Urban Planning Institute Research Articles

URBAN PLANNING AND THE URBANISATION PROCESS IN SERBIA IN THE EARLY 1950s

After suffering extensive damage caused by the Second World War, Serbia went through a reconstruction period. Between 1944 and the mid1950s, the government prioritised economic growth and worked on rebuilding and modernising the infrastructure, urban structures, and systems. Urban planning was seen as crucial in creating the conditions for state development. Societal and five-year plans, supported by urban plans, enabled accelerated economic progress and growth. The urban planning profession was institutionalised, with planning theory and practice introduced alongside social, economic, and political changes. Through an examination of the activities of the Urban Planning Institute of the People’s Republic of Serbia, established in 1946, this paper rethinks the link between urban planning and the social aspect of the planned economy in response to the rapid urbanisation and industrialisation of cities.

Development of the City of Nikšić through the Planning Documentation of Croatian Architects

The task of this work is to present three key urban plans, courtesy of which the city of Nikšić developed during its modern history. After liberation from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, Nikšić received its first regulatory plan, prepared by the architect Josip Slade Šilović (1828-1911) in 1883. The city developed according to this plan until the Second World War. After the Second World War, Montenegro became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a republic, and Nikšić became the city with the highest degree of urbanisation in that federation. This rapid urbanisation was directed by the second urban plan, carried out by the Urban Planning Institute of the Faculty of Architecture, Construction and Geodesy, Zagreb, in 1954-1958. The author of this plan was the professor and architect, Josip Seissel (1904-1987). The third urban plan of importance for the city was carried out by the Urban Planning Institute of Croatia, Zagreb, in 1984 and was adopted in 1986. This urban plan enabled a logical upgrade of the previous two plans. A result of these three urban plans by Croatian architects is Nikšić’s unique form and urban identity.

Contribution to the Research on New Belgrade: The Unbuilt Projects and the Concepts of Nikola Dobrović

<p class="Abstract" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="sr-Cyrl-BA" style="mso-fareast-language: BS-LATN-BA;">Architect Nikola Dobrović is best known in Serbia for his only constructed building in Belgrade, the complex of the State Secretariat of National Defense (DSNO), better known as the General Staff, today an endangered cultural heritage and a crumbling building with an uncertain future. However, his short-term engagement as the head of the Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Serbia from 1946-1947, and his later professorship at the Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade, are equally significant for Belgrade and Serbia. Documents testifying to the post-war period of his work are scattered in several places: in the Urban Planning Institute of Belgrade, the Museum of Science and Technology, the Historical Archive of Belgrade, and the rare publications can only be found in a few libraries in Serbia. In the course of his short-term work on New Belgrade, Dobrović provided several conceptual projects and sketches for New Belgrade within the Urban Planning Institute: the perfomance square, road schemes and the urban planning solution of the zone between the Palace of the Federation and the Railway Station - today's Central Zone of New Belgrade. Finally, at different stages of his career, Dobrović also designed individual objects, such as the project for the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which remained in the domain of 'paper architecture', unbuilt, and which provides an insight into the way he thought about the process of urban and spatial planning, through the positioning of builidngs which would've generated the character of their immediate and distant surroundings.</span></p>

Signification of Urban Planning in the Provision of Infrastructure in Selected Towns of Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

