Urban-rural Linkage Research Articles

Measuring Levels of Infrastructure Development and its Impact on Regional Growth - Insights from Indonesia

Infrastructure development is a linchpin for regional growth, especially in emerging economies like Indonesia. There have been many debates over the necessity of infrastructure investment over direct economic stimuli. This study delves into the critical role of infrastructure in shaping regional dynamics in Indonesia. We employ the Infrastructure Development Index (IDI), a composite metric amalgamating various infrastructure clusters into a singular value. A sample of strategic region in Indonesia are observed in this research, classified into urban and non-urban areas to highlight the different levels of impact the infrastructure development brings. Several regional development indicators such as: (a) economic growth; (b) poverty rate; (c) gini index; (d) human development index; and (e) unemployment rate is used to explore its relationship with infrastructure development. This research shows a nuanced pattern where mainly urban areas exhibiting higher IDI value and higher impact on its regional growth and development. While non-urban areas still experiencing lower impact due to the difficulties in infrastructure access and the disparity of access between the areas. It indicates the prevailing urban bias in infrastructure development, needing an improved urban-rural linkage on overall economic input-output processes. In sum, this study provides further insights into the pivotal role of infrastructure in regional development in Indonesia, offering a roadmap for informed decision-making in the pursuit of comprehensive and sustainable regional progress.

The Research on the Practice Path of the Interdisciplinary Art Education with "Urban-Rural Linkage"

With the methods of questionnaires and interviews, this paper propose the imlementation path of “urban-rural linkage” interdisciplinary art education in primary and secondary schools. On the basis of the core elements of the compulsory educaiton “Art Curriculum Standards”(2022), this paper structurally analyze the current situation of interdisciplinary art education in primary and secondary schools, such as experience foundation, teaching difficulty and teachers' and students' willingness. Both in urban and rural, it is necessary to integrate the strength of aesthetic education, to establish an interdisciplinary art education alliance, to implement the interdisciplinary art education cooperation mechanism with "urban-rural interaction", to expanding interdisciplinary art education teaching methods, to integrate local culture and to enhance interdisciplinary ethical awareness, and to explore the road of art education with Chinese Characteristics.These strategies can effectively meet the requirements of the core literacy of art curriculum standards and of the cultivation with interdisciplinary thinking and creative practice, promote the omplementation of comprehensive art education policies in urban and rural primary and secondary schools, and balance the use of uban and rural art education resources for interactive activities.

Spatial pattern of urban-rural integration in China and the impact of geography

Urban-rural integration (URI) is a global challenge that is highly related to inequalities, poverty, economic growth, and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Existing research has evaluated the extent of URI and explored its influencing factors, but urban-rural linkages are seldom incorporated in evaluation systems, and geographical factors are rarely recognized as the influencing factors. We construct a URI framework including regional economy, rural development, urban-rural linkage, and urban-rural gap. Based on a dataset consisting of 1,669 counties in China in 2020, we reveal the spatial pattern of URI and find a high correlation between the spatial pattern of URI and the relief degree of land surface (RDLS). Using structural equation modeling, we discover that topography has direct (−0.18, p < 0.001) and indirect (−0.17, p < 0.001) effects on URI. The indirect negative effects are mediated through the infrastructure, and the combination of localized advantages and modern technical conditions could mitigate the negative impact of topography. Finally, we identify 742 counties as lagging regions in URI, which can be clustered into eight types. Our findings could facilitate policy designing for those countries striving for integrated and sustainable development of urban and rural areas.

Toward urban-rural linkage development: contribution of climate-adaptive agroecology in the lower Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand

This case study proposed a hypothesis on initiating urban-rural co-development using food as a medium to drive the transformation of the food systems and sustainable consumption. The guiding principles of the United Nations Habitat to the water-retention areas under the nature-based solution (NBS) for flood mitigation in Thailand's central region, the main rice-growing area, were applied. This study reviewed the partnerships of primary institutions, namely public, private, and universities, supporting and intertwining with civil society through Thai cultural and social norms after the 1997 economic crisis. The critical aspects included the sufficiency economy (SE) philosophy at the household level as a foundation of national policies. Recent policies and measures on food and nutrition security, alternative farming practices, and incentives to increase sustainable agroecology were prioritized post-COVID-19. This research suggests additional measures enabling agroecology and landscape improvement in rural areas connecting the cities of Ayutthaya and Bangkok to enhance market access for small producers and consumers in rural and urban areas with limited resources. A better community-based adaptation, ecological outcomes, and sustainable social inclusion in flood-prone lowlands could support Thailand's food sovereignty and capacity-building as one of the world's major food exporters under climate extremes.

