7th month after planting were given and compared with untreated control.Salicylic acid treated leaves showed high stomatal resistance with low transpiration. The yield components were favourably influenced by higher level of N application. Soil application of 200 g N plant-1 and giving two per cent urea spray on 3rd, 5th,and 7th month after planting distinctly enhanced all the yield components. Salicylic acid spray at 100 ppm improved the number of hands, fingers and finger size. Benzyl adenine at 20 ppm spray also was found beneficial in increasing yield components. More number of fingers per bunch were observed in benzyl adenine treatment. With maximum fruit weight, salicylic acid spray surpassed benzyl adenine by recording maximum bunch weight of 12.58 kg (13.9 % increase over control), while benzyl adenine recorded 12.52 kg (13.4 % increase).

Nutrient Management with Nitrogen Based Formulations for Enhancing Growth and Yield in Fodder Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Fertilizers play a vital role in agricultural practices by boosting crop yield. Among various nutrient application methods, foliar application is one of the cost - effective method which allow rapid and efficient nutrient absorption through the stomata or cuticle, and subsequently into the cells. Applying nutrients through foliage offers several benefits, such as rapid nutrient absorption by plant tissues, improved transport to developing plant parts, elimination of leaching and fixation losses, regulated nutrient uptake by crops and enhanced nutrient utilization. Timely foliar application of nano fertilizers enhances crop output while reducing environmental risks. The current study aimed to evaluate the different concentrations of nano urea on growth and yield of fodder sorghum. The study was conducted at Instructional Farm, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala during December 2023- February 2024. The field experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 13 treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments were T1:75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) + nano urea (0.2%); T2:75% RDN+ nano urea (0.4%); T3:75% RDN + nano urea (0.6%);T4:100% RDN + nano urea (0.2%); T5:100% RDN + nano urea (0.4%); T6:100% RDN + nano urea (0.6%); T7:75% RDN + urea spray (2%); T8:100% RDN + urea spray (2%); T9: nano urea alone (0.2%); T10: nano urea alone (0.4%); T11: nano urea alone (0.6%); T12: KAU POP and T13: Control (without nitrogen). Both nano urea and urea spray were applied at 20 DAS and 40 DAS. Soil application of nitrogen was applied in three splits - 50% as basal, 25% at 20 DAS and 25% at 40 DAS. Full P and K were applied as basal. The study revealed that combined application of RDN along with nano urea 0.4% proved its superiority by registering higher growth and yield attributes such as plant height, stem girth, leaf: stem ratio, green fodder yield and dry fodder yield.

Enhancing the productivity and nutritional quality of lentil (Lens culinaris L.) with combined foliar application of zinc and urea

There is need to enhance the nutritional quality of lentil for ameliorating nutrient deficiencies in people especially vegetarians. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil application of zinc (Zn) and foliar application of Zn and nitrogen [(N) through urea] on grain yield and enrichment of grain with Zn in lentil. The field experiments were conducted at two locations Ludhiana and Faridkot, India. The experiment was consisted of eleven treatments (control, soil application of 25 kg ha−1 ZnSO4 at sowing time, foliar spray of sole 0.5% ZnSO4 or 2% urea and combined foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 + 2% urea at flowering, pod formation, and flowering + pod formation stages). The foliar application of 0.5% ZnSO4 + 2% urea spray at flowering + pod formation stages significantly improved the grain yield, Zn and iron (Fe) concentration at maturity in stover and grain (whole as well as split) of lentil and protein content in stover and grain. The combined application of ZnSO4 (0.5%) + urea (2%) at flowering + pod formation stages can be done to improve not only the grain yield (on an average 29.5%) but also the Zn (49.7%) and Fe (17.4%) concentration in lentil grain, which, can help in ameliorating malnutrition in human population.

