Urea Molasses Multi-nutrient Block Research Articles

Aplikasi penggunaan urea molases multinutrient blok dan krim daun capa untuk peningkatan kesehatan ternak sapi masyarakat Gampong Blang Krueng Aceh Besar [Application of urea molasses multi nutrient block and capa leaf cream to improve cattle health in Blang Krueng Village Aceh Besar District

Blang Krueng Village has potential in the field of animal husbandry, but the livestock raised is still traditional, so that many livestock lack feed, this causes the supply of minerals to the livestock's body to decrease. Urea molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) is one of the additional feeds with a high content of nutritional supplements, especially minerals for ruminants in solid form. The purpose of the service activity is to increase community income based on the development of the ability of the farmer community by increasing the knowledge and skills of farmers regarding technology for making nutrient block and capa leaf cream to increase their cattle production. The method that used in this activity is to use the approach of community participation methods in development or Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The results of this activity showed that 95% of participants are interested in practicing, developing, and transmitting their knowledge of how to make UMMB and capa leaf cream to members of farmer groups around them. The conclusion, farmers will share the knowledge that has been obtained during the service to other farmer group members as the target group of service activities.

Effect of UMMB (urea molasses multi-nutrient block) based on coffee skin on erythrocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin in transport stress of sheep

Transportation stress in livestock can be caused by distance and travel time, crowding in the transport vehicle, malnutrition during transportation, climatic conditions, lack of availability of food and drink and lack of handling during travel. The aim of providing coffee peel-based UMMB is to overcome nutritional deficiencies and stress in livestock during transportation. This research was carried out experimentally with a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments K0 (without UMMB) as control, K1 (UMMB based on 10% fermented coffee peel), K2 (UMMB based on 20% coffee peel), K3 (UMMB based on fermented coffee peel 30%) and 4 repetitions. The research parameters are erythrocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin. The results showed that administration of UMMB based on fermented coffee peel had a significant effect (P<0.05) on reducing erythrocyte levels (16.58%), decreasing hematocrit levels (18.30%) and decreasing hemoglobin levels (31.72%). The conclusion of this research is that administering coffee peel-based UMMB at a dose of 30% can reduce erythrocyte, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in sheep transportation stress

Palatability Test of Urea Molasses Multinutrient Block (UMMB) Based on Cocoa Pods Fermented with LMO (Local Microorganisms) in Sheep

This study aims to determine the benefits of giving UMMB (Urea molasses Multinutrient Block) based on cocoa fruit peels fermented by local microorganisms (LMO). The research was conducted at Dompet Dhuafa farm, Bulu Cina village, Hamparan Perak district, Deli Serdang. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The three treatments are K1 = UMMB containing 10% unfermented cocoa pods; K2 = UMMB containing 10% fermented cocoa pods; and K3 = UMMB containing 15% fermented cocoa pods. The parameters observed were palatability, feed consumption, feed conversion, and body weight gain. The results showed that UMMB (Urea molasses Multinutrient Block) based on fermented cocoa fruit peel with LMO did not significantly affect UMMB palatability, feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion of sheep.

Libido and Sperm Quality of the Etawah Cross-Breed Fed Urea Moringa Molasses Multinutrient Block Supplement

Moringa leaves contain high and complete nutrients, so they can be used as a constituentfor multi-nutrient blocks to increase libido and sperm quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Moringa leaf flour in a multi-nutrient block on libido and sperm quality of the Etawah Cross-Breed (PE) goats. This study used a two-sample t-test on 8 PE goats aged 18.50±1.00 months, body weight 32±1.49 kg, kept in individual pens for 8 weeks, given the swamp forage ad libitum. A total of 4 animals were supplemented with urea molasses multi-nutrient block (UMMB) as a control, and 4 animals were supplemented with urea moringa molasses multi-nutrient block (UMMMB) as a treatment. Libido and semen quality were measured from week 4 to week 8. Measurement of scrotal circumference and blood sampling were performed at weeks 0, 5, and 8. The concentration of testosterone in plasma was analyzed using the ELISA technique. The measured variables were compared using the independent sample t-test. UMMMB supplementation did not significantly (p>0.05) increase scrotal circumference and testosterone levels. UMMMB supplementation did not significantly (p>0.05) decrease reaction time, but significantly (p<0.05) decrease mount (24.20±4.30 vs 12.93±1.58 min) and ejaculation (25.60±4.11 vs 13.97±2.23 min). UMMMB supplementation did not significantly (p>0.05) increase semen volume and sperm concentration, but significantly (p<0.05) increased total sperm motility (69.67±0.76 vs 74.67±1.46%) and sperm viability (80.37±0.68 vs 86.48±1.74%). It can be concluded that UMMMB supplementation markedly increased libido, total motility, and sperm viability of PE goats.

