Urban-rural Relations Research Articles

Progress of research on urban-rural transformation and rural development in China in the past decade and future prospects

Urban-rural transformation and rural development are issues at the forefront of research on the topic of the urban-rural relationship in the field of geography, as well as important practical problems facing China’s new urbanization and overall planning of urban and rural development. The Center for Regional Agricultural and Rural Development, part of the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was established in 2005. The Center has laid solid foundations for integrating research in the areas of agricultural geography and rural development in China over the past decade. The paper aims to review the major achievements in rural geographical research in China during the past decade, analyze innovative developments in relevant theories and methods, and suggest prospects and countermeasures for promoting comprehensive studies of urban-rural transformation and rural geography. The research shows that innovative achievements have been made in rural geography studies of China in the past decade as major national policy development, outputs of result and decision making support; new breakthroughs have been achieved in such major research projects as geographical integrated theory, land remediation projects and technology demonstration projects, new urbanization and urban-rural integration; significant progress has been made in actively expanding the frontiers of rural geography and pushing forward theoretical innovations in land and resource projects; and, with China’s development goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and achieving modernization in mind, future innovative developments in agricultural and rural geography should aim to make research more strategic, systematic, scientific and security-oriented, with attention given to promoting systematic scientific research on international cooperation and global rural geography.

Drivers for differences in dairy farmers’ perceptions of farm development strategies in an area with nature and landscape as protected public goods

Nature and landscape are increasingly appreciated as public goods and community assets in need of protection. Policy schemes aiming to protect vulnerable nature and landscape assets affect options for farm development and thus the opportunities for farm income strategies. Farmers as small business owners need to counter an ongoing income squeeze in their strategic decision. Farmers’ perception of the options affects strategic decision making. In a case study with dairy farmers operating in a highly comparable biophysical and socio-economic context, farmers differed in the perception leading to three main income strategies: ‘maximising’ or ‘ending’ of milk production and ‘diversification of farm business’ with the most dominant strategy being ‘maximising’. Multiple regression analysis was used to explore the significance of seven drivers for the differences between farmers’ perception of farm development options. The ‘personal views and preference’ is the most significant explanatory driver for all three income strategies. ‘View on markets’ is of less significance and ‘view on urban-rural relation’ is not significant in explaining differences between farmers. ‘Maximising’ and ‘diversifying’ are opposites in their drivers. To increase the effectiveness of policy schemes and support programmes, personal views and preferences of farmers need to be taken into account.

La historia doble de Villa Clarín

Este artículo presenta resultados parciales de un proceso de investigación que lleva cuatro años de duración en la comunidadde Villa Clarín, que desde el punto de vista político administrativo se ha venido considerando como un barrio de Palermo,corregimiento del Municipio de Sitio Nuevo, Magdalena, aunque se encuentra separado de este por más de doscientosmetros de distancia, en forma paralela al Caño Clarín y la carretera Barranquilla-Ciénaga. El problema de investigacióngiró alrededor del estudio de extrema pobreza de sus pobladores y el propósito de la investigación fue la reconstrucciónhistórica sobre la base de la tradición oral, pero también la realización de un análisis sociológico de esta, que se realizódesde la perspectiva de la Sociología dialógica. Como método de investigación se utilizó el enfoque dialógico y el tipode investigación desarrollado fue la Investigación Acción Participativa, IAP. Los resultados muestran que hay cuatro ejessociológicos de la historia de Villa Clarín: La violencia política y el abandono del Estado, la resiliencia y marginalidad, elasistencialismo y dejadismo y el desarraigo e individualismo. Las conclusiones muestran que la población se desarrolla enuna dinámica rural-urbana, que en sí mismo no debe verse como algo negativo, sino que puede ser el marco para generarprocesos de construcción de una propuesta de potencialidades de desarrollo social y humano que aproveche esas características.El título de Historia Doble evoca a varias dualidades de su historia, como la relación rural-urbano, la versión sobreel origen del pueblo por el conficto político, o por procesos espontáneos de poblamiento, y los enfoques de desarrollo,entre asistencialismo y resiliencia.