Yields, nutrient-use efficiencies and production economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as influenced by foliar nano urea

The nano fertilizers are becoming popular in crop production sector due to their higher nutrient use efficiency and also enhance the productivity and quality while requiring less input and being environmentally safe. In order to assess the effect of foliar application of nano urea on growth and yield performances of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to evaluate nitrogen-use efficiency under integrated use of nano urea, this study was undertaken during the rabi seasons of 2021–22 and 2022–23 at the Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, West Bengal. The experiment was laid-out in a randomized block design (RBD) having 13 treatments consisting of foliar application of water, nano urea (once at tillering and twice at tillering and jointing) and 5% urea in combination with each of 50,75 and 100% of recommended nitrogen doses (RDN) along with a control (without N), and each treatment was replicated thrice. It was observed that foliar application of nano urea (0.4%) twice at tillering and jointing stages with 100% (RDN 5,759 kg/ha) was statistically at par with 100% RDN + 5% foliar spray of urea twice at tillering and jointing stage (5,985 kg/ha) in terms of grain yield, the latter being the highest yielder. Foliar application of either urea or nano urea by curtailing 25-50% RDN did not brought about superior growth and yield performances. Under each level of RDN (100%, 75% and 50%), foliar application of 5% urea was a bit superior to nano urea, though the difference was not statistically significant. However, nano urea reflected higher nitrogen-use efficiency under all levels RDN; partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) and agronomic nitrogen-use efficiency (ANUE) values be- ing the highest under 50% RDN along with two spraying of nano urea (56.76 and 24.50 kg grain/kg N). The treat- ment comprising 100% RDN+ 5% spray of urea at tillering and jointing stages resulted in the highest net return (69608 `/ha) and B: C ratio (2.58), closely followed by the treatment comprising nano urea application twice (gross return, net return and B: C ratio of 109,426 `/ha, 63,748 `/ha and 2.40, respectively) with 100% RDN, being statis- tically at par with each other. It can be concluded from this two-year trial that only foliar application of nano urea by curtailing soil nitrogen application to 25-50% resulted in reduced yield performances of wheat; nano urea had pro- motive effects on yields when it was applied along with 100% RDN.

Effect of different sources of nitrogen on productivity, profitability and N useefficiency of fodder oat (Avena sativa)

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2020-21, to assess the effect of different source of nitrogen on fodder yield, economics and N use efficiency of oat (Avena sativa L.). The experiment consisted of seven treatments viz. control (no N); recommended dose of N (RDN); 50% N through fertilizer + 50% N through FYM; 50% N through fertilizer + 50% N through vermicompost; 50% N through fertilizer + two sprays of nano-urea; two spray of nano-urea and site-specific nitrogen management (SSNM). Results showed that application of 50% RDN through fertilizer + two sprays of nano-urea produced 58.3 t/ha green fodder which was at par with all other treatments except two sprays of nano urea and control. However, green fodder yield reduced under two foliar sprays of nano-urea by 20.7% as compared to 100% RDN (59.2 t/ha). The SSNM treatment recorded the highest net returns (` 49947/ha) and benefit to cost ratio (1.45) which were significantly higher than all other treatments except 100% RDN and 50% RDN through fertilizer + two sprays of nano-urea. The nano-urea treatments exhibited the highest nitrogen use efficiency. The study suggested that 50% recommended dose of nitrogen through con- ventional fertilizer along with two sprays of nano-urea could be applied in oat to get higher nitrogen use efficiency without any yield reduction.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of YellowSarson (Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson) under guava (Psidium guajava) basedagri-horti system

An experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 2021–22 to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of yellow sarson under guava based agri-horti system. The field ex- periment comprised 8 treatment, viz., T1 , Control; T2 , 100% RDF + 30 kg S + 5 kg Zn; T3 , 50% RDF + 15 kg S + 2.5 kg Zn + 2.5 t/ha FYM+ 2 spray of nano urea; T4 , 50% RDF + 15 kg S + 2.5 kg Zn + 5 t/ha FYM+ one spray of nano urea; T5 , 75% RDF + 22.5 kg S + 3.7 kg Zn + 2.5 t/ha FYM + 2 spray of nano urea; T6 , 75% RDF + 22.5 kg S + 3.7 kg Zn +5 t/ha FYM + 1 spray of nano urea; T7 , 100 % RDF + 30 kg S + 5 kg Zn + 2.5 t/ha FYM; T8 , 100% RDF + 30 kg S + 5 kg Zn + 5 t/ha FYM, was laid out in randomized block design, with 3 replications. The results revealed that application of 75% RDF + 22.5 kg S + 3.7 kg Zn +2.5 t/ha FYM + 2 spray of nano urea at 30-35 DAS and pre-flow- ering stage (T5 ) gave significantly higher growth and yield attributes such as plant height (141.03 cm), dry matter accumulation (37.76 g/plant), no. of siliqua (142/plant), siliqua length (6.67 cm), test weight (3.43 g) as well as seed yield (1.49 t/ha) and stover yield (3.54 t/ha) as compared to control. The highest amount of nitrogen, phos- phorus, potassium and sulphur uptake by plant was also observed in the treatment T5. These findings provide valuable insights for farmers and researchers aiming to optimize nutrient management strategies and improve crop productivity in similar agri-horti systems.