Abstract: The study was to assess the importance of urban planning in the provision of infrastructure in selected towns (Bishoftu, Shashemene, Ambo and Fiche towns) in Oromia region. Urban planning is a mechanism of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town. It plays a vital role to ensure the growth and development of urban centers. If properly planned & implemented, it contributes to the infrastructure provision. To do so, the methodology employed was descriptive & explanatory research design. Both qualitative & quantitative research approaches were followed. To conduct this study, primary and secondary data were collected. The primary data were collected from 344 households and 151 experts of the towns proportionally. The sample size of households was determined by the rule of thumb. The tools used were questionnaires, interview, focus group discussion, observation, document review and GPS. To collect the data, the tools were pre-tested & then pilot was taken to check for errors and any ambiguity. Analyses were done using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics include, mean & standard deviation, and cross tabulation to compute the level of response of each town respondent. Moreover, the inferential statistics were binary logistic regression and Spearman’s Rank Correlation. The finding of the study revealed that for the full implementation of the structural plan as the required standard there still need much to work in the towns. Together with this, untold is expected from the towns’ administration and Oromia Urban Planning Institute. The cause for the poor plan implementation was emanated from the planning phases. With regard to the status of infrastructure in the sample towns, the result confirmed that some infrastructures are relatively at better condition while some of them need attention. In line with this, the research identified the major challenges in the provision of infrastructure in accordance to the structural plans. Accordingly, the major challenges were financial bottleneck, lack of integration and composition, technical capacity, administrative problems, low commitment, weak stakeholders’ participation, lack of regular monitoring and evaluation and low top management support. The stronger determinants of adequate infrastructure provision are top management support, coordination & integration of sectors, commitment, stakeholders’ participation, skilled manpower, & awareness creation. In addition, monitoring & evaluation & sufficient budget had medium effect. Thus, the research recommended that strengthening integration of sectors, assigning the right persons at right places, promoting stakeholders’ participation, enhancing top management support, conducting frequent monitoring & maintaining the infrastructures at regular basis. Keywords: Challenge: Determinant: Infrastructure: Oromia Urban Planning Institute: Structural Plan

Historical and urban-planing development оf the Pryvokzalnii district of Chernivtsi

Historical and urban-planing development оf the Pryvokzalnii district of Chernivtsi

Ford’s network: the American-Yugoslav project and the circulation of urban planning expertise in the Cold War

ABSTRACT The article focuses on the American-Yugoslav Project in Regional and Urban Planning Studies (AYP) to explore the Ford Foundation’s role in the international circulation of urban planning expertise during the Cold War. In operation in Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1966–1976, AYP was a foundation-funded collaboration between Ljubljana’s Urban Planning Institute of SR Slovenia and a succession of American universities: Cornell, Wayne State, and Johns Hopkins. Its goal was to bring the American regional planning expertise to Yugoslavia and Europe. Using the lens of network-building, the article highlights the geopolitical motivations of Ford’s presence in socialist Yugoslavia before tracing the professional trajectories of AYP’s founding members, American geographer Jack C. Fisher and the Slovenian architect Vladimir Braco Mušič. It then analyzes the project as an exemplary ‘networking instrument’ that connected numerous urban planners across Europe, in turn facilitating the transfer of American cybernetic techniques to Yugoslavia.

P08-03 Integrating public health expertise to support green space planning by promoting active lifestyles in Slovenia

Issue/problemTo minimize public health risks and promote HEPA among citizens, an integrated approach between public health experts and spatial planning is much needed. However, cross-sectoral cooperation is very demanding and needs harmonization of concepts and professional terms to reach mutual understanding.Description of the problemIn 2017 the Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia launched the programme entitled Expert Basis for Spatial Planning of Green Areas, aimed at HEPA promotion for citizens. It was co-financed by the Ministry of Health and based on the objectives in the National Programme on Nutrition and Health Enhancing Physical Activity 2015-2025 and the Strategy of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia for Children and Youth Environmental Health 2012-2020. Its purpose is to expertly support the planning and development of towns/settlements in Slovenia for better quality of life and direct it for active and healthy lifestyles of citizens of all ages and social groups. To properly address all relevant issues, cooperation with the National Institute of Public Health was established.Results (effects/changes)The programme contained multidisciplinary collaboration in a form of consultation workshops and an expert review of the programme publication named Going Out for Health: A green space planning manual to promote physical activity and a healthy lifestyle. The emphasis was on supporting spatial planning issues on quality of green spaces with basic objectives of public health perspectives. The guide is the first example of linking public health promotion approaches and quality aspects of green space planning and design in Slovenia. It contains general guidelines for the planning of green areas aimed at promoting HEPA, expert materials to support municipalities in devising relevant approaches, and decision-making in order to provide useful and attractive green areas.LessonsThe aspects of green area spatial planning aimed at promoting HEPA are diverse and closely interconnected. The programme and its manual reflect a good cooperation example between spatial planning and public health experts.Main messagesA good collaboration between urban planners and public health professionals is crucial to prepare useful guidelines for spatial planners and municipality decision-makers on green space planning for HEPA promotion.

