Urban Secondary School Students Research Articles

How Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Exacerbate the Digital Divide at Secondary Education: The Case of Two Chinese Schools

In major public health crises, online education can play an important role in guaranteeing the continuity of education. However, whether online education can promote educational equity has been questioned widely. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed severe challenges students face in online teaching. Based on Bourdieu’s theory of cultural reproduction and 34 interviews with participants including students, parents, and teachers, this research adopted a case study approach to explore the digital divide among Chinese rural and urban secondary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was found that despite measures adopted by the Chinese government, a wider digital divide has been created between urban and rural secondary schools, and the online learning result was heavily influenced by the socioeconomic status of both the individuals and the schools they attended. More specifically, compared with urban students, rural students had less access to sui digital devices and environment, quality-parental guide and supervision, effective teachers’ instruction, and worse habitus and less ability in independent online learning. Overall, this study calls on policymakers, leaders, educators, and parents to take collective actions to create a more effective online educational environment for students from the vulnerable and disadvantaged groups.

Breaking the Mould: Vocational Interest of Secondary School Students across Gender and Socio-economic Status

The researcher has tried to know and acknowledge the vocational interests of secondary school students of Dakshin Dinajpur District in West Bengal. The objectives of this study are; 1. To study the relationship between vocational interest and social economic status of Secondary school students; 2. To compare the vocational interest of male and female secondary school students; 3.To compare the socio economic status among male and female secondary school students; 4. To compare the vocational interest of rural and urban secondary school students; 5.To compare the vocational interest of General and SC/ST/OBC Secondary school students. This study investigated the vocational interest across gender and socio-economic status among a random sample of 300 secondary school students. The researcher used; the Vocational Interest Record developed by Dr. S.P. Kulshrestha, (2017) to measure the Vocational Interest and the socio-economic status scale developed by Prof. Ashok k. Kalla& Mr. Sudhir Sahu (2012) to measure the socio economic status. The data were analyzed with the help of Mean, S.D. and t-test to study the vocational interest of secondary school students of Dakshin Dinajpur District in relation socio-economic status. The study revealed that there is a significant difference between the Vocational Interests of urban and rural students and Gender variations are not evident in Vocational Interests among secondary school students. Vocational Interests and socioeconomic status are negatively correlated. The findings from this study have implications for the teachers or educators to acquire knowledge of the Vocational interests of urban and rural students. It also exaggerates the necessity of educational and vocational guidance and counselling at the stage of secondary school.

The Prevalence of Refractive Errors and Risk Factors for the Formation of Myopia in Schoolchildren in the City of Astana

Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increased prevalence of myopia. Multiple cross-sectional and longitudinal studies report an association between education and myopia. The purpose of this study is to study the structure and prevalence of refractive errors, as well as risk factors for the formation of myopia in schoolchildren in Astana. Methods. The cross-sectional study involved 200 students (400 eyes) in urban secondary schools. We studied autorefraction, subjective refraction using the "fogging" method and proposed a questionnaire in two age groups: 4th grade – 9 -10 years old (n=100), 9th grade - 15-16 years old (n=100). The questionnaire covered major risk factors such as parental myopia, screen time, outdoor time, working at close range, sports, daily routine, and subjective visual complaints. The association of risk factors with myopia was examined. Results. The overall prevalence of refractive errors was 46.75% (95% confidence interval (CI) 40; 53.5); myopia 36.75% (95% CI 27.5; 46); hyperopia 10% (95% CI 12.5–7.5) and astigmatism 18.75% (95% CI 11.5; 26). In the senior class group (9th grade), the percentage of myopia was higher (27.5% and 46%), while outdoor activity more than 2 hours a day (60.1% and 48%) and sports (65% and 48%) were associated with a lower incidence of myopia in the younger group (4th grade). Conclusions. The most common refractive error among schoolchildren in Astana is myopia. Measures to prevent the formation and progression of myopia, including increased time spent outdoors and playing sports, should guide public health interventions for this population.

Prevalence, associated factors and level of dependence of substance use among urban secondary school students, Benin.