Different Nitrogen Levels with Nano and Prilled Urea Spray on Productivity and Profitability of Maize (Zea mays L.) in alfisols of Jharkhand

A ground-breaking and enduring way to significantly reduce the use of conventional nitrogen fertilizer is to use nano-urea as a nitrogen supplement. The combination of nano and prilled urea was investigated in this study to address this issue and allowing for a 25% reduction in the recommended urea dosage. Research on rainfed maize during kharif season was conducted at ICAR-IARI Jharkhand. Twelve different combinations of conventional prilled urea, nano and prilled urea spray were investigated in the study. In the fields, the experiment used a randomized block design. Different treatments included applying prilled urea as a 2% solution in 150 liters of water per hectare and nano-urea at a rate of 1250 ml/acre applied twice through foliar application. Results showed that applying two additional applications of nano-urea along with 75% of the recommended dose of prilled-urea was the most successful fertilization strategy. This performed statistically equal with both the 100% recommended dose and the 100% recommended dose with two prilled urea spray applications in terms of yield, and cost-to-benefit ratio. The study's findings show that nano-urea can safely replace at least 25% of the dosage of prilled urea i.e. recommended, providing a more profitable and environmentally friendly method of cultivation.

Effects of irrigation and nutrients managements with plant intensification on rice under saline soil

The area of salt affected agricultural soils has grown on a global scale. The toxicity of salt and the unfavorable characteristics of the soil are two major causes of the low crop productivity on salt-affected soil. Thus, effective and economical management techniques are required for crop production which may sustainable. The experiments were conducted to identify appropriate irrigation and other management practices for higher yield of Boro rice at two locations (Horinkhola, Satkhira and Batiaghata, Khulna) of saline area during two successive years (2021 and 2022). Six treatments were used, consisting of continuous ponding of irrigation water along with recommended fertilizer (farmers practice, as control), and a range of combination of irrigation water and gypsum fertilizer and foliar spray of Urea, TSP, MOP and Zinc Sulphate. The results revealed that at both locations, the treatments showed significant difference and the highest yield (7.35 t/ha at Horinkhola and 6.75 t/ha Batiaghata) were obtained in treatment T5 [Continuous saturation (0-3cm) + 50% recommended fertilizer except MoP + K2SO4 equivalent to 50% K+ OM + no ridge, high density (15 cm x 10 cm) + Change of standing water 20 days interval + Foliar application of Urea-40 g, TSP-44 g, MOP-26 g and Zinc Sulphate 3g (4 times : 25, 35, 45, 60 DAT)]. Overall, this treatment produced 19% higher yield compared to farmer’s practice, along with maximum BCR (1.57) and net profit (52,004 Tk/ha). This technique can be adopted for higher yield in saline area. Bangladesh J. Nuclear Agric, 38(1): 53-64, 2024

Effect of Nano Urea on Growth, Yield and Nutrient uptake of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

Aim: The foliar application of nano urea is aimed at reducing the soil application of conventional urea. Nano fertilizers enhance crop growth and yield while enhancing nutrient uptake and reducing costs. They provide precise nutrient management, match crop growth stages, and offer an increased surface area for metabolic reactions. This boosts photosynthesis, leading to higher dry matter production and crop yield. Foliar application of nano urea (liquid) at tillering and booting stages in finger millet fulfills the nitrogen requirement and reflects higher crop productivity. Higher productivity of crops in a sustainable manner could be achieved by applying an appropriate combination of conventional fertilizers and nano fertilizers. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted in deep black soils at Agricultural Research Station, Siruguppa, during kharif 2022. Methodology: There were sixteen treatment combinations, consisting of different doses of nitrogen (no nitrogen, 50% RDN, 75% RDN and 100% RDN) with different concentrations of nano urea and conventional urea sprayed at tillering and booting stages for HR-13 variety of finger millet. Results: Application of 100% RDN has recorded significantly higher plant height, tillers plant-1, total dry matter accumulation, grain yield and straw yield (129.82 cm, 10.10, 36.17 g plant-1, 36.87 q ha-1 and 71.72 q ha-1, respectively) in comparison to no nitrogen and 50% RDN. However, 75% RDN (123.04 cm, 9.61, 34.02 g plant-1, 34.84 q ha-1 and 68.01 q ha-1, respectively) found on par with 100% RDN. Among foliar nitrogen, spray of nano urea @ 4 ml L-1 recorded significantly higher plant height (121.59 cm), tillers plant-1 (9.37), total dry matter accumulation (33.16 g plant-1), grain yield (31.97 q ha-1) and straw yield (65.52 q ha-1) compared to 0.5% and 1% conventional urea. However, nano urea @ 2 ml L-1 was on par with 4 ml L-1 nano urea and 1% conventional urea. Similar trend was recorded with regard to nutrient uptake by finger millet. Conclusion: Foliar application of nano urea reduced the dosage of conventional urea by 25 per cent.