Pemberian Pakan Suplemen Selama Kebuntingan pada Induk Kambing Etawa

Nutritional improvement in goats can be done by regulating the provision of rations during goat mother's pregnancy in utero conditions that can affect fetal growth. Adequate supply of nutrients during goat mother's pregnancy is a major factor in the internal environment of the unborn child, which is expected to have an impact on better performance for the next life. In addition to being given a basal ration based on the treatment, the mother goats were given supplementary feed. Supplementary feed in the form of Urea molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) provided as much as 100-150 g/head/day. All pregnant goats were grouped according to gestational age and given supplementary feed according to the length of gestational age status. Supplementary feed given to pregnant goat contained different levels of crude protein (PK), 23.75%, 25.26% and 27.16%. Pregnant goat without supplementation of feed during pregnancy, goat mothers aged 1 to 2 months of pregnancy were given supplementary feed (first trimester). Parent aged 3 to 5 months of gestation were given supplementary feed (third trimester). pregnant goat mothers are given supplementary feed during pregnancy. The results of the study that different levels of protein supplement feed had an effect on dry matter consumption of the ration, the highest consumption was in the third trimester of pregnancy (gestational age of 3 to 5 months). Supplementary feeding during pregnancy resulted in high maternal weight gain. The level of digestibility of the feed in vivo, the highest crude protein digestibility level was in the supplementary feed containing 23.75% crude protein.

Effect of Urea-molasses Multinutrient Block Supplementation on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Rural Buffalo Farms

Background: Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) have an immense importance in rural economy by virtue of their high production potential as triple purpose animal. Application of scientific technologies can further lead to significant productivity enhancement in buffaloes. Hence, the study was aimed to investigate adoption and effect of urea-molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) supplementation on buffalo productivity in rural areas of Punjab, India. Methods: An expost-facto research design was employed to collect data from selected buffalo farmers (N-501) through personal interview by using pretested research instrument. Based on the response, the buffalo farms were categorized as technology adopter farms (TAF) and non-adopter farms (TNAF). The effect of UMMB supplementation on productivity was evaluated by considering various productive and reproductive parameters of buffaloes. Both parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were employed to analyse the data by using SPSS software. Result: The results indicated that the buffalo farms (36.93%; 185/501) following an additional supplementation with UMMB had significantly (p less than 0.05) higher average daily milk yield per animal and lowered values of all reproductive parameters. This has proved the viability of UMMB technology at buffalo farms in study area. The study revealed that the technology plays valuable role in buffalo productivity enhancement, hence should be recommended to the government and propagated through vigorous activities at grass-root level to improve adoption.

SUBSTITUTES FOR MOLASSES AND CEMENT IN UREA-MOLASSES BLOCKS FOR RUMINANT ANIMALS

The first of two experiments was conducted to substitute cassava starch for molasses at levels of between 0 and nutrient blocks are discussed. 100% in urea-molasses blocks in six treatments. In a second experiment, of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala Gmelina arborea and cement were included at 15% levels respectively as substitutes to cement as feed block binders. A fifth treatment combined cement and the various leaves as binders. Parameters monitored included block hardness, stability in water, colour, storability, nutrient quality and cost. Results showed that the blocks dried within 3 - 7 days and the weights of the blocks progressively decreased (P<0.01) within the drying period, Final block weights were 88 to 97.5% of initial weights. The crude protein contents of the 100% molasses blocks were lower while the fibre contents of the leaves - substituted blocks were higher (P>0.05) between 25 and 28% CP. The blocks were strong and did not dissolve in water for 3 to 5 days. Increasing levels of cassava starch substitution made the blocks harder, Block colours varied from dark brown to dirty white. Use of leaves as binders reduced the cost of the blocks by as much as 20%. Blocks stored better when the sides of the plastic mould were lined with cellophane paper. The cassava substituted blocks stored up ic 9 months without moulding. Gliricidia sepium leaves, however, served as a good binder just like the other two leaves types used. aThe implication of using cassava starch and browse leaves in urea-molasses multinutrient blocks are discussed.