The use of psychoactive substances is constantly increasing, particularly among young people. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence, associated factors and the level of dependence of those substances among secondary school students in Benin. This cross-sectional study included 627 students in grades 8-12, selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected using the ASSIST questionnaire, followed by urine screening. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate factors associated with substance use. Overall, the lifetime prevalence of psychoactive substance use was 95.4% (95% CI = 93.4-96.9), while the current use was 78.8% (95% CI = 75.3-81.9). The most commonly used substances in the past 3months were alcohol, followed by stimulants and tobacco; 221 samples were analysed. Twenty-two (9.95%) were positive by urine screening. Substances detected were tramadol, fentanyl, THC, K2, BZDs, alcohol, methamphetamine and cotinine. Of the current users, 2.27% (n = 11) were at high risk of dependency. An association was found between substance use and age (p = 0.02). In conclusion, this study came up with a high prevalence of substance use among students. There is a need to develop and implement a health education programme in secondary schools to raise awareness of the potential risks.

Study of Awareness about Environmental Problems among Rural and Urban Secondary School Students of Bhaderwah Tehsil of J and K, India

Study of Awareness about Environmental Problems among Rural and Urban Secondary School Students of Bhaderwah Tehsil of J and K, India

Effects of Cyberbullying and Coping Strategies on Depression

Background: Cyberbullying is associated with depression in adolescents. Coping strategies may serve to buffer against cyberbullying’s effect on depression. Studies on cyberbullying’s effects on depression and effects of respective coping in Thai adolescents are scarce. Objectives: To elucidate the effect of cyberbullying on depression in a sample of Thai urban secondary school students, and the effect of coping strategies on depression in cyberbullied subgroup. Materials and Methods: Stratified random sampling was performed. A total of 895 students completed the questionnaires. Depressive symptoms were measured using Patient Health Questionnaire-Adolescent, Thai version (PHQ-A), at the 0th baseline and 6th month outcome follow-up. Cyberbullying victimization was measured with items from Cyber-Aggression perpetration and victimization scale, Thai version. Potential confounders and coping strategies endorsement were collected. Statistical analyses of effects on 6th month depressive symptoms were carried out with generalized linear models. Results: From generalized linear model adjusted for age, gender, academic major, parental education level, perceived relationship difficulties, perceived learning difficulties, perceived social support, and baseline depressive symptoms, cyberbullying victimization predicted higher depressive symptoms at 6th month. From the model, having cyberbullying-victimization score of 1 SD above the mean predicted an increase in depression severity by one level. In cyberbullied participants, coping by consulting adults predicted lower depressive symptoms at 6th month, while coping by self-talk predicted higher depressive symptoms at 6th month. Other strategies failed to predict depressive symptoms at 6th month. Clinical implications are discussed. Conclusion: In the present study sample, cyberbullying victimization predicted higher depressive symptoms. Coping by consulting adults predicted lower depressive symptoms, while self-talking predicted higher depressive symptoms. More studies in Thai context are needed. Keywords: Cyberbullying; Depressive symptom; Adaptation, psychological; Adolescent; Thai

A Study on Academic Achievement of Residential and Non-residential secondary school students in relation to Locality

The present study intends to Study on Academic Achievement of Residential and Non-residential secondary school students in relation to Locality. Investigator studied Dharwad district Residential and Non-residential secondary school students’ Academic achievement and Adjustment. The sample of the study consists of 500 Residential and Non-residential secondary school X standard students of Dharwad district. Investigator used Descriptive Survey method for the present study. Investigator prepared and used Academic achievement test. Investigator visited the Residential and Non-residential secondary schools of Dharwad district and collected data from the students. The descriptive and differential statistics is used for the analysis of collected data.The results of the study reveal that the Mean and SD of the non-residential rural secondary school students have significant higher academic achievement (79.79±6.53) as compared to residential rural secondary school students (77.67±6.75) and the non-residential urban secondary school students have significant higher academic achievement (79.79±6.53) as compared to residential urban secondary school students (77.67±6.75).

Using Large-Scale Datasets to Amplify Equitable Learning in Urban Mathematics

Our purpose in this article was to provide researchers using NCES datasets to analyze secondary students’ mathematics achievement in urban schools with methodological considerations and analytical suggestions. We are hopeful that researchers interested in students’ mathematics achievement in urban schools will consider accessing and using NCES studies to deepen our collective understanding beyond IES summary statistics featured in reports such as NAEP and TIMMS and tables from The Condition of Education. We believe that studies of large-scale data that are attentive to the methodological considerations of complex sampling, data clustering and causal inference, will contribute nuanced perspectives of promising policy and practice directions for improving disparities in urban secondary school students’ inequitable mathematics achievement outcomes.