Effect of Nano Urea on Growth, Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Irrigated Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In the rabi season of 2021-22, the investigation was conducted at Bihar Agricultural University Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar), to study the effects of nano urea on growth attributes, yield and nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Randomized block design (RBD) with thirteen treatments in three replications was used. Treatments involved different levels of nitrogen i.e- 0, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) along with 5% urea solution and nano-urea applied at tillering and jointing stages. The results showed that 100% and 75% RDN with two sprays of nano urea significantly improved the yield attributes like plant height, Leaf area Index (LAI), test weight, dry matter accumulation and yield. This study gave the highest grain yield of 4573 kg h-1 for RDN + two spray of urea (5%) and 4492 kg h-1 from RDN + two spray of nano urea. The present study has also shown that application of 75% RDN with nano urea resulted in the highest NUE of 10.20 kg kg-1. This means that nano-urea can be used with conventional urea without an adverse effect on high productivity of wheat.

Influence of Foliar Application of Nitrogen through Urea and Nano Urea on Morphophysiological and Yield in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.)

A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture Nagpur, during Kharif 2023 in randomized blocked design (RBD) with PDKV Yashshree (BFTM-82) variety, at Research Farm of Agricultural Botany Section, College of Agriculture Nagpur, with three replications and eight treatments. The results revealed that the best treatment 25 N kg ha-1 + two spray of nano urea @ 4 ml L-1 (T8) applied at tillering and pre-flowering stage was significantly superior as compared to other treatments which shows the highest value in morpho-physiological viz., Plant height (163.00 cm) at 80 DAS, days to 50% flowering (57.00), days to maturity (87.00), RGR (0.095 g-1 dm-2 day-1 ) at 60-80 DAS and CGR (0.82 g-1 cm-2 day-1) at 60-80 DAS and yield parameters viz., No. of panicle hill-1 (4.90), Panicle length (24.37 cm), No. of spikelet panicle-1 (66.07), Grain yield kg plot-1 (1.30),Grain yield kg ha-1 (1421.78),Harvest index (63.50%) of foxtail millet.

Effect of Nano Fertilizers on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23. The field experiment was tested in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with fourteen treatments replicated thrice. Results showed that the application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment (ST) with nano DAP and two foliar sprays of nano urea at 35 and 55 days after sowing (DAS) was found the most effective treatment with recorded highest number of tillers (431/m2), length of spike (17.03 cm), number of spikes (414 /m2), number of grains (45.24 /spike), test weight (46.32) and grain yield (4399 kg/ha) on pooled basis. However, this treatment was found statistically at par with treatments of 100 per cent RDF + 2 foliar sprays (FS) of nano urea at 35 and 55 DAS, 100% RDF + FS of nano DAP at 35 DAS, 75% RDF + ST with nano DAP and 2 foliar spray of nano urea at 35 & 55 DAS but significantly superior over other treatments.