Identifying and tracking the urban–rural fringe evolution in the urban–rural transformation period: Evidence from a rapidly urbanized rust belt city in China

Urban–rural fringe, the frontier space for urban–rural linkage and the ecological barrier for urban–rural integration, is the most intensive area of man–land conflicts. Its scientific identification and dynamic monitoring are of great significance for balancing urban and rural development and spatial governance in the new era of China. However, existing demarcation methods are often limited to territorial uniqueness and not conducive to replication and reconstruction, making it difficult to determine the boundary accurately and objectively, let alone carry out the longitudinal comparison of the identification results. In this context, this research introduced the iterative unsupervised classification method and central gravitational agglomeration, combined with the land use information entropy model, to realize the urban–rural fringe identification of the long-time series of low-density development-type cities. Changchun city as a typical rust belt city in Northeast China was chosen as an example to identify and track the development pattern of its urban–rural fringe from 1990 to 2020. Meanwhile, time-series land use transfer and landscape analyses were applied to comparatively measure the spatial variations of stable, expanded, and reduced urban–rural fringes. The results indicated that Changchun has undergone significant peri-urbanization over the past 30 years. The urban–rural fringe primarily presented a significant ring-belt shape with continuous outreach features which could be described as “inner circle subtraction, internal hollow filling, leaping expansion, and extension spreading” types of evolution. The land use structure was mainly manifested by an obvious ecological degradation and the internal conversion in stable urban–rural fringe was particularly prominent. As the result of uninterruptedly exogenous and endogenous conflicts, the spatial arrangements were increasingly fragmented, complex, and heterogeneous, whereas these phenomena were slightly alleviated during 2015–2020, especially in stable and expanded urban–rural fringes. These findings intend to assist in the regeneration of rust belt cities and provide a reference for the new urban–rural planning system.

Building Resilience through Nature-based Solutions: Exploring the Urban-Rural Linkages in Flood Mitigation Strategies for Jayapura

Nature-based solutions (NbS) offer flexibility and adaptability to different adoption scales and purposes. NbS adoption is influenced by various factors in the target area, including environmental, socio-cultural, and economic factors. Therefore, the chances of successful NbS adoption vary between locations due to different characteristics of the target area. This study aims to identify various factors influencing the suitability level of NbS adoption, potential locations for NbS adoption, and to assess urban-rural linkage in improving the water resilience of Jayapura. This research paper explores the potential locations for implementing nature-based solutions (NbS) in both urban and rural areas of Jayapura City. The NbS measures assessed in this study are landscape restoration, retention pond, and multifunction green open space. This study employed the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), to summarize the influence of six factors on suitability level. The result reveals that 75% of the Jayapura City area is highly suitable for landscape restoration interventions, especially in areas with lower population density. Whereas in urban areas, implementing multifunction green open spaces and retention ponds can target flood reduction on a local scale. Building a city's resilience requires implementing NbS in both urban and rural areas. The paper highlights the importance of collaboration and coordination between urban and rural areas in enhancing the city's resilience.

Study on Spatial Optimal Allocation of Land Use in Fenhe River Basin

Land is the basis for the survival and development of human society, and it is also an important factor that restricts the development of social economy. It has become an urgent problem to make scientific and efficient use of limited land resources, formulate a scientific land use optimization scheme and promote the efficient and sustainable development of land resources. In this paper, taking Fenhe River Basin as the research area, combining the current land use data, remote sensing data and social and economic data, ArcGIS is used to evaluate the land suitability, and based on the planning constraint index and land use allocation theory, the land use space is optimally allocated. The main conclusions of the optimization are as follows: (1) Through the analysis of the present situation of land use and the comparative analysis of the quantitative constraint indicators of various regions, the total area of cultivated land has decreased compared with the original situation of land use, but it has actually increased and decreased, mainly in rural residential areas with convenient irrigation conditions and low and flat terrain, which are distributed on both sides of Fenhe River and its tributaries in Fenhe Valley, mainly in areas with serious soil and water loss in Luliang Mountains. It is required to return farmland to forest and grassland, and to restore it to forestry land and grassland, so as to keep good land in Taiyuan Basin and Linfen Basin. (2) The total area of urban and rural construction land has increased compared with the original land use status, mainly in the general suitable areas of agricultural land affected by human beings around the existing towns. Qingxu County has a good development foundation, which can give play to the urban-rural linkage mechanism and establish a satellite city of Taiyuan. (3) The overall layout of ecological land has not changed much, mainly increasing the water source protection in ningwu county, the dam along the river in the scenic spot, and the construction of green belt along the river of Fenhe River and its tributaries.