Urea Molasses Multinutrien Blok Sebagai Pakan Tambahan pada Ternak Ruminansia (UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT TO CATTLE)

The poor quality crop residues constitute the bulk of dry matter consumed by the ruminants. Like in most developing countries, including in Indonesia, feed shortage is the main constraint to their productivity. During the hot and dry seasons, the available feed resources are not enough in energy and digestion proteins, which are insufficient to maintenance requirements and reducing productivity throughout the year. The use of conventional feedstuffs such as rice brand, pollard, soybean cake, and groundnut cake to enhance production has become inappropriate. These supplements are in short supply owing to increasing demand from agricultural and industrial users. Their exorbitant prices and erratic supply made them too expensive for small-scale farmers to incorporate them into ruminant feeding. Urea Molasses Multinutrient Block (UMMB) is a convenient and inexpensive method of providing a range of nutrients to ruminants. Giving UMMB can improve low-quality feed digestion so in general can improve the performance of livestock such as milk production, weight, BCS and reproductive status. This article aims to evaluation the benefits of a UMMB for feed ruminants.

Effects of non-medicated and medicated urea molasses multi-nutrient block supplements on nutrient intake and blood mineral profile of lactating Saanen goats.

Poor nutrition is a major contributor to the performance of dairy goats on smallholder farms. Hence, strategic supplementation is required to overcome nutritional deficiencies. This paper reviews the effects of urea molasses multi nutrient block (UMMB) and medicated urea molasses multi-nutrient block (MUMB) supplements in comparison with imported commercial mineral blocks (CMB) on nutrient intake and blood mineral profile of Saanen lactating goats. A 90-day feeding trial was conducted at Yusof Ecofarm, Tanah Merah, Kelantan, Malaysia. Twenty four (24) Saanen lactating goats were assigned to four dietary treatments with six (6) goats in each group based on completely randomized block design. Goats in T1 (control) were fed with basal diet only that comprise of roughages and goat pellet while T2, T3 and T4 received equal amount of basal diet and allowed for ad-libitum licking of UMMB, MUMB and CMB respectively. Total dry matter intake (DMI) (kg/d) were 1.14, 1.29, 1.25 and 1.16 in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively whereas the UMMB, MUMB and CMB intakes (g/d) were 86.8, 50.4 and 36.6 respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.05) between treatments on nutrient intake. Crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 as compared to T1 and T4. The serum concentrations of calcium (Ca), ferum (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 with the values of 33.60 ppm, 341.67 ppb, 270.00 ppb and 138.30 ppb respectively as compared to other treatments. Hence, the findings of this research revealed that both UMMB and MUMB were effective in improving nutrient intake and blood mineral profile of lactating Saanen goats.

Enhancing reproductive performance in dairy buffalo: major constraints and achievements

Buffalo are of high economic importance for farmers in several developing countries but reproductive performance is poor. A large proportion of heifers attain puberty at 3-5 years of age. A good quality diet supplemented with extra nutrients reduces the age of puberty, whereas the effects of administration of exogenous GnRH or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) are equivocal. The incidence of anoestrus in buffalo ranges from 20 to 80% depending on season. Most buffalo cease ovarian cyclicity during hot summers probably due to the combined effects of nutrition, environment and management. Keeping buffalo cool by wallowing, water sprinklers or shade improves fertility. Supplementary feeding with Urea Molasses Multi-nutrient Blocks (UMMB) for 60 days before calving enhances the early onset of postpartum oestrus. Regular UMMB supplementation also improves pregnancy rates in anoestrous non-pregnant buffalo. Prepartum vaginal prolapse is hereditary and eradication can be achieved by genetic selective breeding programmes. Treatment with calcium, phosphorus and progesterone gives only transient relief to clinical cases. Uterine torsion is the most common cause of dystocia (70%). Deployment of Sharma's detorsion method and anti-stress measures increase survival rates in cases presented within 36 h. In conclusion, greater understanding about the effects of better year-round nutrition, improved management and markers for logical breeding programmes are essential to curtail the incidence of the reproductive disorders that reduce buffalo fertility.