Nano Urea Fertilization in Sweet Corn Using Leaf Colour Chart and Its Effect on Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Broad based blanket recommendations of fertilizer nitrogen (N) in field may end up with lower N use efficiency because of large field-to field variability of soil N. At the identical time, crop should not suffer from the deficiency of N. Nitrogen fertilizer must be applied only when necessary and must be based on the crop’s nitrogen status. So, keeping in view the significance of N on productivity, a field experiment was conducted during summer seasons of 2022 and 2023 on medium black calcareous soil at Junagadh (Gujarat) to study nano urea fertilization in sweet corn using leaf colour chart (LCC) and its effect on nitrogen use efficiency. Ten treatments comprising 40 kg N as basal (through DAP and urea) + 40 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS (days after sowing) + 40 kg N through urea at 40-45 DAS (T1), 40 kg N as basal + 40 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + two foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% (4 ml/l water) when LCC ≤ 4 (T2), 40 kg N as basal + 30 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + three foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 (T3), 40 kg N as basal + 20 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + four foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 (T4), 40 kg N as basal + 20 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + three foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 (T5), 40 kg N as basal + 10 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + four foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 (T6), 40 kg N as basal + 10 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + three foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 (T7), 40 kg N as basal + four foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 (T8), 40 kg N as basal + three foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 (T9) and control (without N application) (T10) in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Recommended dose of 60 kg P2O5 and 60 kg K2O/ha were applied uniformly to all the plots as basal application. The experimental results revealed that 40 kg N as basal + 40 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + two foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 recorded significantly the highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by cob and fodder and their total uptake by sweet corn, which remained at par with T3 and T1. Significantly maximum available nitrogen in soil after harvest of sweet corn was noted with T1, which remained at par with T2, T3 and T4. It can be concluded that nano urea fertilization in sweet corn using leaf colour chart ultimately resulted in improved nitrogen use efficiency, which also sustained the fertility of medium black calcareous soil.

Response of Sweet Corn to Nano Urea under Precision Nitrogen Management

A lack of synchronization between nitrogen (N) demand and supply results in the loss of applied nitrogen from the soil-plant system. Leaf colour chart (LCC) based nano urea application according to crop specific need has the potential to enhance the crop productivity by reducing N losses. In this context, a field experiment was conducted during summer seasons of 2022 and 2023 on medium black calcareous soil at Junagadh (Gujarat) to study the response of sweet corn to nano urea under precision nitrogen management. Ten treatments comprising 40 kg N as basal (through DAP and urea) + 40 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + 40 kg N through urea at 40-45 DAS, 40 kg N as basal + 40 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + two foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% (4 ml/l water) when LCC ≤ 4, 40 kg N as basal + 30 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + three foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4, 40 kg N as basal + 20 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + four foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4, 40 kg N as basal + 20 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + three foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4, 40 kg N as basal + 10 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + four foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4, 40 kg N as basal + 10 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + three foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4, 40 kg N as basal + four foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4, 40 kg N as basal + three foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 and control (without N application) in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Based on the results of two-years field study, it can be concluded that higher growth, green cob and fodder yields, quality, net returns and B: C ratio of sweet corn can be obtained by the application of 40 kg N as basal + 40 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + two foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 or 40 kg N as basal + 30 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + three foliar spray of nano urea 0.4% when LCC ≤ 4 or 40 kg N as basal + 40 kg N through urea at 25-30 DAS + 40 kg N through urea at 40-45 DAS.

Foliar spray of urea and nano-urea on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.)

Foliar spray of urea and nano-urea on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.)

Effect of Liquid Nano Urea Fertilizer on Periodical Growth and Yield of Sugarcane

A field experiment was carried out during rabi of 2021-22 as plant crop and 2022-23 as ratoon crop, at Navsari, Gujarat. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design including treatment comprising of nitrogen levels for soil application with foliar spray of nano urea and urea in both plant-ratoon system of sugarcane. The results recorded in respect to the periodical plant height and dry matter yield (DMY) from 90 to 180 days after planting (DAP) of plant crop and days after ratooning (DAR) of ratoon crop were significantly higher with the application of 100 % RDN (T2) which was at par with treatments T3 and T4. However, at 210 DAP of plant crop and DAR of ratoon crop as well as at harvest plant height and DMY were recorded significantly higher with the application of 75% RDN + 2 spray of liquid nano urea at 90 and 180 DAP which was at par with T2 and T4. In case of No. of tillers/hill at 180 DAP of plant and DAR of ratoon crop was significantly higher when with 75% RDN + 2 spray of liquid nano urea at 90 and 180 DAP which was at par with T2 and T4. In plant crop and ratoon crop of sugarcane, millable cane yield and green top yield were found to be significant highest with the application of 75% RDN + 2 spray of liquid nano urea at 90 and 180 DAP which was at par with T2 and T4. Based on the results, it concluded that for achieving higher growth and yield in sugarcane plant-ratoon cultivation should be fertilized with 100 % of recommended P2O5 and K2O + 75 % RDN + two sprays of either liquid nano urea @ 4 ml/L or 2 % urea at 90 and 180 DAP of plant crop and DAR of ratoon crop. This application effectively replaces the 25% of recommended dose of nitrogen while matching the performance of the 100% RDN treatment.