The role of small town in household livelihood diversification in Ethiopia rural areas

There is a high expectation that urban-rural linkage in general and the function of small towns, in particular, has a great role in livelihood diversification and poverty reduction in rural areas than sectoral development. However, the previous empirical studies give little attention to the function of small towns and the livelihood diversification of rural communities. We analyze the function of a small town and participating in non-farm economic activities from a rural farm household survey of 371 farmer household heads in Ethiopia. The data was analyzed using a logistic regression model and statistical description. The study found that rural households who have road access have likely participated in none-farm activities and it has positive and significant effects. Education and FHH has also a significant relationship with the function of a small town. Distance from the small town has a significant and positive impact on the non-farm economic activities of rural communities. Overall, benefits from the function of small towns such as the provision of road access, agricultural extension, financial credit services, administrative services, educational and health services are some of the provisions of a small town. Therefore, a comprehensive integrated urban-rural linkage strategy could empower rural farm smallholders to diversify their livelihoods through strengthening small town functions is mandatory. The role of small towns needs to be integrated into rural communities. Participate in livelihood diversification strategies and achieve sustainable development goals by 2030 at large.

Mapping Urban-Rural Linkage in Promoting Sustainable Regional Development to Support Rural Creative Economy Entrepreneurs

Strong rural-urban linkages are one of the supports for sustainable regional development. With the potential of the creative economy in the rural area owned by Temanggung Regency, the creative economy sector can be a driving force for rural-urban linkages. One of the actors that can drive the strengthening of rural-urban linkages is creative economy entrepreneurs, who have the potential to eliminate the boundaries of rural-urban linkages through good capacity in accessing various advantages that exist in the city such as knowledge and market share while optimizing the advantages of rural locations. This study aims to examine the role of rural creative economy actors in Temanggung Regency in encouraging the strengthening of existing rural-urban linkages based on the flow of people/labor, production, commodities, capital and information. The research method used in this study is descriptive qualitative with the support of data obtained through interviews and FGDs of creative economy actors in Temanggung Regency. The result of this research is that rural creative economy actors in Temanggung Regency have the potential to strengthen rural-urban relations, especially in the aspects of capital, information, and commodities.

Role of Small and Medium Enterprise Clusters in Urban–Rural Linkage: A Study Based on Manufacturing SMEs of Khulna City, Bangladesh

This study explores the role of small and medium enterprise (SME) clusters in urban–rural linkages, an increasingly acceptable strategy in policy planning for regional development. As this approach to development has mostly been studied from a macro perspective, there is paucity of research from a micro perspective, particularly in the context of Bangladesh. This study, thus, aims to explore the contribution of manufacturing SME industry clusters in linking urban and rural regions. The data used in the study has been collected from 119 SME entrepreneurs using a structured questionnaire. Factor analysis and logistic regression have been applied to explore the contribution of industrial clusters in urban–rural linkages, focusing on the city of Khulna as the study area. The findings show that such SME clusters can positively contribute towards linking the two territories through two main forces, namely, funds and mobility. The findings provide useful insights for policymakers and urban planners to take initiatives for identifying and developing such SME industry clusters instead of focusing on the development of large industries, both in urban and rural areas to enhance balanced regional development. In highlighting the contribution of SME industry cluster as a micro level actor in the process of urban-rural integration, the study aims to make a meaningful contribution to literature in the field of development planning.