Trajectories of agricultural modernization and rural resilience: some first insights derived from case studies in 14 countries

In this paper, alternative trajectories of agricultural modernization and rural resilience are explored based on case studies in 14 countries. The analysis is to support discussions about the further development of agriculture at a time when the agricultural sector must respond to an increasing scarcity of natural resources, challenges like climate change, urbanization, demographic change, food security, consumer demands, distributional issues in food value chains and changing urban-rural relations. The discussion relates different trajectories of agricultural modernization to the multiple mechanisms underlying rural prosperity and resilience. The mainstream capital-intensive and technology-driven model of agricultural modernization is contrasted with more incremental, socially embedded and localised forms of development. Potential synergies between different modes of farm ‘modernization’, resilience and sustainable rural development are highlighted and a different future-oriented understanding of the term ‘modernization’ explored. The basis for the analysis are case studies in 14 countries (including Turkey and Israel). The key question asked is how actors are connecting economic, social and natural systems in the different cases and how the connections made (or not) point to different ideas about modernization. The conclusions focus on some current information needs of policy-makers: the links between different forms of farm modernization, rural development and resilience, and the implications for agricultural knowledge systems and the new European Innovation Partnerships. It is emphasized that local capacities for transdisciplinary research need to be strengthened and that more attention should be paid to addressing modernization potentials that are less mainstream. The paper seeks to foster discussions that help overcome simplistic viewpoints of what ‘modernization’ entails. It is based on an earlier review paper by Knickel, Zemeckis and Tisenkopfs (2014).

Urbanization, Rural Mobility, and New Class Relations in Darjeeling, India

ABSTRACTThroughout the developing world, rapid urbanization is leading to new social relations and new conflicts between urban and (formerly) rural populations. This paper examines this process of change through a detailed examination of changing rural–urban relations in the town of Darjeeling, in the Himalayan foothills in Eastern India. In Darjeeling, increased rural mobility, accelerated rural-to-urban migration and the increased participation of rural people in local politics have led to major changes in the town. We demonstrate that the upward trajectory of rural classes who were previously subordinate is leading the more established urban residents to feel threatened, resulting in a redrawing of local political issues along rural–urban lines and a reconfiguration of class consciousness and social relations. The urban middle class, whose opportunities in the town have stagnated or declined, see rural migrants as a source of competition for increasingly scarce resources and blame them for the overall decline in the quality of urban life. They mobilize their (predominantly cultural) capital to reinforce markers of cultural distinction between them and the rural migrants and to delegitimize the political gains they have made. We argue that rural–urban conflict is emerging as the chief source of tension in the town and that this tension is largely grounded in class issues.

Rural and Urban Development: Sustainable Rural-Urban Linkages

Rural and urban development remains a key priority area in the growth and poverty reduction agenda of most developing countries. Over 60 percent of Zambia’s population derives its livelihood from agriculture. Despite Zambia experiencing strong economic growth in the recent past, rural-urban development has not performed well (Tacoli 2004, p.3). The focus today is that rural-urban linkages are vital in order to reduce poverty and promote rural and urban development in a sustainable manner. More importantly, strong linkages can contribute to the improvement in the living standards and creation of job opportunities of both rural and urban areas (Akkoyunlu 2013, p.14). From the perspective of agriculture sector, it is clear that the availability of adequate and good infrastructure is the backbone of rural-urban relationships and how interdependent they are to each other (Tacoli 2004, p.3). It is important to stress the fact that rural-urban inter-linkage affects the formulation and implementation of rural-urban development initiatives in developing countries. In practice, it is easy to apportion the blame on the policy makers over the failure of forward and backward linkages between the agricultural and industrial sectors of the economy (OECD 2005, p.18). Quite understandably, scholars such as Tacoli (2004, p.4) holds the view that urban-biased policies influence these linkages and have serious implications on the design of development strategies to promote growth and reduce poverty.Notably, it can be argued that urban bias policies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) can promote broader economic growth to the rural-urban economy. Rural-urban linkages are essential to fight poverty and hunger through pro-poor agricultural productivity in the context of rural development and urbanization. It is said that strong linkages can improve the living conditions and job opportunities of both rural and urban people (Tacoli, 1998, p.34).