Influence of Urea Foliar Nutrition and Leaf Harvesting Intensity on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield in Cowpea [Vigna unguiculta (L.) Walp.

A field experiment was undertaken at Farming Systems Research Station (FSRS), Sadanandapuram, Kollam district, Kerala Agricultural University in summer 2022 for studying the effect of growth, yield attributes and yield of cowpea through foliar application of 2% urea and intensity of leaf harvesting. Experimental treatments comprised of 4 levels of foliar nutrition management (2% urea spray at vegetative stage (f1), 2% urea spray at flowering stage (f2), 2% urea spray at vegetative stage and flowering stage (f3), water spray control (f4) and 3 levels of leaf harvest (20% leaf harvest (l1), 40% leaf harvest (l2), and no leaf harvest (l3). Among the foliar nutrition management treatments, f3 showed significantly the taller plants (91.97 cm), more number of branches (15.13), leaves (34.76), leaf area/ plant (884.29 cm2), leaf area index (1.96) dry matter production (42.39 g) and chlorophyll content (3.544 mg/g) and were comparable with f1. The nodule parameters such as nodule number (37.44) and effective number of nodules (32.11) were the highest in treatment f3 and was on par with f1. Further, days to 50 per cent flowering (53.65 days), pod length (17.27 cm), 100 seed weight (12.40 g), pod number (24.58), foliage yield (1484.57 kg ha-1), grain yield (925.85 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2722.70 kg ha-1) were the highest in treatment f3 and was on par with f1 except for pod weight (21.19 g). Among the leaf harvest intensity, treatment l3 recorded the taller plants (92.45 cm), leaf area per plant (902.71cm2) leaf area index (2.01), less days to 50% flowering (47.60 days) and haulm yield (2754.85 kg ha-1). It was on par with l1 pertaining to plant height. The number of branches (15.03), dry matter production per plant (40.78g), pod weight/plant (19.43 g), pod number/plant (23.59) and grain yield (925.85 kg ha-1) were the highest in treatment l1.

Effect of Soil and Foliar Nitrogen Fertilization on Performance and Economics of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Cultivation under Rainfed Conditions of Nagaland

Background: Crop production relies heavily on essential nutrients. Balanced soil-applied fertilizers, along with foliar sprays, can improve input efficiency and crop performance, particularly in rainfed areas prone to moisture stress. Method: A field investigation was conducted at the experimental farm of School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagaland University, Medziphema campus, during rabi season of 2021. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications with four main factors comprising of soil-application of different doses of N (nitrogen) in two splits (based on RDF of 40 kg N ha-1) viz., 100 % N, 75% N, 50% N and 25% N and five sub-factors comprising of foliar sprays of N viz. Control (water spray), single spray of Nanourea @ 3 ml liter-1, two sprays of Nanourea @ 3 ml liter-1, single spray of Urea @ 2% and two sprays of Urea @ 2 %. Result: Among the different soil application treatments, significantly highest NUE (Agronomic Efficiency), seed yield (996.80 kg ha-1) and stover yield (3032.10 kg-1) was recorded with soil application of 100 % N ultimately recording the highest net return (Rs. 26004 ha-1) and IBCR (5.80). Whereas, two sprays of Nanourea @ 3 ml L-1, among foliar treatments, recorded the highest NUE (Agronomic Efficiency), seed and stover yield (918.44 kg ha-1 and 3032.26 kg ha-1 respectively) as well as net returns (Rs. 22988 ha-1) and IBCR (5.5).

Effect of cutting schedules and nitrogen management on forage and seed production of oats (Avena sativa L.)