A Water-Energy-Food Nexus based Conceptual Approach for Developing Smart Urban-Rural Linkages in Nagpur Metropolitan Area, India

Urban and rural areas are dynamic systems, functionally interlinked through their social, economic, and environmental settings. While urban population heavily depends on the natural resources sourced from surrounding rural areas, the rural population is increasingly reliant on urban areas for employment, healthcare etc. In the recent years, the notion of urban-rural linkage has gained high prominence in the global policy outcomes, including the Sustainable Development Goals and The New Urban Agenda, particularly in response to the rapid urbanization trends and climate change. However, it’s application at local level development planning is still not apparent. In case of Nagpur Metropolitan Area ‘NMA’ in India, Smart City and Smart Rural ‘Rurban’ Cluster are being developed adjacently under two different missions of Government of India which are totally disconnected. While urban-rural systems in NMA are already stressed with the situations of resource conflict (like water supply), their relationships are expected to get further constrained under changing climate scenarios. Addressing this need, we present a knowledge-based conceptual framework that presents an overall picture of the water resource flow (specifically from Water-Energy-Food nexus perspective) between urban and rural areas within NMA. Based on the developed framework, the study suggests feasible directions for smartly linking the upcoming developments in Nagpur Smart city and adjacent Rurban cluster.

English

Since the urban-rural linkage mainly depends on the availability of the transportation facilities, any project oninfrastructure development should concern the level of accessibility through the existing roads which should bedeveloped. Most of the regional development programs in post conflict Sri Lanka, particularly in the NorthernProvince have not reached the expected deliverables due to several reasons. Particular system has been not usedyet to prioritize the regions with less access to the services because of insufficient road networks. Even after adecade of war ended, most of the roads in rural areas in the Jaffna District are still in wretched condition. Therefore,this paper has aimed to formulae a systematic approach based on the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) toidentify the level of development of sub regions and to classify the regions based on level of accessibility and finallyto prioritize the road networks which should be developed by any road development project. In order to achievethese aims, the present research selected the Jaffna District using the judgment sampling method for datacollection. Most of the data were from secondary sources such as government bodies and open sources and fourmethods of spatial analysis; distance, density, reclass and weighted overlay were used in data analysis. One of thefindings of this paper is the possibility of dividing the region into five key development clusters based on theaccessibility to 15 services. It was revealed that, the development level of each Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD)of Jaffna District totally depends on the quality of road network and the accessibility to the services. Out of fivedevelopment based regions in Jaffna District, there are two marginal divisions; Delft and Vadamarchi East whichconsists less than 30% of accessibility and neither A nor B class roads connected to the urban centers. Furthermore,lack of connectivity to the main roads and poor condition of rural roads have adversely affected to the regionaldevelopment of Jaffna District. It is recommended that the method introduced by this paper can be applied to theregional physical planning.

Determining the Spatial Connectivity of Surabaya’s Peri-urban Area towards Urban Rural Linkage Framework Based on Population Movement Relation

The rapid development and becoming the most dominant growing center at East Java Province, Surabaya City is affected by its periphery areas. This fact is shown by the core area act as an economic center and the periphery act as a settlement support, resulting in urban area widening, known as peri-urban area. This also indicate a domination of periphery area movement toward the core area in the form of people’s flow or population movement. However, the result of the observation shows a tendency of peri-urban problem occurrences such as traffic jam, flood, and slum area. Thus, it is necessary to determine its connectivity between the core area and its support area in urban-rural linkage framework for the aim of having a formulated anticipation effort to face those problems in the future. The analysis was done by quantitative and qualitative approach resulting Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) of the year 2002 until 2018 which the conversion reach out 43,95% of non-built-up area to build up area due of the urban area widening. Also, the spatial interaction from the Gravity Model shows the strongest interaction force occurred at Sidoarjo Regency’s districts which directly adjacent with Surabaya City. It can be concluded that the peri-urban area at southern Surabaya have a significant urban rural linkage interaction strength from the population movement. This imply that prioritizing the infrastructure development is a step forward to solve the occurred problems. With a hope by understanding these facts will encourage the government to formulate the sectoral policies.

A GIS Analysis on Service Oriented Accessibility and Road Development Potentials of Northern Sri Lanka

Since the urban-rural linkage mainly depends on the availability of the transportation facilities, any project oninfrastructure development should concern the level of accessibility through the existing roads which should bedeveloped. Most of the regional development programs in post conflict Sri Lanka, particularly in the NorthernProvince have not reached the expected deliverables due to several reasons. Particular system has been not usedyet to prioritize the regions with less access to the services because of insufficient road networks. Even after adecade of war ended, most of the roads in rural areas in the Jaffna District are still in wretched condition. Therefore,this paper has aimed to formulae a systematic approach based on the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) toidentify the level of development of sub regions and to classify the regions based on level of accessibility and finallyto prioritize the road networks which should be developed by any road development project. In order to achievethese aims, the present research selected the Jaffna District using the judgment sampling method for datacollection. Most of the data were from secondary sources such as government bodies and open sources and fourmethods of spatial analysis; distance, density, reclass and weighted overlay were used in data analysis. One of thefindings of this paper is the possibility of dividing the region into five key development clusters based on theaccessibility to 15 services. It was revealed that, the development level of each Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD)of Jaffna District totally depends on the quality of road network and the accessibility to the services. Out of fivedevelopment based regions in Jaffna District, there are two marginal divisions; Delft and Vadamarchi East whichconsists less than 30% of accessibility and neither A nor B class roads connected to the urban centers. Furthermore,lack of connectivity to the main roads and poor condition of rural roads have adversely affected to the regionaldevelopment of Jaffna District. It is recommended that the method introduced by this paper can be applied to theregional physical planning.

