Urban Planning Disciplines Research Articles

Integrating health in urban planning curriculum across Indian planning institutes

Urban planning significantly influences the physical and health profile of urban environments. This paper explores the critical nexus between urban planning and public health, emphasizing the urgent need to integrate health considerations into the urban planning curriculum in India. Current urban planning courses often overlook public health aspects, resulting in a disconnect that could hinder the ability of urban environments to meet the health and well-being needs of their populations. Through a comprehensive review and analysis of curriculum data from selected Indian institutions of national importance—including the School of Planning and Architecture, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, and National Institute of Technology, Bhopal—this study identifies significant gaps in the inclusion of health-related content in urban planning education. The analysis reveals a low occurrence of health-related themes within the planning curriculum, with essential topics like public health history, environmental health, and health impact assessments seldom addressed. To bridge these gaps, the paper suggests incorporating mandatory health-focused courses, such as Health Impact Assessments and public health fundamentals, into the curriculum. It also recommends interdisciplinary collaboration with public health professionals to enrich planning education. By restructuring the curriculum to include more comprehensive health-related education, future urban planners can be better equipped to create healthier and more sustainable urban environments, ultimately enhancing public health outcomes in rapidly urbanizing spaces. This research not only sheds light on current educational inadequacies but also proposes actionable steps towards a more holistic integration of health and urban planning disciplines.

Mapping the unseen: Dissecting property crime dynamics in urban Malaysia through spatial analysis

AbstractExtensive research over the years has illuminated how urban land use and development intricately influence property crime dynamics. Yet, there remains a notable paucity of simultaneous explorations of spatial–temporal patterns and their correlation with urban geography. This study aims to bridge this gap by employing advanced spatial analytical techniques, providing a nuanced understanding of how property crime is distributed and how it evolves within the urban fabric of Malaysia. This research rigorously investigates the spatial–temporal patterns of property crime within the urban context of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor in Malaysia, utilizing a novel combination of mean center and standard deviational ellipse methodologies. Concentrating on the regions of Selangor, the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, and the Federal Territory of Putrajaya, the study meticulously analyzes property crime data spanning from 2015 to 2020. This analysis uncovers pivotal insights into the distribution and trends of criminal activities. The integration of these spatial analytical techniques not only facilitates the identification of prevalent hotspots and directional tendencies in property crimes but also probes into their association with urban land use and developmental patterns. The outcomes of this study shed light on the intricate interplay between the incidence of crime and urban spatial configurations, thereby yielding significant theoretical and practical ramifications. The research makes a substantial contribution to the disciplines of criminological geography and urban planning, underscoring the indispensable role of advanced spatial analysis in devising robust crime prevention mechanisms and bolstering the safety of urban environments.

Transporte orientado ao desenvolvimento urbano

Abstract Transportation networks play a vital role in the development of cities and access to opportunities. Transportation planning, however, has yet to recognize its role in promoting inequalities. This work aims to discuss the concepts of centralization and accessibility and present a paradigm for planning transit networks based on the understanding that transit demand contains an endogenous component: by increasing accessibility, transit systems encourage part of the demand they seek to meet, leading to a circular causation cycle. It is proposed, then, that the planning of transit networks should be strongly associated with the discipline of urban planning, considering the existing demand and the design of the city that one wants to build.

Navigating Post-COVID-19 Social–Spatial Inequity: Unravelling the Nexus between Community Conditions, Social Perception, and Spatial Differentiation

The 2023 SDGs report underscores the prolonged disruption of COVID-19 on community living spaces, infrastructure, education, and income equality, exacerbating social and spatial inequality. Against the backdrop of the dual impact of significant events and the emergence of digital technologies, a coherent research trajectory is essential for characterizing social–spatial equity and understanding its influential factors within the urban planning discipline. While prior research emphasized spatial dimensions and mitigated spatial differentiation to ensure urban equity, the complexity of these interconnections necessitates a more comprehensive approach. This study adopts a holistic perspective, focusing on the “social–spatial” dynamics, utilizing social perception (sentiment maps) and spatial differentiation (housing prices index) pre- and post-pandemic to elucidate the interconnected and interactive nature of uneven development at the urban scale. It employs a multi-dimensional methodological framework integrating morphology analysis of housing conditions, GIS analysis of urban amenities, sentiment semantic analysis of public opinion, and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) analysis of correlation influential factors. Using Suzhou, China, as a pilot study, this research demonstrates how these integrated methods complement each other, exploring how community conditions and resource distribution collectively bolster resilience, thereby maintaining social–spatial equity amidst pandemic disruptions. The findings reveal that uneven resource distribution exacerbates post-pandemic social stratification and spatial differentiation. The proximity of well-maintained ecological environments, such as parks or scenic landmarks, generally exhibits consistency and positive effects on “social–spatial” measurement. Simultaneously, various spatial elements influencing housing prices and social perception show geographic heterogeneity, particularly in areas farther from the central regions of Xiangcheng and Wujiang districts. This study uncovers a bilateral mechanism between social perception and spatial differentiation, aiming to delve into the interdependent relationship between social–spatial equity and built environmental factors. Furthermore, it aspires to provide meaningful references and recommendations for urban planning and regeneration policy formulation in the digital era to sustain social–spatial equity.