The Ancient Rural Settlement Structure in the Hinterland of Pompeii Inferred from Spatial Analysis and Predictive Modeling of Villae Rusticae

Pompeii, buried by the explosive A.D. 79 eruption of Somma‐Vesuvius, is one of the most studied ancient cities in the Roman world. However, until very recently, the rural settlement in its hinterland had been largely ignored by systematic archaeological research. The ancient landscape around Pompeii consisted of a dense network of Roman farms (villae rusticae). They are believed to have played a vital role in ancient rural life and economy and thus represented the interactive rural–urban relationship in the Sarno River plain. The systematic investigation of published work combined with new fieldwork has yielded a data set of 140 villae rusticae in the Sarno River plain. Geographic information system based spatial statistics as well as predictive modeling were applied to gain a more detailed understanding of the ancient rural settlement structure in relation to the underlying paleoenvironmental and socioeconomic conditions. A high‐resolution pre‐A.D. 79 paleolandscape model of the Sarno River plain was utilized. The aim of this paper is to address theoretical considerations, the methodological implementation, and the archaeological discussion of the analysis of the ancient rural settlements and agriculture around Pompeii.

Rural-urban linkages and theoretical underpinnings of regional development

Even though rural and urban areas are considered as detached entities in regional development efforts, they are mutually dependent in their development. Rural and urban areas are tied together by various types of rural-urban linkages and the understanding of the reciprocal relationship behind these areas and consideration of this relationship in regional development strategies are very effective in the development of both areas. The main purpose of this article is to discuss rural-urban linkages and the conceptual underpinning of regional development, emphasising how this reciprocal relationship brings positive impact on regional development. Attention will also be drawn to explore the nature of rural-urban linkages in both developed and developing countries. Research papers, books and articles written on this field were used for this article. These two areas are absolutely connected to each other in terms of complex linkages such as physical, social, economic, infrastructural, demgraphical, technical, attitudinal and environmental linkage and the intensity of these linkages vary region to region, depending on different factors or situations in each region. As studies from different parts of the world show, rural-urban linkages have been strongly established in developed coutries with high rate of urbanisation than developing countries where rural-urban linkages are mostly weak with slow and low rate of urbanisation. A number of studies have been done on rural-urban linkages in Sri Lanka as well and have revealed that, despite the fact that the country has a large number of small and medium size urban centers, relationship between those towns and their peripheral areas is weak and warned of this weak relationship negatively affecting the regional development in Sri Lanka. However, recently established new mega projects in remote areas such as Hambantota by the government and emergence of new marketing trends such as Cargill’s supermarkets and their collective systems of rural productions, and agreements with farmers by the privet sector are much favorable to strengthen the rural-urban relations in Sri Lanka. These new emerging trends are good signs for the regional development in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 2015 38(1): 1-11

The effects of economic rural-urban relations on food security of rural households Case study: Zanjan County

The effects of economic rural-urban relations on food security of rural households Case study: Zanjan County

China’s Hidden Agricultural Revolution, 1980–2010, in Historical and Comparative Perspective

China finally underwent its modernizing (i.e., with increased labor productivity and incomes) agricultural revolution in 1980 to 2010, through dynamics unlike those of most other previous agricultural revolutions. It is “hidden” because the revolution has not come so much from the conventional and readily apparent increases of certain crops’ output by weight due to new inputs, but rather mainly by the switch from grain production to more and more higher-value agricultural products like meat-poultry-fish, milk-eggs, and fruits and higher grade vegetables. That change has been driven by a revolution in the food consumption patterns of the Chinese people that came with rising incomes mainly from nonagricultural development. A comparison of China’s agricultural history with others tells about the interactions of multiple factors, not just the role of markets and/or technology, or property systems, but rather their interactions with population-to-land resource endowments, differential rural-urban relations, state actions, and historical coincidences. China’s is in fact most like India’s, rather than “East Asia’s,” though even then with important differences stemming from its revolutionary legacies.