International Cooperation in Planning Studio as a Pedagogical Approach

In 2012, an international planning studio was organized by the Urban Planning Institute of Grenoble (France) at Sfax (Tunisia). What could have been a one-off project evolved into a long-term cooperation between French and Tunisian partners. The international cooperation in urbanism studio is now the focus of the teaching approach in both years of the Urbanism and International Cooperation master’s programme. This paper firstly considers the theoretical and practical contexts in which these studios developed. It then goes on to explore the planning concepts on which they are built. The main pedagogical characteristics are then drawn out. Finally, the lessons which can be learned from this experience and the potential for these to be applied elsewhere are evaluated.

Cities as places and topics of studies: Mapping research clusters across disciplines

In research articles, cities usually occur as topics (e.g., subjects or actors) or places of studies (e.g., sites, destinations, locations, or spaces). Investigation of more general patterns is rare because research usually focuses on individual cities. We use science mapping, based on Scopus data and Vosviewer visualization software, to examine city-related research across journals and disciplines (subject areas), and to assess how multiple city functions are reflected in journals. Comparable European Union capital cities (Berlin, Madrid, Rome, and Warsaw) serve as models. The patterns are remarkably similar regardless of the city. National and regional journals are the most common publication venues. Research takes place within three major disciplinary clusters: 1) the social sciences, and arts and humanities, 2) medicine, and 3) natural/technical sciences (environmental, earth and planetary, agricultural, and biological sciences). Medicine shows an early prevalence, and recently the social sciences have been strongly represented in these studies. Although the relationships are based on different journals, they are comparable for all cities and can be used to assess cities of similar size. This study was conducted just before the Covid-19 pandemic, and it can serve as a reference to identify research patterns before and after because the outbreak may bring about changes in future city-related research. © 2021 Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia. All rights reserved.

Zagrebačka stanogradnja u prijedlozima planova i generalnim urbanističkim planovima od 1945. do 1990.

Rješenje stambenoga pitanja svakoga člana društva, kao i kvaliteta njegove realizacije, jedan je od ključnih izazova svakoga društva kao cjeline, ali i svakoga političkog sustava. U razdoblju socijalizma to je pitanje jedan od glavnih društvenih i političkih problema, koji se na razini gradova nastojalo riješiti kreiranjem sveobuhvatne stambene politike koja se pokušala ostvariti generalnim urbanističkim planovima i urbanističkim programima. U gradu Zagrebu na toj se problematici radilo kontinuirano u Urbanističkom zavodu grada Zagreba i njegovim pravnim prethodnicima, prije svega preko urbanističkih prijedloga i planova objavljenih 1949., 1953., 1965., 1971. i 1986. godine. Istraživanje se temelji na generalnim urbanističkim planovima Zagreba (regulatorne osnove), jednome programu urbanističkoga razvoja i dva prijedloga urbanističkoga razvoja: Vlado Antolić, „Regulacioni plan i direktivna regulaciona osnova Zagreba” (1949.); Zagreb: direktivna regulatorna osnova Zavoda za urbanizam NOGZ 1953. (1953.); Urbanistički program grada Zagreba: smjernice za razvoj (1965.); Generalni urbanistički plan grada Zagreba: elaborat (1970.); Generalni urbanistički plan grada Zagreba: sažetak (1985.). Ovim se radom nastoji ustanoviti koja su sustavna rješenja predviđena, kakve su bile projekcije razvoja grada i kretanje broja stanovništva te kakva je bila realizacija urbanističkih prijedloga i planova.