Peri-urbanization and the dynamics of urban-rural linkage: the case of Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java

The dynamic of metropolitan growth as the result of rapid urbanization creates a continuously transformation in peri-urban region. Tremendous development triggers the peasants to diversify their livelihood and change the rural economy. The new investment in the city outskirts increases migration and land-use change. The emerging pattern of urban-rural linkage demonstrates the complex relationship between urbanization and capitalism. The study aims to explore the process of urban-rural linkage in the newly developing region Sukoharjo Regency. The linkage between urban and rural are differ due to various situation. In Sukoharjo, the development of Solo Baru triggers the massive transformation of rural economy in which numbers of former rural areas have been transforming into new urbanized regions and performs urbanizing rural areas. In the meantime, gated community become the social phenomenon where segregated between migrants and native community have emerged.

Understanding urban–rural linkages from an ecological perspective

ABSTRACTUrban–rural linkages, which inevitably evolve over time, are influenced by economic, geographic, and demographic factors. In this paper, emergy accounting was used to calculate sustainability indicators and examine the metabolic processes that connect natural environments and rural–urban systems. A map of energy and material flow was visualized with a Sankey diagram, and urban–rural linkages were quantified according to ecological networks. Both rural and urban areas had open metabolic cycles, but the rural system was more dependent on the natural environment and showed better environmental performance. Urban–rural linkages reflected economic transformations during urbanization and formed a complex web of connections. The rural area’s economy and social system were unique in that they were not traditionally self-sufficient. Both rural and urban systems exploited the natural environment. From an ecological perspective, a competitive relationship exists between rural and urban systems, which may result in resource conflict and weaken the sustainability of urban and rural areas. The modern urban–rural linkage indicates a new trans-territorial type of rural system, the town village, which is an emerging phenomenon unique to China and imposes household registration systems. Urbanization has reshaped urban–rural linkages, and thereby influenced system sustainability. The results suggest that new resource management policies should be developed to coordinate the relationship between China’s urban and rural systems during urbanization.

Perceptions of farmers toward urban-rural linkage area farmland conversion in Xining City

Perceptions of farmers toward urban-rural linkage area farmland conversion in Xining City

Spatial-Temporal Contrasts in Integrated Urban-Rural Development in China, 1990–2010

This article aims to investigate the spatial-temporal contrasts in the level of integrated urban-rural development among China’s provinces between 1990 and 2010. Variables were selected to assess the degree of “urban-rural linkage”, a factor that describes the level of integrated urban-rural development in each province. The findings showed that levels of integrated urban-rural development at the provincial level were spatially clustered in China. The eastern provinces had the highest levels of integrated urban-rural development, followed by the central provinces and then the western provinces. The econometric estimation further revealed that spatial-temporal contrasts in integrated urban-rural development in China were strongly related to the development of non-agricultural industries, international trade and infrastructure.

Establishing Urban-Rural Linkage Elements for Growth and Poverty Reduction in India

Establishing Urban-Rural Linkage Elements for Growth and Poverty Reduction in India

Urban-rural Linkages and Spatial-temporal Land Use Change in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region: A New Perspective

The paper aims to investigate the differences of arable and built land use change at the county level in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region. Three urban-rural linkage patterns are identified in this region: urban, peri-urban and periphery areas. Empirical analysis shows that land use change in the urban areas is faster than that in the peri-urban and periphery areas, and that the driving factors to the land use change in each pattern are also different. Unlike previous studies, the paper divides this region in terms of the resource flows and agglomeration between urban and rural areas. The hypothesis is that land use change differentiates due to the differences of resource flows and agglomeration in different places. The paper finally emphasizes the role of peri-urban areas as the interface between urban and periphery areas for coordinating arable and built land change in this region in the future.