Determinants of local food purchase Insight from a consumer survey in South Tyrol (Italy)

A large number of previous studies relate local food purchase to the demographic and financial profile of consumers. This article provides an innovative insight into the sociocultural and spatial factors influencing local food purchase in the multilingual region of South Tyrol (Italy). To derive a representative sample for the South Tyrolean population, 498 consumers have been interviewed through Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI). The differences in the consumer attitudes towards local food were tested for significance using both parametric and non-parametric statistical tests. The results show that consumers’ cultural background and spatial typology (according to their urban, predominantly urban and rural place of residence) have a significant influence on specific attitudes towards local food purchase. More specifically, differences in urban/rural consumers are observable with regard to the preferred stores to purchase at and in the level of expenditure on local food. The cultural background influences the meanings associated with local food and the reasons attributed to its purchase. Key words: local food, attitudes, rural urban relations, regional development

Esej o rozwoju rolnictwa i wsi we współczesnych uwarunkowaniach

The aim of the article is to indicate fundamental factors determining the potential opportunities to improving economic welfare of rural communities in Poland - in particular by increasing the added value. Rural areas have made a significant contribution to the general socio-economic development in the period of industrialization at the same time taking a little advantage of it. In particular, the size of added value generated in rural areas has decreased mainly due to agriculture and rural crafts. This situation began to change under the influence of accession to the European Union, changes in the urban-rural relationship, the phenomena of globalization and the new situation in terms of food security. Because the creation of added value is key to increasing welfare in rural areas, the usage of every opportunity is crucial. Therefore, there is a need for a rational, agriculture and rural development policy

Rural - Urban Balance as a Measure of Socio-Economic Development with Special Reference to Iran

The dual rural-urban imbalance is a major obstacle to integrating socio-economic development in most developing countries including Iran. The paper explores how the rural-urban balance could play as a paradigm to development in general. Dual rural-urban economic structure which refers to different growth patterns in rural and urban areas leading to a wide rural-urban gap ___ a chronic problem in many developing societies with a reference to Iran, needs to be narrowed. Iran needs to plan and build a new type of agriculture-industry and rural-urban relations in which the agricultural sector promotes and feed the industrial sector and the vice versa. The paper proposes a strategy in which agriculture and industry; rural and urban sectors benefit each other. However, rural-urban balance optimistically results in socio- economic development and integration, and on the contrary, surging urbanization leads to shrinking farmland areas. The paper discover that if rural communities are properly empowered, they can and may manage their own local development efforts.