Zgrada Urbanističkog zavoda u Beogradu

The building of the Urban Planning Institute in Belgrade, designed by architect Branislav Jovin, is one of the most significant achievements of the post-WWII architecture in Belgrade. In the personal oeuvre of the author, the building is his magnum opus and one of the showpieces of Brutalist architecture in Serbia. This paper will examine the architectural and artistic values of the Belgrade Urban Planning Institute building, designed in late 1960s and completed as early as 1970. The significance of the structure was reviewed in the context of its architectural, cultural and historical values, but also by analysing social circumstances and the development of architectural scenery in the post-WWII Yugoslavia and the city of Belgrade. By considering the building in the framework of the post-WWII architecture, we can get the clearer picture of tendencies and aspirations in the architectural treatment of masses and forms, of the material used, but also of European and global influence on the development of Yugoslav architecture of the time.

Social and Physical Planning: Two Approaches to Territorial Production in Socialist Yugoslavia between 1955 and 1963

By introducing workers’ self-management in the 1950s, socialist Yugoslavia aimed to decentralize socio-economic planning and gradually translate into practice the Marxist-Leninist theory of the ‘withering away of the State’. Although the new planning model was intended to provide a more balanced distribution of economic opportunities across the socially diverse federal territory, in practice it prioritized exponential economic growth, contributing to a rural exodus and hyper-concentration of workforce, management capacities and resources in the urban agglomerations. As a direct response to the severe consequences of post-war urbanisation in Yugoslavia, experts from the Urban Planning Institute of Croatia developed the first Yugoslavian methodology of regional planning. With a reference to Hilberseimer’s theoretical work on regional planning, the methodology aimed to integrate rural and urban areas into a coherent regional space with a greater degree of socio-economic independence from the urban centres. This paper provides a critical overview of social and regional planning in Yugoslavia between the introduction of the communal system in 1955 and the new constitution in 1963. By following the two parallel yet interwoven planning discourses, the paper analyses the transition of the State ideology and political economy into the spatial realm. The comparison of two discourses reveals the ambiguous relationship between social and regional planning and the strategic attempts of urban planners to negotiate their ideological positions within the evolving political system. The regional plan for the Krapina district is the first manifestation of the new planning methodology, which intended to reconcile contradictions between city and countryside, centre and periphery, centralisation and decentralisation.

The Mountain Metropolis’s Land Design Project. Grenoble, from Plain to Slope

Mountains are both an intangible geomorphological condition of and a structuring identity marker for a good number of activities in the Grenoble region. And yet, they stand out because of their absence from metropolitan policies. Such an absence calls the Grenoble metropolis project and its cultural basis into question – all the more so because the ambition “to assert its status as a mountain metropolis” and “to rethink its relationship with the mountains and their slopes in all its aspects and specificities” is an objective that is clearly stated in the planning documents. A careful reading of these documents reveals that the image of the mountains, as used therein, has not escaped the concepts imposed by modernity: they are presented as a nature reserve to be preserved, an emblem to showcase and a recreational activity area surrendered to tourism. Beyond what can only be described as a functionalist vision of an Alpine city, that is, a view that considers the mountains merely as objects among many others, what urban planning activities have actually been rolled out? What do they tell us about the representations of this “mountain metropolis” under construction, its narrativisation and its goal? And more generally, what do they teach us about the direction that the processes are taking and about our conception of the landscape? We propose to answer these questions by making use of the work that has resulted from the many urban project workshops held at the Urban Planning and Alpine Geography Institute (IUGA), as well as the notion of “progetto di suolo” (land design project) that Italian urban planner Bernardo Secchi developed in the 1990s.