Nutrients Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Blood Profile of West African Dwarf (Wad) Goats Fed Cassava Peels with Urea-molasses Multi-nutrient Block (UMMB) Supplements

Nutrients Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Blood Profile of West African Dwarf (Wad) Goats Fed Cassava Peels with Urea-molasses Multi-nutrient Block (UMMB) Supplements

Effects of Medicated and Non-medicated Multi-nutrient Block Supplementation on Gastrointestinal Parasite Infestation and Blood Hematological Parameters of Lactating Saanen Goats

In a 90-day feeding trial, twenty four (24) Saanen lactating does were assigned to four treatment group. The treatments were feeding: basal diet only as a control (T1), basal diet with urea molasses multi-nutrient block (UMMB) (T2), basal diet with medicated urea molasses multi-nutrient block (MUMB) (T3) and basal diet with commercial mineral block (CMB) (T4). There were significant differences (p 0.05) between treatments on WBC, LYM, MON, GRA, RBC, HCT, MCV, MCH, PLT, MPV and PCT. However, significant effects (p<0.05) on HBG, MCHC, RDW and PDW were observed in T2 and T3. This research showed that UMMB and MUMB were effective in controlling parasite infestation in Saanen lactating dairy goats apart from improving their blood hematological parameters. Comparison with CMB showed that it is practical to be used for parasite control.

KECERNAAN NDF DAN ADF YANG MENDAPAT SUPLEMENTASI UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK (UMMB) DARI BEBERAPA JENIS LIMBAH PERTANIAN DAN RUMPUT LAPANG PADA SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE (PO)

NDF AND ADF DIGESTIBILITY WHICH GET THE SUPPLEMENTED UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK (UMMB) OF SOME CROP RESIDUES TYPE AND LOCAL GRASS ON ONGOLE CROSSBRED CATTLE. A research evaluating dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility of crops residues and local grass supplemented urea molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) on Ongole crossbred cattle (PO). Four male PO cattle, 12 – 18 months of age with ± 100 kg of body weight were used in this experiment. Latin Square Design 4 x 4 with 4 cows and 4 treatments was used. The treatments were : R1 : UMMB + local grass, R2: UMMB + Corn straw, R3: UMMB + Rice straw, and R4: UMMB + peanut straw. The results showed that there were significant effect (P&lt;0.01) of treatments on NDF and ADF digestibility. C1 showed that NDF and ADF digestibility of local grass (68.44% and 61.37%) were higher (P&lt;0.05) compared to crop residues (corn straw 65.25% and 58.59%, rice straw 62.63% dan 52.80%, and peanut straw 67.53% and 59.81%) respectively. C2 showed that NDF and ADF digestibility of legume straw was higher than grasses straw; and C3 showed that NDF and ADF digestibility of rice straw was lower than corn straw. The results have concluded that : 1. NDF and ADF digestibility of local grass were higher compared to crop residues. 2. NDF and ADF digestibility of legume straw (peanut straw) was higher than grasses straw (corn straw and ricce straw);3. NDF and ADF digestibility of corn straw was higher than peanut straw.Key words: NDF and ADF digestibility, crop residues, UMMB, ongole crossbred cattle

KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING DAN BAHAN ORGANIK PAKAN YANG MENDAPAT SUPLEMENTASI UREA MOLLASES MULTINUTRIENT BLOK (UMMB) DARI BEBERAPA JENIS LIMBAH PERTANIAN DAN RUMPUT LAPANG

DRIED MATERIALS AND ORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE SUPPLYING UREA MOLLASES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCKS OF (UMMB) FROM SEVERAL AGRICULTURAL WASTE AND EQUIPMENT GRASS. The common forages are given for ruminants in the form of grasses coming from pastures or lawns, bunds, and roadside. In addition, there are still sources of animal feed that has not been utilized optimally the agricultural waste. Some obstacles to the utilization of agricultural waste as animal feed is caused by the generally low quality of agricultural waste with high fiber content, low protein, and low digestibility so that when it is used as a basal feed it is necessary to add other feed ingredien ts that have good quality to meet the needs livestock in improving productivity. One way to optimize the nutritional value of agricultural waste is by providing feed supplements such as urea molasses multinutrient block (UMMB). The research was conducted in Tonsewer Village, Tompaso Barat District for 40 days starting from November 2016 until December 2016. The animals used in this study were male PO cattle, aged 12 - 18 months as many as 4 tails with weight ± 100 kg and feed given is field grass (RL), corn straw (JJ), rice straw (JP), and groundnut straw (JKT), and UMMB as a supplement feed. This study used a 4 x 4 Latin Square Design experiment with 4 cattle and 4 treatments. The results of this study indicate that the diversity analysis showed that the treatment had significantly different effect (P &lt;0.05) on the consumption and digestibility of BK and BO. The digestibility of feedstuff DM was R1 (67,51%), R2 (68,57%), R3 (63,51%) and R4 (72,78%) and BO digestibility was R1 (72,78%) , R2 (74.22%), R3 (67.33%), and R4 (67.33%). Key words: crop residues, UMMB, DM, OM digestibility and ongole crossbred cattle