Effect of Removing Chocolate Milk on Milk and Nutrient Intake Among Urban Secondary School Students.

IntroductionSchools across the United States have removed sweetened, flavored milk from cafeterias to reduce students’ sugar consumption and improve their health. However, evidence on the impact of the removal is limited. We examined the effect of a policy that removed chocolate milk from secondary schools on students’ milk consumption and estimated milk-related nutrient intake.MethodsWe collected data on milk selection and consumption during 1 lunch period in 24 California public secondary schools pre-policy (N = 3,158 students in 2016) and post-policy (N = 2,966 students in 2018). Schools had a student population that was 38% Asian and 29% Latino, with 63% qualifying for free or reduced-price meals. We used linear mixed effects models to assess changes in milk selection and waste, and we estimated related changes in added sugars, calcium, protein, and vitamin D consumed from milk.ResultsThe proportion of students selecting milk declined 13.6%, from 89.5% pre-policy to 75.9% post-policy (95% CI for difference, 10.8% tο 16.4%), but the proportion of milk wasted remained stable (37.1% vs 39.3%; 95% CI for difference, −0.2% to 4.6%). Although average per-student milk consumption declined by less than 1 ounce per student (from 4.8 oz to 3.8 oz; 95% CI for difference, −1.1 oz to −0.7 oz), we observed no significant reductions in average per-student intake of calcium, protein, or vitamin D from milk. Estimated added sugars from milk declined significantly, by 3.1 grams per student (95% CI, −3.2 g to −2.9 g).ConclusionRemoving chocolate milk modestly reduced student milk consumption without compromising average intake of key milk-related nutrients, and consumption of added sugars from milk declined significantly. Secondary schools should consider removing chocolate milk to support healthy beverage consumption.

DISPARITY IN CREATIVE ABILITIES AMONG RURAL AND URBAN SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN DIBRUGARH DISTRICT OF ASSAM

Purpose of the Study: This study investigated the creative abilities of students from rural and urban secondary schools in terms of their fluency, flexibility, originality, inquisitiveness, and persistency. Methodology: The research design used here is quantitative with the type of descriptive survey method. The research subjects were 720 secondary school students selected through disproportionate stratified random sampling. The research instrument used is the Passi Test of Creativity (verbal & non-verbal). The analysis techniques employed are descriptive statistics and inferential statistics in the form of independent means t-test. Main Findings: The study revealed that rural and urban Secondary level school students have significant differences in their creativity. However, concerning the inquisitiveness dimension of creativity, the study reported no significant difference between the rural and urban Secondary level school students. Applications of this Study: This research can be used as input for the schools and teachers at the secondary level to consider the practice of offering a more stimulating environment to students hailing from rural backgrounds. This research can also be used as input in the facilitation of students’ creative abilities. Novelty/Originality of this Study: The teachers, educators, and school authorities, especially at Secondary level of Education; are suggested to offer more exposures and stimulating environments to students belonging to the rural backgrounds. The study examined for the first time the rural-urban disparity among secondary level school students on the dimensions of creativity such as inquisitiveness and persistence, especially in north-east India.

Predictors of current tobacco smoking by adolescents in Nigeria: Interaction between school location and socioeconomic status.

INTRODUCTIONTobacco smoking is the largest preventable cause of global mortality, with its prevalence increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among adolescents. We sought to determine the factors associated with tobacco smoking among Nigerian school adolescents and investigate the interaction between school location and socioeconomic status (SES).METHODSUsing a cross-sectional study design, 4332 eighth to tenth grade students in rural and urban secondary schools in Enugu State, Nigeria, were selected by stratified two-stage cluster sampling. We collected data using a modified Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) Core Questionnaire. Outcome measures were current smoking of cigarettes and other smoked tobacco. Multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with current tobacco smoking and were considered statistically significant at p<0.05.RESULTSPrevalences of current smoking of cigarettes and other smoked tobacco were 13.3% (95% CI: 11.3–15.7) and 5.8% (95% CI: 4.6–7.2), respectively. Possession of higher weekly allowance, exposure to secondhand smoke or tobacco advertisements, having smoking parents, friends or classmates who smoke, and sale of cigarettes near school, were positively associated with current smoking of tobacco. Female sex, having both parents employed and being exposed to tobacco teaching in school were negatively associated with current cigarette smoking while increasing age and high father’s SES were negatively associated with current smoking of other tobacco products. There was an interaction between school location and father’s SES in the association with cigarette smoking. The higher odds of smoking in rural versus urban schools were much higher for students with fathers of high SES compared to low SES. In rural schools, high SES was associated with higher odds of smoking, but in urban schools low SES was associated with higher odds of smoking. CONCLUSIONS Environmental factors are associated with adolescent tobacco smoking. Tobacco control programs should use targeted strategies that vary depending on the local context.