A method of mathematical modeling for transfer hub establishment in Saint Petersburg

Abstract Nowadays, it is almost impossible to design and forecast (plan) operation of transportation systems without mathematical modeling tools and special software. The paper discusses comparison and application of mathematical modeling methods in Russia and abroad for functional and spatial development of cities in the transport and urban-planning field. A method for choosing transfer hub locations in the city plan, based on the developed mathematical model, is proposed. Under the conditions of suburbanization of large agglomerations, development of a more comfortable passenger transportation system can decrease the automobilization level in the long view. The system of transfer hubs involving transport with large carrying capacity (rail transport) represents the basis for development of a larger and more sophisticated transportation system attractive for people of various social classes. When choosing transfer hubs, it is suggested to take into account subway/railway station stability and demand (given the existing population displacement) based on a comparative analysis of modeling results where modeling involved artificial delays for entrance. The modeling was conducted using a software suite developed by the Saint Petersburg R&D and Design Institute for Urban Planning and Saint Petersburg Institute for Economics and Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Based on the experiment results, it is possible to classify stations using the proposed factor of delay value impact on the transfer passenger flow. The value of factors for delay value impact on the transfer passenger flow can be used as one of the factors for prioritizing transfer hub establishment.

Mapeamento do uso e da cobertura da terra na Ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil, com base em imagem de alta resolução espacial

Este trabalho apresenta um mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra da Ilha de Santa Catarina com base em aerofotografias de alta resolução espacial e na vetorização da Restituição Aerofotogramétrica do Instituto de Planejamento Urbano de Florianópolis (IPUF) na escala 1:2.000. O método de interpretação das classes de mapeamento foi efetuado através da análise e interpretação visual de um mosaico aerofotogramétrico e o sistema de mapeamento foi organizado em 17 classes. Os resultados obtidos revelam o predomínio das classes de vegetação e do tecido urbano. As análises revelaram uma urbanização com densidade pontual e a presença de núcleos densos somente nas antigas áreas de povoamento, nas que abrigam grandes empreendimentos imobiliários ou de planejamento urbano.

Micropolíticas no Campeche: entre diagramas cristalizados, planejamento urbano e produção de desejos

Neste texto, analisamos movimentos micropolíticos de uma parcela da população residente no balneário do Campeche, em Florianópolis-SC, que, de forma organizada e conjunta, questionou o modelo de desenvolvimento econômico e urbano proposto pelo Instituto de Planejamento Urbano de Florianópolis (Ipuf). Estudamos movimentos de contraposição a ideias, planos e ações que pretendiam transformar o Campeche num espaço modulado a partir de modelos internacionais, sem nenhuma relação com as geografias do balneário. Para tanto, recorremos a uma analítica da formação dos desejos, também entendida como análise micropolítica, por meio da fala de moradores(as) do Campeche e de narrativas construídas pelo órgão do poder público municipal responsável pelo planejamento urbano.

The minimum dwelling approach by the Housing, Urban and Regional Planning Institute (HURPI) of South Korea in the 1960s

While the Japanese legacy remained in Korean urban planning even after the country's independence following the Second World War, direct influence from Western countries became available through various aid programmes. Amongst planning-related programmes, the Asia Foundation's HURPI (Housing, Urban and Regional Planning Institute), led by Oswald Nagler, an urban planning consultant, was noteworthy in its experimental approach and influence. HUPRI's urban planning approach focussed on minimum dwelling studies which reflected Korea's housing traditions, culture and economic conditions, and expanded them to large-scale planning. Even though literature on modern Korean planning history has acknowledged HURPI, its minimum dwelling approach is rarely mentioned, mainly because of the lack of documentation. By recovering unpublished materials personally kept by HURPI members and interviewing key individuals, this paper identifies the contents and the meaning of HURPI's minimum dwelling approach in the history of architecture and urban planning in South Korea. Comparative analyses with Western precedents and works by other Korean planning agencies at the time are also considered in order to understand HURPI's approach, and to identify how imported architectural and planning methodologies responded to Korean local contexts.