Effects of Urea-Molasses Multi-nutrient Blocks (UMMB) supplementation on some production parameters of lactating Horro cows at Horro Guduru Animal Production and Research Center, western Ethiopia

The effects of dietary supplementation of urea-molasses multi nutrient block of lactating Horro cows fed Rhodes grass (chloris gayana) hay as a basal diet on milk yield, milk composition, feed intake and live weight change was studied on-station (at Horro Guduru Animal Production and Research Center of Wollega University). Sixteen cows in similar parity and lactation were randomly assigned to two groups: group A (control) and group B (UMMB-supplemented). The control group received baled Rhodes grass hay as a basal diet and small amount of concentrate; whereas the supplemented group (B) received UMMB in addition to the normal ration offered to the control group. The experiment was conducted for 60 days during the dry months. Mean daily milk yield and feed intake were higher in the cows supplemented with UMMB (P&lt;0.01) compared to the un-supplemented group. The average milk yield for control and supplemented groups are 1.62 and 2.38 respectively. On the other hands no significant differences were observed among the supplemented and control group for milk composition and body weight gain (P&gt;0.05). However the body weight gain is slightly better for the supplemented group. The increased milk production due to UMMB supplementation in this study could be attributed to the increased intakes of energy and nitrogen that was accessed through block supplementation.Keyword: UMMB Rhodes grass Milk yield Feed intake

Evaluation of urea molasses multinutrient block supplementation in beetal cross goats

To assess the effect of supplementary feeding of urea molasses multi-nutrient blocks (UMMB) enriched with area- specific mineral mixture on body weight gain, haematology and mineral status, 12 growing Beetal cross goats were divided into Gr I (control) and II (UMMB supplemented @ 50g/day). The difference in body weight was not significantly different between Gr.I and Gr.II. Non-significant changes were observed in haemoglobin and packed cell volume. Significant (P<0.05) improvement was observed in phosphorus, magnesium and zinc levels in supplemented group.

The Effect of Urea Molasses Multi-Nutrient and Medicated Block for Beef Cattle, Beef and Dairy Cow

Urea molasses multi-nutrient block (UMMB) is a feed supplement and one of the best formulas constructed by the National Nuclear Energy Agency (BATAN). This supplement contains soya bean meal (SBM) and has been developed using different protein sources, such as Enterolobium cyclocarpum ( Ec ), soya bean waste sauce (SBWs), wheat pollard (WP) and WP bypass protein (WPBp). It has also been developed using medicated block (MB). The objective is to introduce the P-32 tracer for obtaining a new feed supplement, to apply UMMB-SBM on beef cattle for fattening, and to test UMMB-MB on cows in the field. Parameters measured include microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in rumen liquid, daily live weight gain (DLWG), milk production and total count of worm in feces. Statistical analysis used were Latin squares, S tudent’s t-test, and completely randomized design. The UMMB-SBM was better than UMMB-Ec, UMMB-SBWs, and UMMB-WP, because it was able to increase MPS by up to 205.67%, superior to the other feed supplements ( 51.01%, 34.04%, and 73.94% respectively). On the other hand, with UMMB-WPBp supplementation, MPS was enhanced by 425.27%. The UMMB-SBM was able to increase DLWG by 0.34 , 0.30, 0.38 and 0.36 kg/(animal d) on Bali cattle, Ongole, Simmental, and Frisian Holstein cross breed respectively . The increase of cost benefit ratio was affected by increasing DLWG. These values were 1:1.89; 1: 1.34; 1:1.45 and 1:1.35 respectively. UMMB-MB- C. aeruginosa and alb endazole increased milk production by 4.23% and 46.56% respectively. In t he first communal group, beef cows that received UMMB-MB albendazole were able to increase feed consumption, including dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total digestible nutrient, at P<0.05. The second communal group, feed consumption significantly differed from control at P<0.05 on crude protein, and total digestible nutrient. UMMB-MB tends to be effective only for ten days on the total amount of egg worm in feces. Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} Received: 28 January 2014; Revised: 13 June 2014; Accepted: 23 June 2014 Normal 0 false false false IN X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times New Roman,serif;}

Nutritional evaluation of urea molasses multi-nutrient blocks containing agro-industrial wastes in buffaloes