Feminization of the urban planning discipline: developing a gender responsive pedagogy at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

ABSTRACT With the increasing number of female students enrolling and graduating from the Department of Urbanism at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, this study aims to mainstream gender into urban planning pedagogy. This is achieved by analyzing a case study comprising 47 survey responses and seven follow-up interviews. Among other factors, respondents’ perspectives on gender are more influenced by their personal experiences rather than the objective knowledge acquired through the Department’s curriculum. Recommendations for the department to mainstream gender into the pedagogy are (1) mainstreaming gender issues in urban planning curriculum, (2) promoting gender-balanced department climate, (3) innovating around teaching methods, and (4) increasing awareness about the profession.

The Application of Constructivist Grounded Theory Methodology in an Urban Planning Doctoral Thesis

The aim of this paper is to show the potential value of using the constructivist grounded theory (CGT) methodology in the Urban and Regional Planning discipline. This is done by reflecting on the application of the CGT fundamentals defined by Kathy Charmaz, applied in a doctoral thesis in Urban and Regional Planning. The substantive area of research in which the thesis took place was the practical training experience of planners in becoming professionally registered. The thesis collected primary data through interviews with 14 planners who have undergone the process of practical training to record, document, and analyse their experiences as a prerequisite and requirement of professional registration. The use of the CGT methodology provides valuable insight into the registration process of planners in South Africa and encourages doctoral candidates to use CGT methodology with the aim of generating new knowledge and theory in the built environment. This paper recommends that CGT methodology should be encouraged, particularly when contributing to fields that are under-researched, limited, or non-existent.

Spatiotemporal Variations of Urban Growth in Denizli, Turkey

The existence of natural resources is under threat among various land use types because of the urban sprawl regarding the increase of population density such as forests, pastures, agricultural areas, water resources, etc. These resources have been lost significantly due to differentiating factors such as disasters, physical pressure originating from urbanization and development dynamics, irreversible use of resources, etc. Among these resources, especially agricultural areas in different abilities from I to III are affected primarily from the non-agricultural use of agricultural areas. The main purpose of study is to determine the spatiotemporal variations of urban growth using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques in central districts of Denizli city. The satellite images presenting the spatial changes due to urban growth in central districts (Merkezefendi and Pamukkale districts) between the years 1990 - 2018 and also 1/25.000 scaled topographic maps are used. As a result, it is observed that the existing urban macroform have changed and the misuse of natural resources have increased significantly in the 30-years period. These uses have changed in accordance with urban plan decisions based on the site selection of industrial areas and main transport routes. The effects of urban sprawl are evaluated in terms of urban planning discipline and important policies are developed in order to prevent the misuse of natural resources under threat of urbanization.

Design Considerations for Learning and Living Centre for Scholars : Connecting Between the City and the School

This study examines the architectural considerations for a Learning and Living Centre for scholars that intends to create a seamless connection between the urban environment and educational institutions. As cities transform into information and innovation hubs, there is a rising demand for venues that stimulate collaboration, experiential learning, and intellectual development. This research examines the main design aspects required to create a successful hub for scholars that connects the city and the institution. The research incorporates qualitative analysis and case studies of current Learning and Living Centres. The analysis reveals crucial elements like location, accessibility, architectural design, and technology integration. This project intends to give a complete framework for creating a Learning and Living Centre that effectively links scholars to the urban environment by analysing successful examples from across the world. The findings contribute to the disciplines of architecture, urban planning, and education by emphasising the need of designing environments that promote continual learning outside the typical classroom setting.