Editorial

Editorial Kristin Stapleton Culture and education in the late Qing era and early Republic are the subjects of the four articles in this issue. Li-Lin Tseng brings an art historian’s sensitivity to her study of Zheng Zhengqiu, who got his start as a publisher of illustrated newspapers. He made use of images and approaches from that genre, including a commitment to social change, as a pioneer of new drama and film in the 1910s and 1920s. Jiacheng Liu focuses on Beijing actresses in the same period, exploring the professional and personal lives of the first generation of women allowed to perform on the stage. She argues that these actresses were well aware of the tendency of theater audiences and the press to look on their bodies as commodities; some responded to this by crafting a new type of flirtatious feminine persona, quite unlike the image of courtesans of the past or other female ideals emerging in the early twentieth century. Educational and communication initiatives launched by the two dominant political parties in the 1920s and 1930s round out this issue. Shaoqian Zhang documents and analyzes the Nationalist Party’s propaganda work and shows how it drew on both earlier Chinese political imagery and models from the Soviet Union. She argues that the successful use of propaganda posters by the Nationalists preceded the better-known propaganda work of the Communist Party. Di Luo examines the methods and goals of the Communist literacy campaigns during the period of the Jiangxi Soviet. Analyzing the literacy primers that were employed, she argues that literacy campaigns were seen as central to the process of creating revolutionaries from among the peasantry of Jiangxi. In addition to these four articles, this issue of Twentieth-Century China includes reviews of three new books on, respectively, urban-rural relations in the early PRC period, museums in contemporary China, and the fortunes of a family business that operated under five different political regimes in twentieth-century China. Readers may have noticed some recent additions to the journal’s staff. Professors Zhao Ma of Washington University in St. Louis and Margaret Greene of the University of Montana have joined the journal as associate editors, and Gregory Epp has taken on the role of coordinating editor. Our publisher, Maney, has been acquired by Taylor & Francis, which has led to some changes in the production staff. We thank our Maney colleagues for their excellent work on behalf of the journal and look forward to developing the same productive relationship with our new Taylor & Francis associates. [End Page 1] Copyright © 2016 Twentieth-Century China

城镇化过程中福建省山区县农村聚落景观格局变化特征

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 城镇化过程中福建省山区县农村聚落景观格局变化特征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201410302126 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院城市环境研究所,中国科学院城市环境研究所,中国科学院城市环境研究所,福建师范大学地理科学学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目(41301621);中国科学院城市环境研究所青年人才领域前沿项目(IUEQN201302);厦门市重点实验室滚动资助项目(3502Z20130037);厦门科技计划项目(3502Z20122001) Mountain county rural settlement landscape pattern change and spatial characteristics in rapid mountain urbanization process in Fujian province Author: Affiliation: Institute of urban environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of urban environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of urban environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:农村聚落是农村居民与其周围环境相互作用的现象与过程,是城乡二元关系发展的重要一环,科学评估山地型农村聚落景观时空变化及影响因素对山地城镇化发展具有重要意义。选取了城镇化迅速发展的福建省上杭县作为案例,使用2004年与2014年高分辨率遥感影像、DEM等数据,运用RS、GIS及Fragstats技术,定量分析了上杭县农村聚落景观变化过程、格局趋势。研究表明:(1)2004-2014年上杭县农村聚落数量出现大幅下降,空间分布态势并没有发生太大变化,主要集中在西部汀江水系与东北部,并有进一步加强的趋势,Voronoi模型Cv值结果表现出这一趋势,但最近邻分析结果却显示出2014年相对2004年略微分散。(2)Ripley's K函数显示山地型农村聚落集聚与分散存在尺度效应,65km以内都表现出集聚趋势,2004年在35km处出现最高集聚状态,2014年则在15km集聚达到最高之后出现缓慢下降,并且在30km尺度范围内集聚程度大于2004年。(3)坡度、水系与道路对山地型农村聚落有显著影响,坡度5°是最为关键的因素,10°是一个阈值,80%的农村聚落都分布在10°以内;67%以上的农村聚落分布在距河流湖泊2km范围内;交通对农村聚落影响愈发显著,98.28%聚落分布在交通道路500m范围,未来推进山地城镇化应更加重视交通的作用。(4)乡镇政府所在地中心村镇面积扩大了4.59倍,远高于一般聚落,是山地城镇化过程中景观变化最剧烈的地区,也是为来应重点发展的地区。研究可为山地型农村聚落建设、山地型城镇化村镇规划理论与决策提供一定借鉴。 Abstract:Rural settlements form an important aspect of the urban-rural relationships because of the interactions between rural dwellers and surrounding environment. The activities in the mountainous rural settlements are restricted by a variety of natural and social factors, therefore, a scientific assessment of the spatial and temporal processes is urgent for the urbanization of these regions. For this reason, we selected Shanghang county, which is experiencing rapid urbanization, as a case study for our work. We used high-resolution remote sensing images and DEM data form the years 2004 and 2014, and extracted data on rural settlements, rivers, roads, and slope information, among others. RS, GIS, and Fragstats techniques were used to quantify the spatio-temporal variability in rural settlements. The findings of our study are as follows: (1) spatial pattern of rural settlements did not show a significant change, and these settlements were found to be mainly concentrated in the west and northeast of the Tingjiang River watershed; this was confirmed by the Voronoi model. However, nearest neighbor analysis showed different results, which is more concentrate in 2004 than 2014. (2) Ripley's K function revealed existence of scale effect in the rural settlement pattern: settlements at a height of less than 65 km showed gathering trends; highest concentrations were found to be at heights of 35 km and 15 km in 2004 and 2014 respectively, and spatial scaling within 30km is more concentrate in 2014. (3) The slopes, river systems, and roads can significantly affect the distribution of the rural settlements. Slope of 10° is the threshold and 80% of rural settlements are spread within 10°, slope of 5° is the most important factor within 10°; more than 67% of the rural settlements are distributed within the 2km buffer zone from the river system; more than 98.28% of the settlements are distributed within the 500m buffer zone of the roads, which implies that greater attention should be paid to the role of roads in the urbanization of mountainous regions in future. (4) The rural settlements located in the government township were found to have expanded 4.59 times than in the past, which is the most dramatic change area of town-village landscape in mountainous urbanization. Besides, we proposed that center town-village settlement is the most critical area, and also key development region. We expect our research to provide a methodological reference for the management and evaluation of rural settlements, and theoretical planning, and decision-making for mountainous urbanization in the future. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