The present study was undertaken to formulate and compare the nutritional worth of conventional urea molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) with UMMB containing spent sugar syrup (SSP) from aamla (Phyllanthus emblica) preserve (murabba) industries, sundried waste bread (WB) and/or tomato pomace (TP) in buffaloes. The wheat flour and oil mustard cake in the conventional UMMB were replaced, respectively, with WB and TP on nitrogen basis, while molasses was replaced by SSS on weight by weight basis. The blocks were iso-nitrogenous and iso- caloric as indicated by comparable CP and EE contents in different UMMBs. Male Murrah buffaloes (12; 5–6 yr old; 456.8±5.3 kg body weight) randomly distributed into 3 equal groups were offered either conventional-UMMB, UMMB containing SSS (SSS-UMMB) or UMMB containing SSS, WB and TP (SSS-WB-TP-UMMB) for 45 days. In addition to the respective UMMBs, the animals in all the groups were offered 1 kg conventional concentrate mixture, 5 kg green fodder and 9 kg wheat straw. The daily intake of block varied from 0.49 kg (SSS-UMMB) to 1.08 kg (conventional-UMMB). Simultaneously, each diet was fed to 3 rumen fistulated male buffaloes to assess the impact on rumen metabolites. The DM and water intake, digestibility of nutrients, concentration of rumen metabolites, blood profile, urinary purine derivatives and N-retention were statistically comparable in all the groups. All the animals maintained their body weights. It was concluded that agro-industrial wastes like spent sugar syrup, waste bread and tomato pomace could be incorporated into UMMBs without any adverse effect on palatability, nutrient utilization or health of animals. Above all the preparation of UMMB could be economized and conventional ingredients could be spared for more vulnerable species.

Effects of supplementation of urea-molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) on the performance of dairy cows fed good quality forage based diets with rice straw as a night feeding

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen supplementation through urea-molasses multinutrient block (UMMB) on the performance of dairy cows fed good quality forage based diets with rice straw as a night feeding. A total of 10 multiparous crossbred dairy cows in their early lactation were grouped into two categories based on their breed, parity, body weight, milk yield, milk fat and protein contents and daily fed a chopped CO-3 grass (Pennisetum purpureum × Pennisetum americanum; hybrid Napier) ad-libitum, 1 kg of dairy cow concentrate feed during the day time and 5 kg of rice straw (dry matter basis) at night as the basal diet (control) for 5 wk. In addition to the basal diet, the treatment group received 300 g of crushed UMMB daily throughout the experimental period. Cows were milked twice daily and the milk yields were recorded. Milk and feed samples were collected weekly for chemical analysis. Supplementation of UMMB had no significant effects (p>0.05) on straw intake, daily milk yield, contents and yields of milk constituents such as milk fat, protein, lactose and solids-non-fat. In addition, milk urea nitrogen content were not affected (p>0.05) by UMMB supplementation. However, numerical increments in all the parameters measured were observed during the study in cows fed diets supplemented with UMMB. It can be concluded that nitrogen supplied through UMMB had no effects on production performances of dairy cows in this study.

Development, isolation and characterization of a new non-virulent mimosine-degrading Klebsiella pneumoniae strain from the rumen liquor of German steers by using IBT-Göttinger bioreactor

The tropical legume Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) has many uses, including: a potential source of firewood and timber; for soil erosion control (Dijkman 1950); to provide shade; to enhance soil fertility; and as a nutritious forage for animal feed (Ruskin 1977). It is widely used as forage for cattle in tropical agriculture (Shelton 1998). In Myanmar, leucaena is used as a protein source in urea-molasses multi-nutrient blocks for ruminants (Ni Ni Maw et al. 2004). However, the use of leucaena as ruminant feed is not without problems, because it contains mimosine, a toxic anti-nutritional factor limiting its use as animal feed. Jones (1981) reported the absence of toxicity when leucaena was fed to goats and cattle in Hawaii and Indonesia. According to the low dihydroxypyridine (DHP) in urine of those animals, it was assumed that they could degrade mimosine and DHP. Hawaiian goats, but not Australian goats, could degrade 3,4-DHP ruminally (Jones and Megarrity1983). Inoculation of susceptible animals with rumen liquor containing mimosinedegrading bacteria protected against DHP toxicity in ruminants (Jones and Lowry 1984). For maintaining mimosine-degrading bacteria, the donor animals should be fed on leucaena continuously and it is expensive to maintain their veterinary care. Hence, we tried to develop mimosine-degrading ruminal bacteria using a fermenter, intending to produce a source of inoculum for the routine control of leucaena toxicosis in ruminants.