ПРИНЦИП АРХИТЕКТУРНО-ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО ВОСПИТАНИЯ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ МЕЖОТРАСЛЕВОЙ КООРДИНАЦИИ И РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

Architectural environment - a space that includes architectural objects (buildings, structures), small architectural forms, the connecting elements of infrastructure between them (passages, sidewalks, squares). Specialists in various fields: urban planners, architects, artists, restorers form their own image of the architectural environment. However, the creation of a unified harmony in the development of facade solutions, elements of the planning structure, the integration of ideas into the existing environment is possible by combining the interests of specialists competent in architectural and urban development.
 The article presents the material about the proposed principle of architectural and town-planning education not only for the specialists in town planning and architecture, but also for the professionals of related professions, whose joint activity forms the architectural environment surrounding us. 
 The educational process is formed by means of introduction of architectural and urban planning disciplines in general, professional, additional education and integration of co-creative design in the educational process of specialized architectural and construction educational institutions of professional and additional education.
 The result of the material is the development of hypothetical models of educational approach. The controlling apparatus responsible for the reorganization of the educational process, consisting of state and municipal authorities, is formed. Approbation on the example of the municipality "the city of Lyudinovo and Lyudinovo district" is presented. Kaluga Oblast. The town of Lyudinovo is a small town with a population of less than 40 thousand people.

BLUE LINES AS A MEANS OF GRAPHIC FIXATION BETWEEN WATER BODIES IN TOWN PLANNING DOCUMENTATION

In this article the purpose of the Blue Lines of Limitation as a fixation of the spatial boundaries of water bodies in the urban planning activity is considered. The peculiarities and importance of the use of Blue Lines as boundaries of the water area for maintaining urban planning discipline are indicated. Preservation of the boundaries of water areas in an urbanized environment requires the introduction of a separate urban planning restriction in the urban planning documentation. Along with the Red, Blue, Green and Yellow lines, which are already "working" in urban planning documentation, the Blue lines will graphically display the borders of the water area, regulating the regulation of urban planning activities in certain territories, which will contribute to urban planning discipline and the preservation of water ecosystems.
 Blue lines can graphically fix the boundaries of the water area to limit urban planning and economic activity. Our proposal is to introduce the concept of Blue Lines into the new edition of DBN B2.2-12-202… «Planning and Development of Territories» in the following wording: "Boundaries of the coastline (cut of water) on the natural or artificially created water area of water bodies (reservoirs and water courses) - the internal boundaries of the water protection zone with defined regimes and rules of economic activity are defined by blue lines."
 The development of district planning schemes, general plans of settlements, detailed plans of the territory (M 1: 25000, 1:10000, 1: 2000) graphically, with the help of blue lines, should indicate:
 - cuttings of existing and artificially created reservoirs; - section of direction, channel deepening; - changing the contour of reservoirs in case of their revitalization, etc.
 Fixing the spatial boundaries of the water area with the help of Blue lines will fulfill the tasks of urban planning regulations of economic activity, which will contribute to the preservation of the natural component of the water ecosystem in an urbanized environment.
 To preserve and protect water bodies in an urbanized environment, effective urban planning restrictions are necessary. Urban planning restrictions contribute to the preservation of our settlements from chaotic and disharmonious construction, make the urban space safe and comfortable for residents. The designation of the Blue Lines is a tool for preserving the natural component in the urbanized environment, which will help solve the problem of balanced, rational and harmonious use of water areas and vulnerable coastal areas.

DEMYSTIFYING SUSTAINABLE DISTRICT-LEVEL INDUSTRIAL BUILDING RENOVATION: A TAXONOMY FRAMEWORK AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