A new style of urbanization in China: Transformation of urban rural communities

Rapid urbanization and urban expansion have produced a large number of urban rural communities in China, of which two typical paradigms are urban fringe villages (Chengbiancun) and urban villages (Chengzhongcun). This urbanized rural community usually is an informal settlement with low-quality housing, and lack of planning regulation adjacent to or merged into urban boundary. Meanwhile, Chengbiancun is transforming with traditional rural social and economic characteristics. In the absence of planning guideline, the evolution of Chengbiancun lies in aggressive demolition to face rapid social–economic transition. The demolition-rebuilt mode would no longer be the cost-effective solution for urbanized rural communities in China, but alternative responses under culture-driven creativity advocated by post-productivism would produce a positive regeneration strategy in the new urbanization era. This study attempts to discover a new urban rural relationship driven by culture creativity linking to the filed practice in two Chengbiancun cases in China. On the interaction of a new style of urbanization and post-productivism for Chengbiancun transition, this paper examines how these Chengbiancun are being transformed in the new agenda of urbanization in China since 2014. More importantly, the findings from the two cases in this paper illustrate how culture creativity, public participatory, local authorities, and community planning can eventually assist an outcome of more satisfactory in this urban rural transition movement.

Assessing Organic and Non-organic Model of Rural-urban Relations at Surrounding Villages (Case Study: Surrounding Villages of Babol City)