Urban regeneration: new model and new practice The eighth annual International Association for China Planning conference, Guangzhou, China, 21–22 June 2014

During the past decades, urbanisation in China has centred on land development through industrialisation and investment, but it has largely ignored the prosperity and well-being of the people.Liveable cities are not just those with magnificent buildings and infrastructure; they are great places where people want to live. China's recently inaugurated leaders have proposed a new model to actively and prudently enhance the quality of urbanisation through compact, intelligent, and low-carbon development. It symbolises the departure from land-centred urban development to a form of people-oriented urbanisation, as China's Premier, Li Keqiang, has advocated. Quality of life should be one of the key goals for the new model of urbanisation.This new model offers a platform for planning researchers and practitioners to tackle urbanisation challenges, such as social equity, environment, energy, ecological and historic preservation, affordable housing, and externalities of mega cities. Further, a people-oriented urbanisation approach calls for public participation and stakeholder engagement in the planning process.The eighth annual conference of the International Association for China Planning (IACP) was held in Guangzhou, China, 21-22 June 2014. It was organised by IACP and South China University of Technology (SCUT), co-organised by the Guangdong Urban & Rural Planning and Design Institute, Guangzhou KEY CITY Planning & Survey Technological Co. Ltd., Guangzhou Teamzero Architecture and Planning Co. Ltd., Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Peking University-Lincoln Institute Center (PLC) for Urban Development and Land Policy, and Ohio State University. It was also sponsored by the American Planning Association (APA), Case Studies on Transport Policy, Springer, Travel Behaviour & Society, and the Urban Planning Society of China.The conference brought together more than 250 planning scholars and practitioners from around the world, including China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Australia, the United States , Canada, Great Britain, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Turkey, India, and Ghana, among others. During the conference, 169 papers were presented across 36 parallel sessions, as well as six keynote presentations. The conference also included the second Dean's Forum on urban planning.Opening sessionThe conference had an opening ceremony on 21 June (Figure 1), with IACP Chair Qisheng Pan (Texas Southern University) and Dean Yimin Sun, the Executive Deputy Dean of the School of Architecture at SCUT, co-presiding. Academician Jingtang He (SCUT) welcomed all those attendees and delivered introductory remarks on China's urban planning and design process. Qisheng Pan greeted the conference delegates, reviewed IACP's history and missions, addressed the conference theme and objectives, and also introduced keynote speakers and distinguished guests. Yimin Sun also gave the audience a warm welcome and introduced the diverse academic offerings and outstanding research accomplishments of the School of Architecture, SCUT. Two internationally renowned scholars and one chief planner were each invited to give a keynote speech at the opening session.Professor Robert Bullard (Texas Southern University) delivered the first keynote speech of the conference, entitled 'Environmental and sustainability challenges in the United States and China: assessing impacts using an equity lens'. As one of the pioneers addressing environmental equity issues and the father of environmental justice, Bullard examined environmental challenges in the United States using a social equity lens. He also assessed the efficacy of using such a frame in order to understand the growing environmental and sustainability challenges in China. Bullard argued that millions of Americans continue to live in unsafe and unhealthy physical environments, despite significant improvements in environmental protection over the past few decades. …