ABSTRACT With the progress of urbanization, most people live in cities and adjacent urban areas. Meanwhile, the transformation and development of cities and their industries leaves behind a large volume of old building blocks and requires renovating some urban spaces. Notably, urban renewal plays an important role in the sustainable development of cities. As a typical task of urban renewal, the renovation of industrial buildings involves the protection of the industrial heritage and the adaptive reuse of the existing building spaces. Yet, the complex nature of district-level industrial building renovation work spells challenges to effective urban renovation and sustainable city renewal. Although a few studies were devoted to the renovation of industrial buildings, very limited research focused on the renovation of existing industrial urban areas. In particular, the cooperation of different work disciplines to orchestrate sustainable district-level industrial building renovation and strategies to facilitate effective administration of such a way of urban renewal remain to be clarified. To close such a gap, this research employs an approach of multi-case study to conceptualize sustainable district-level industrial building renovation. Four case projects from the Big Bay Area cities, including Dongguan, Foshan, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, are investigated and analyzed due to specific local policies of renovation and their rapid urbanization. Based on the knowledge disciplines of urban planning, industrial heritage reservation, and building renovation, a taxonomy framework is introduced, and the relevant sustainable development strategies are identified. The framework demystifies sustainable district-level industrial building renovation regarding the key aspects of sustainable management to achieve sustainable urban renewal and their hierarchical relations and enhances the knowledge body of industrial building renovation by broadening the scope to the urban scale. Furthermore, the proposed strategies can provide practical implications to sustainable urban renewal with industrial building renovation.

Historical Development of Urban Planning Theory: Review and Comparison of Theories in Urban Planning

Discipline of urban planning only developed around a century back with the first academic school at the University of Liverpool in 1909. However, the theory of this discipline is relatively older and might date to varying timelines around various parts of the world. However, modern urban planning discipline has got birth in the US and Western Europe. Early development in the theory of urban planning develops challenges for the cities. In response to such challenges, the planning approaches seem to adapt to the needs of emerging regimes evident from the high-scale urban renovation of Paris by Haussmann. This is called the Progressive Model of Planning wherein planners of the time struggled to deal with the challenges imparted by the Industrial Revolution through scientific and engineering-based knowledge. Early urban planning efforts were mostly anarchist movements that reacted to the social issues of the time and include Garden City, Radiant City, Broadacre, etc. This study sought to present these theoretical considerations with respect to certain development classifications in urban planning. Accordingly, the methodology of the research study comprises the following sections/segments for a better understanding of urban planning at different times: i. Pre-History of Urban Planning ii. Foundational Years iii. Modernism (Rational Planning) iv. Post Modernism (Post war suburbia) v. Current Era In short, it is concluded that cities have emerged as a result of conscious decisions. Accordingly, looking into the planning theory requires due consideration of the planning approaches utilized over time. This perceives that planning theory is essentially the study of the decisions made from intuition and that is equally right because planning theory and practice development are in parallel.

Utilizing Nighttime Photos to Locate Attraction Zones at the Metropolitan Scale: An Analysis of Istanbul

Up-to-date information about different forms of land-use (residential areas, industrial areas, central business districts, recreational areas, etc.) is essential for city planning processes to obtain better urban and regional planning decisions. Traditional methods (e.g., field surveying or WEB/GPS based data collection) used to gather up-to-date information can often contain some errors and can also be time-consuming and expensive, especially for large metropolitan urban areas. With the integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) related technologies, the difficulty of providing up-to-date information about different types of land-use can be greatly reduced. On the other hand, in terms of urban and regional planning, the level of utilization of these technologies is still considered to be insufficient. In this respect, authors wanted to draw attention to another possible usage of night-time data in urban and regional planning discipline for the purpose of determination of the location, size, and hierarchy of the attraction zones in urban scale which are mostly composed of central business districts (CBD), commercial zones, touristic corridors and/or concentration areas etc., as these regions are more illuminated areas compared to other zones of a city. Thus, a methodology based on GIS and RS integration and spatial and statistical analysis capabilities of GIS is presented in this study to determine the boundary and size of the attraction zones and their hierarchical levels by using the night-time imageries. To show how effective the suggested model is, the proposed methodology has been used in the city of Istanbul. The assessment of the location, size, and hierarchy of the attraction zones could give an essential decision support for the decision makers, especially those working in the urban planning discipline, as the attraction zones of cities need to be developed in a more specific and detailed manner. Thus, the model's outputs' reliability and potential applications in the field of urban planning are also examined.

Urban form and COVID-19 cases and deaths in Greater London: An urban morphometric approach.