A field research entitled “Effect of cutting schedules and nitrogen management on forage and seed production of oats (Avena sativa L.)” was conducted to find out the effect of cutting schedules (uncut, cut at 50 DAS and cut at 60 DAS) and nitrogen management (120 kg N ha-1, 90 kg N ha-1 + one spray of nano urea 2 ml litre-1, 90 kg N ha-1 + one spray of nano urea 4 ml litre-1, 60 kg N ha-1 + two sprays of nano urea 2 ml litre-1 and 60 kg N ha-1 + two sprays of nano urea 4 ml litre-1) on productivity of oats and find out the effect of foliar application of ‘Nano Urea’. The results revealed that significantly higher plant height, number of tiller 0.5 m-1 row length and dry matter accumulation 0.5 m-1 row length were observed under uncut over cut at 50 DAS and cut at 60 DAS.The results revealed that cut at 60 DAS resulted in significantly highergreen fodder yield as compared to cut at 50 DAS. Yield parameters viz. number of effective tillers 0.5 m-1 row length, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1, 1000 grain weight, weight of grain 0.5 m-1 row length, grain, straw, biological yield and harvest index of oat was significantly higher under uncut as compared to cut at 50 DAS and 60 DAS. Grain yield increased under uncut over cut at 60 DAS by 146.8 per cent and straw yield increased under uncut over cut at 50 DAS and cut at 60 DAS by 69.1 and 182.7 per cent, respectively. Further, uncut recorded significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content and uptake in grain and straw as compared to cut at 50 DAS and 60 DAS. Further, number of tiller and dry matter accumulation increased with the application of 120 kg ha-1. Significantly higher green (35.02 t ha-1) and dry (7.35 t ha-1) fodder yield was obtained with the application of 120 kg N ha-1 as compared to application of 60 kg N ha-1 + two sprays of nano urea 2 ml litre-1 and 60 kg N ha-1 + two sprays of nano urea 4 ml litre-1, however, it was at par with application of 90 kg N ha-1 + one spray of nano urea 2 ml litre-1 and 90 kg N ha-1 + one spray of nano urea 4 ml litre-1. Yield parameters viz. number of effective tillers and 1000 grain weight increased with the application of 120 kg N ha-1. Further, grain yield increased with the application 120 kg N ha-1over 90 kg N ha-1 + one spray of nano urea 2 ml litre-1, 90 kg N ha-1 + one spray of nano urea 4 ml litre-1, 60 kg N ha-1 + two sprays of nano urea 2 ml litre-1 and 60 kg N ha-1 + two sprays of nano urea 4 ml litre-1 by 17.4, 14.2, 35.1 and 28.2 per cent, respectively. Straw yield increased with the application of 120 kg N ha-1 over 60 kg N ha-1 + two sprays of nano urea 2 ml litre-1 by 15.3 per cent. Further application of 120 kg N ha-1 recorded higher phosphorus and potassium content over rest of the treatments.

Effect of Planting Geometry and Inorganic Fertilizers with Nano Urea Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Rice Crop (Oryza sativa L.)

The present investigation entitled “Influence of planting geometry and inorganic fertilizers with nano urea on productivity of rice crop (Oryza sativa L.).” was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad-224229 (U.P.) during Kharif seasons of 2022 and 2023. Fifteen treatment combinations comprised of three planting geometry C1 (20 cm × 10 cm), C2 (20 cm × 15 cm) and C3 (20 cm × 20 cm) in main plot with five fertility levels F1 - 100% RDF (150:60:40), F2 [100% RDF + Two foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1(Tillering and Panicle initiation stage)], F3 [75% RDF + Two foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1(Tillering and Panicle initiation stage)], F4 [50% RDF + Two foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1(Tillering and Panicle initiation stage)] and F5 - Control [no fertilizers] were executed in split plot design keeping fertility levels in sub plot with three replications. The soil of experimental plot was silty loam in texture with low in orgainic carbon and nitrogen médium in phosphorus and high in potassium. The treatment combination C1 (20 cm × 10 cm) along with F2 [100% RDF + two foliar applications of nano urea at 3000 ml ha-1 (during Tillering and Panicle initiation stages)] demonstrated significantly elevated levels of quality and nutrient uptake, including protein content (%), yield (kg ha-1), NPK content (%), and NPK uptake (kg ha-1). This performance was comparable to the combination of C1 (20 cm × 10 cm) with F3 [75% RDF + two foliar applications of nano urea at 3000 ml ha-1 (during Tillering and Panicle initiation stages)], and notably surpassed other treatments. In summary, the utilization of C1 (20 cm × 10 cm) coupled with F2 [100% RDF + foliar spray of nano urea @ 3000 ml ha-1 (during Tillering and Panicle initiation stages)] exhibited superior outcomes across all parameters of quality and nutrient absorption, leading to increased rice crop yield and profitability over both study years.