海平面上升对生态系统服务价值的影响及适应措施

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 海平面上升对生态系统服务价值的影响及适应措施 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201408081583 作者: 作者单位: 同济大学建筑与城市规划学院,浙江大学城乡规划设计研究院,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 美国Florida Sea Grant College Program 2012-2013: A Spatial-Temporal Econometric Model to Estimate Costs and Benefits of Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Strategies资助 Impact of sea level rise on ecosystem services values and adaptation measures Author: Affiliation: College of Architecture and Urban Planning at Tongji University,Urban Planning and Design Institute of Zhejiang University,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:海平面上升导致了海岸线后退、沿海侵蚀、风暴潮加强、生物栖息地改变、湿地变迁等,引起了近海域生态系统服务价值的变化。以美国Hillsborough County为研究区域,应用SLAMM模型,模拟了海平面从2010年-2100年上升1m的情景下各类用地面积的变化,利用效益转移法评价了生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明:①旱地面积减少3037 hm2,湿地面积增加3037 hm2,其中河口水域、滩涂、盐沼、定期洪水沼泽面积大幅度增加;季节性洪水沼泽、潮汐淡水沼泽、河流潮汐、沙滩面积大幅度减少,其它类型湿地受影响较小。②湿地总面积的增加反而导致了生态系统服务价值总量的降低,从2010年的61672万美元降低到2100年的61548万美元,这是由于净水湿地和沙滩大面积损失引起的;其中艺术娱乐、水调节、气候调节、文化精神价值将下降,水供应、栖息地保护、干扰调节和废物处理价值将上升。③防护、适应、后退3种措施分别降低、不影响、提升了生态系统服务价值,应根据其适用范围综合应用以制定应对海平面上升的适应性措施。 Abstract:Sea level rise, one of the most obvious and direct effects of climate change in coastal areas, has become an important and urgent problem. Rising sea level has brought about coastline retreat, coastal erosion, storm surge strengthening, pollutant release, habitat change, and wetlands migration. In addition, it has caused changes in the ecosystem service value of coastal areas. Five processes of coastal ecosystems that may be affected by sea level rise are inundation, erosion, overwash, saturation, and accretion. Wetlands migration is simulated by the Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model and benefit transfer method in Hillsborough County, US, where the sea level is assumed to rise 1 m from 2010 to 2100. According to the calculation results, ecosystem services values for every 10 years are evaluated using the benefit transfer method. The results showed that dry land areas will decrease by 3037 hm2, while wetlands will increase by 3037 hm2 with sea level rise. Areas of estuarine open water, beaches, salt marshes, and regularly flooded marshes will increase by 394.29%, 380.62%, 141.93%, and 121.41%, respectively. The areas of irregularly flooded marshes, tidal fresh marshes, tidal flats, estuarine beaches, and inland shores will decrease by 95.52%, 91.31%, 59.29%, 37.59%, and 21.44%, respectively. Mangroves, inland open waters, swamps, inland fresh marshes, and cypress swamps will be less affected, and will decrease by 6.67%, 4.05%, 2.35%, 0.90%, and 0.10%, respectively. Increasing the total wetland area contributes to reducing the total ecosystem service value due to the large loss of beaches and freshwater wetlands. The values of art, entertainment, water regulation, climate regulation, spirit and culture will decrease, while the values of water supply, habitat protection, disturbance regulation, and waste disposal will increase. Extensive efforts have been devoted to adaptation planning and impact analysis in the face of rising sea levels. Protection, accommodation, and retreat are the main adaptation measures that have been adopted by both state and local governments in the U.S. The analysis results showed that different measures have very different impacts on ecosystem services values. According to the comprehensive application of these measures, planners develop adaptive strategies to cope with rising sea levels. Due to global differences in sea level rise, local topography, seawater erosion degree, and the existing measures, it is difficult to judge whether the impact of sea level rise will have beneficial or detrimental effects on an ecosystem. The case study of Hillsborough County needs more discussion, such as the uncertainty of sea level rise and scenario simulation, the change and valuing of ecosystem service value per unit area for different types of wetlands, and quantitative analysis for impacts of adaptation measures on ecosystem services. In addition, the application of SLAMM in Chinese research should also be considered. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Oswald Nagler, HURPI, and the Formation of Urban Planning and Design in South Korea

As in other postcolonial settings, after its independence, Korean urban planning was still influenced by the Japanese legacy in planning culture, systems of approach, and urban form. However, there was a turning point beginning in the 1960s, led by Oswald Nagler and the Housing, Urban and Regional Planning Institute (HURPI). Nagler applied an interdisciplinary approach to the Korean urban situation and made substantial efforts to apply and localize Western planning principles in accordance with the Korean context, and educated young talented individuals. Even though the institute has been repetitively reported to have exerted a profound influence on the formation of Korean urban planning, its function and specific contribution has largely remained obscure. This study clarifies HURPI’s function and contribution by way of interviews with its members, recovering otherwise lost materials, and analyzing them with a focus on the South Seoul plan in comparison to works done by local planners at the time, as well as later work on the Mok-dong plan.