Purpose: Today, the urban and rural areas cannot continue to exist apart from each other. According to geographical viewpoint, the study of a town is not limited to the city itself. Because a town with its surroundings, the surrounding villages and other neighbor towns has a strong geographical link. Methodology: This study is applied and method descriptive-analytical. The study population consisted of 32 villages around the city of Babol. To determine the sample size in the household questionnaire, a total of 7,288 households in villages, according to the formula Cochran, 745 households were selected as an example of the questionnaire village to village councils Dehyary and dedicated approach. Data collected by tests Chi-square, Friedman, Single-sample T, T dependent two group's testes of computer SPSS software. Finding: This study is showed that the relationship between Babol and the surrounding villages have been non-organic in the economic domains variable rural cost and income in the town, rural supply and demand in the town, the transactions related to buying and sale of land, diversity in employment and rural tourism, in the social values and beliefs and access to services and in the field of environmental. Research limitation: To achieve a balanced and organic pattern, space research, such as the field of interaction and links people, goods, money, capital, information and materials separately, with the aim to identify problems and gaps in the relationship further deliberation and villages around the city of Babylon trying to provide a balanced and organic model is recommended. Practical implication: The relationship between Babol and the surrounding villages, planning field of urban tourism development in the villages around the of Babol city, the creation of additional industrial activities and processing of agricultural products, with the aim of increasing and diversifying employment, management of transactions related to the purchase and sale of land, with the aim of preventing optimal management and control land speculation and the influx of irregular field of population and housing officials are placed in villages surrounding the Babol city in the area studied is provided. Original/ value: The study of the social and economic dimensions of urban rural relations, the regional integrated network approach that the optimal approach in relations between the city and the village, is a concern.

Historical Political Ecology of Water: Access to Municipal Drinking Water in Colonial Lima, Peru (1578–1700)

Historical political ecology provides a powerful framework for understanding nature–society relations in the past. This approach is applied to municipal drinking water governance in early colonial Lima, Peru, with a focus on how power dynamics influenced sociospatial patterns of water access and control. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century archival sources are analyzed for material aspects of Lima's drinking water pipeline network and for the management strategies employed by the municipal government. Access to water is demonstrated to have shaped, reinforced, and reflected colonial social divisions and to have been linked to the spatial development of the city, including urban–rural relations.

ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS E AMBIENTES URBANOS: NOVOS SIGNIFICADOS E TRANSFORMAÇÕES ASSOCIADOS AO FENÔMENO DA URBANIZAÇÃO EXTENSIVA

RESUMO Este trabalho propõe-se a discutir a relação entre ações de proteção da natureza e ambientes urbanos, com um olhar atento para as influências do fenômeno da urbanização extensiva na dinâmica de territórios permeados por áreas protegidas. Postula-se que esse interrelacionamento não remete apenas à origem do movimento em prol da criação de espaços de conservação da natureza, mas interfere inclusive em sua constituição, principalmente em países como o Brasil, onde muitas dessas áreas foram implantadas nas proximidades de centros urbanos. Diante das novas configurações socioespaciais e organizacionais presenciadas nas metrópoles nas últimas décadas, chamamos a atenção para o fenômeno da urbanização extensiva, termo cunhado por Monte-Mór para interpretar o movimento de extensão das condições e modos de vida urbanos para além dos limites das metrópoles. O caráter unificador desse movimento e as pressões exercidas na fronteira têm sido responsáveis por ressignificar a relação rural e urbano, em sentido amplo, com desdobramentos diretos na dinâmica territorial de áreas protegidas localizadas na zona de abrangência de centros metropolitanos. Como resultado, percebe-se uma complexificação dos sentidos e significados atribuídos às áreas protegidas e o nascimento de inúmeros desafios aos propósitos de conservação da biodiversidade e promoção de desenvolvimento territorial.

The Role of Cultural Activities in Tourism Development: An Urban–Rural Perspective

Drawing on a main tenet of attraction systems theory, the article describes and explains the importance of cultural activities for tourism development in the context of the urban–rural relationship. The impact of culture on regional and tourism development has been an important research focus in recent years. However, the role of cultural activity in tourism development and its impacts on the urban–rural relationship have received little attention from academics. This article contributes to research by identifying problems associated with tourism development and the potential of cultural activities to overcome such challenges. The study draws upon the theory of the tourist attraction system that was developed by Leiper in 1990. Qualitative inquiry was used to ensure depth and richness in our case analysis. The results show that cultural activities in the small town setting have substantial importance for tourism development in both the city and in surrounding areas. However, it was found that awareness of the offer is limited to the immediate region. It is proposed that tourism service providers should identify more closely with the available cultural activities in order to create a valuable tourist offer that has potential to reach new target groups.