Associations of obesity and serum leptin level with elevated blood pressure among urban secondary school students of a northeastern city of India: A baseline observation.

Background:Elevated blood pressure has been found to be associated with body mass index (BMI) and serum leptin levels among adults. But there is a paucity of reports regarding such associations among adolescents.Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension and its associations with BMI and serum leptin levels among the secondary school going students of the Agartala Municipal Corporation area.Materials and Methods:This school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st April 2018 to 31st December 2018, among 1,000 students studying in different secondary level schools located in Agartala municipal corporation area chosen by multistage sampling ensuring proportionate representation in the sample.Result:Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were found to be 42.40% and 15.70%, respectively, 55.20% had normal, 22.80% had low, and 22.00% had high BMI. Serum leptin levels were found to be normal among 54.70% of the students, whereas, 36.70% had high and 8.60% had low levels, respectively. Logistic regression analysis has identified male sex (OR = 0.231, 95% CI = 0.172–0.310, P = 0.000) and high BMI (OR = 4.289, 95% CI = 2.857–6.440, P = 0.000) as the significant determinants of elevated blood pressure, but the effect of serum leptin level and family history of hypertension did not attain the level of statistical significance.Conclusion:Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among urban school-going adolescents were found to be 42.40% and 15.70%, respectively and were significantly associated with their sex and BMI and serum leptin level, but regression analysis failed to detect any significant effect of serum leptin level in determining the blood pressure of the study subjects.

SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF HIV/AIDS CIRCUMCISION AMONG XHOSA ADOLESCENTS VOLUNTARY MALE CIRCUMCISION IN SOUTH AFRICA and AFRICA

Ponte Academic JournalJun 2019, Volume 75, Issue 6 SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF HIV/AIDS CIRCUMCISION AMONG XHOSA ADOLESCENTS VOLUNTARY MALE CIRCUMCISION IN SOUTH AFRICA & AFRICAAuthor(s): Tuntufye S MwamwendaJ. Ponte - Jun 2019 - Volume 75 - Issue 6 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2019.6.21 Abstract:The objective of this investigation was to assess the knowledge and awareness of HIV/AIDS of Urban Secondary School Students in South Africa. It is generally perceived that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in South Africa is unrivaled worldwide. In fact, South Africa has the largest and most high profile HIV epidemic in the world. The sample of the study comprised 105 (57 girls and 48 boys) grades 11 and 12 students studying at a comprehensive secondary school in Durban, South Africa. The respondents were administered an HIV/AIDS questionnaire of 15 statements/questions, to which they were asked to tick the most correct response on the basis of the three options provided, which were “Yes”, “No” “Do not know”. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequency, percentage, chi-square and probability were used for data analyses. Based on the analyses of the data, scores ranged from unsatisfactory to moderate and good. Those who scored below 50% were in the category of unsatisfactory; those who scored 50-60s were moderate and those who scored 70% and above fell under the category good. In this scaling, the assumption was that it takes a score of 70% and above to be considered adequately knowledgeable to use such HIV/AIDS knowledge to guard against contracting the disease. The overall results confirmed what other researchers have observed. In conclusion, it was stressed that: In view of the fact that, HIV/AIDS has no known cure, there is need for comprehensive sexuality education programmes, which will equip urban girls and boys to protect themselves against the scourge of HIV/AIDS. In short, what is being advocated is educating, motivating, persuading and enabling should be the chief cornerstone of HIV/AIDS public education campaigns. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

Lifestyle Factors Associated With Overweight/Obesity Status in Croatian Adolescents: A Population-Based Study

Much is known about the influence of potential lifestyle factors on adolescents’ nutritional status, but in Croatia there are not many studies of this topic. Past studies have shown many variables associated with being overweight/obese. Thus, this study investigated the associations between the overweight/obesity status and lifestyle factors of Croatian adolescents. In this cross-sectional study, participants were 1,950 urban secondary-school students (884 male, 1,066 female) aged 17 to 18 years old. The dependent variable was body mass index derived from self-reported height and weight. The outcome was binarized, where participants with value < 25.0 lb/in were collapsed into normal weight, while those ? 25.1 lb/in into the overweight/obesity weight category. Independent variables were gender, type of school, physical activity, sedentary behavior, self-rated health, self-perceived socioeconomic status, and psychological distress. The associations between the dependent and independent variables were analyzed through multiple logistic regression analysis. In the univariate model, being overweight/ obese was significantly associated with a male gender (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.42), attending a vocational school (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.42 to 2.48), not meeting the recommendations for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.88), more time spent in sedentary behavior (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.19), poor self-rated health (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.56), and lower socioeconomic status (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.84). In the multivariate model, the same associations occured between the dependent and independent variable. In both models, psychological distress was not associated with being overweight/obese. In conclusion, the findings suggest that lifestyle factors are independently associated with body mass index.Subscribe to TPE

Linguistic Intelligence and Social Intelligence in Secondary School Students: A Regression Analysis

This study examines the infuence of linguistic intelligence on social intelligence. Sample for the study includes I52 urban secondary school students (77 boys and 75 girls) from muslim minority community, of class IX of Vikas High School, Edi Bazar Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The data for measuring Social Intelligence is collected using Tromso Social Intelligence Scale (TSIS) developed by Silvera et al. (200I)1. Linguistic Intelligence is measured using the GPA score of the students in the latest formative evaluation of languages (Hindi, Telugu and English). SPSS Ver.23 is used to measure the regression coeffcient and squared regression coeffcient. The correlation coeffcient between linguistic and social intelligences is r=0.507 (sig. at a=0.0I). The simple linear regression coeffcient of the two variables is R=0.507(p=0.000) and adj. squared regression coeffcient R2=0.252(p=0.000). The role of gender is found to be strong on both the variables and hence partial correlation is conducted blocking the infuence on gender on them. The partial correlation coeffcient is r12.3=0.387 (p=0.000). In the light of these evidences, there is a highly statistically signifcant, positive in nature and strong in magnitude relationship of linguistic intelligence and social intelligence in school students of VIIIth and IXth standards. Girls from muslim community are found to be more linguistically and socially intelligent than boys with point biserial correlation coeffcients between gender and linguistic intelligence being r=0.705 (sig. at a=0.0I) and between gender and social intelligence being r=0.355 (sig. at a=0.0I), respectively. The Educational implications are discussed in the light of the fndings of Sacher committee report.

Factors, Gender and Locational Differences of Stress among Secondary School Students in Ikwerre and Port Harcourt Local Government Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria

This study was conducted to ascertain the factors gender and location differences of stress among secondary school students, in Port Harcourt and Ikwerre Local Government Areas of Rivers State. Population of the study comprised all the senior secondary school class two (SS2) and junior secondary school class two (JSS2) students in Port Harcourt and Ikwerre Local government areas of Rivers State. Simple random and stratified random sampling techniques were used to draw a sample of 272 students used for the study. The sample was made up of 136 male and 136 female students. It also comprised 136 urban and 136 rural students. The JSS students were 136 while the SSS students were 136. The instrument used for the study was titled factors of Stress among Secondary School Students Inventory (FSSS1). The instrument which measured possible factors of stress among secondary school students comprised 26 items. Cronbach Alpha was used to determine the reliability co-efficient of the instrument which was 0.84. Three research questions and two hypotheses were answered and tested respectively, using mean, standard deviation and t-test. The results obtained were as follows: The identified sources of stress among secondary school students include: poor academic performance, too much punishment in school, some teachers not teaching during their period, gossiping from school mates, poor health condition, the issue of gaining admission into the university, parents poor financial condition, not having text books, parents sickness and traffic hold-up, to and from school. There was significant difference between male and female students stress. There was also significant difference between urban and rural secondary school students stress. It was recommended among others that government should expand the infrastructural facilities in the existing universities so as to enable them offer more admission to the students in order to reduce their stress in this regard; and that rural posting allowance be paid to teachers in the rural areas. In addition, counsellors, are to counsel students on stress coping strategies.

Patterns of oral Choice and Evaluation across secondary content areas

ABSTRACTOur study focuses on Choice and Evaluation, two of Mohan's knowledge structures to uncover how teachers and students across content areas developed disciplinary knowledge through classroom talk. Participants included in-service teachers and their students in rural and urban secondary schools in the Eastern and Western US. Through Choice and Evaluation, we examined opportunities for students across four disciplines to build up their knowledge of content matter or field. Findings revealed that teachers of math and science built students’ field knowledge through classroom exploration, eliciting Evaluation in dialogic patterns involving Choice, while social studies and language arts teachers helped students implicitly use Choice/Evaluation through projects based on their previous experiences. The essential role of student background knowledge in enabling participation across different types of oral exchanges is shown. This study uncovers tendencies across classrooms and makes linguistically informed suggestions for teachers in the disciplines.

Choice of transport mode in emerging adulthood: Differences between secondary school students, studying young adults and working young adults and relations with gender, SES and living environment

BackgroundEncouraging sustainable travel behavior in emerging adults is important because this transport choice might persist into adulthood. However, research on transport habits in emerging adulthood is scarce. This study aimed to examine potential differences in walking, cycling, car use and public transport use between three groups of emerging adults (secondary school students (17–18yrs), studying young adults (18–25yrs) and working young adults (18–25yrs)), and to investigate differences in choice of transport modes within each of the three groups according to gender, SES and living environment. MethodsA cross-sectional design was used to collect self-reported data via an online survey that assessed socio-demographic variables, commuting (to work or school) and transport to other destinations. 1307 emerging adults completed the questionnaire. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used. The four dependent variables were minutes per week walking, cycling, car use and public transport use. ResultsCompared to the other two groups, secondary school students were most likely to cycle, studying young adults were most likely to walk and use public transport and working young adults were most likely to use a car. In each of the three groups, men were more likely to cycle than women and women were more likely to commute by car to work/school than men. Female secondary school students were also more likely to use a car to other destinations. In each of the three groups, urban emerging adults were more likely to walk and less likely to use a car than those living in rural areas. Urban studying young adults were more likely to cycle to other destinations and urban working young adults were more likely to cycle to work than their rural counterparts. Urban secondary school students were less likely to use public transport to school, although urban studying young adults and working young adults were more likely to use public transport than their rural counterparts. In each of the three groups, high SES emerging adults were more likely to travel by car to other destinations than those with low SES. ConclusionsFuture active transport interventions should focus on female emerging adults and on maintaining the habit of cycling after reaching the age at which it is possible to obtain a driver’s license. More research on the travel behavior of working young adults is needed as this often neglected target group was least likely to use active and public transport and most likely to travel by car among the three comparison groups. Encouraging the combined use of active and public transport might help to decrease car use when travelling longer distances.

A Study on Interrelation of Educational Aspiration with School Environment of Secondary School Students

The present study was undertaken with the purpose of studying educational aspiration of secondary school students in relation to their school environment and to find out the difference in educational aspiration and school environment of secondary school students on the basis of locality. This study was conducted on a sample of 400 students studying in secondary schools of Kashmir division. The result shows that there exists no significant difference between rural and urban secondary school students in their educational aspiration. However there exists significant difference between rural and urban secondary school students in their school environment. Further the results indicate that there exists a positive significant relationship between educational aspiration of secondary school students with school environment.

Mao’s Lost Children: Stories of the Rusticated Youth of China’s Cultural Revolution, edited by Ou Nianzhong and Liang Yongkang, translated by Laura Maynard. Portland, ME: Merwin Asia, 2015. xv+364 pp. US$65.00 (cloth), US$28.00 (paper).

<i>Mao’s Lost Children: Stories of the Rusticated Youth of China’s Cultural Revolution</i>, edited by Ou Nianzhong and Liang Yongkang, translated by Laura Maynard. Portland, ME: Merwin Asia, 2015. xv+364 pp. US$65.00 (cloth), US$28.00 (paper).