The COVID-19 pandemic generated a considerable debate in relation to urban density. This is an old debate, originated in mid 19th century’s England with the emergence of public health and urban planning disciplines. While popularly linked, evidence suggests that such relationship cannot be generally assumed. Furthermore, urban density has been investigated in a spatially coarse manner (predominantly at city level) and never contextualised with other descriptors of urban form. In this work, we explore COVID-19 and urban form in Greater London, relating a comprehensive set of morphometric descriptors (including built-up density) to COVID-19 deaths and cases, while controlling for socioeconomic, ethnicity, age and co-morbidity. We describe urban form at individual building level and then aggregate information for official neighbourhoods, allowing for a detailed intra-urban representation. Results show that: (i) control variables significantly explain more variance of both COVID-19 cases and deaths than the morphometric descriptors; (ii) of what the latter can explain, built-up density is indeed the most associated, though inversely. The typical London neighbourhood with high levels of COVID-19 infections and deaths resembles a suburb, featuring a low-density urban fabric dotted by larger free-standing buildings and framed by a poorly inter-connected street network.

Sense of Place and Sound: Revisiting from Multidisciplinary Outlook

This study revisits the sense of place and sound nexus in the literature. Along with that, it seeks to explore the approaches that influential urban theorists, landscape architects, and planners have recommended. How these concepts converge within the allied disciplines of urban planning, urban design, geography, and landscape architecture remains at the forefront of this investigation. This research proposes a conceptual framework by identifying sounds in three key categories—auditory experience, sound, and silence—to address the gap between sound and urban studies. The study reveals decisive patterns in urban studies’ interface between the sense of place and the sound context.

Evaluation of Metro Station Design in Terms of Normal Operation and Emergency Evacuation Scenarios with 3D Simulation Software

Yaya simülasyonu teknolojilerinin mimarlık ve şehir planlama disiplinlerinde kullanımı yeni bir kavram olmamakla birlikte; makine öğrenmesi tabanlı, insan davranışlarına benzer sonuçlar veren, ajan bazlı, gerçekçiliği ve geçerliliği bilimsel olarak ispatlanmış üç boyutlu simülasyon yazılımları son yıllarda ortaya çıkmışlardır. Bu yazılımlar, özellikle kalabalık ve karmaşık mekanlarda ortaya çıkabilecek sirkülasyon ve acil durum tahliye problemlerinin henüz tasarım aşamasındayken görülmesine olanak sağlamakta; bu sayede yapı inşa edilmeden önce projede gerekli revizyonların gerçekleştirilmesine imkan vermektedir. Ulusal ve uluslararası standartlar doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın amacı, güncel simülasyon teknolojilerinin yapılara ilişkin normal işletme ve acil durum tahliye senaryolarının değerlendirilmesinde kullanımını örnek olarak seçilen gerçek bir metro istasyonu projesi üzerinden incelemektir. Seçilen raylı sistem hattındaki istasyona özgü yolcu yüklerinin bulunması amacıyla klasik elle hesaplama yöntemleri kullanılmış, ortaya çıkan değerler Massmotion yazılımına aktarılarak mekânsal kapasite analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve istasyonun tüm katlarına ilişkin hizmet seviyeleri bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak metro istasyonunun normal işletme ve acil durum tahliye senaryolarının gereksinimlerini karşılayıp karşılamayacağı test edilmiş, ortaya çıkan sonuçlar çalışma kapsamında verilmiştir.

50 WYDANIE PERIODYKU PRZESTRZEŃ I FORMA NA TLE WYBRANYCH ZAGADNIEŃ CZASOPISM NAUKOWYCH W POLSCE

In this paper, on the occasion of publishing the fiftieth issue of Space & form, the authors discuss a range of problems from its history. The anniversary issue of the journal is also an occasion to present the current legal situation with a focus on threats that the academic journal market in Poland currently faces. A broad investigation of legal acts and information about selected journals presents matters concerning academic journals in Poland and present information and statistics, specifically for selected periodicals from the architecture and urban planning discipline. Selected determinants of the scoring system of academic journals in Poland have been presented.

Less Me, More Others. On Designing Disorder: Experiments and Disruptions in the City, by Pablo Sendra and Richard Sennett

In the book Building and Dwelling. Ethics for the City (2019), Richard Sennett recounted how, when talking about the city with Jane Jacobs, the influential North American journalist, author, theorist, and activist posed the suggestive question: “So what would you do?”. A question aimed at making one think about how to coordinate the different concepts of the ville, understood as the physical materiality of what is urban, and the cité, what we take to be the perceptions, behaviors, and beliefs of urban inhabitants. The question sought to investigate the possibilities of establishing the direct relationship between the material form of the urban environment and the aspects related to the social—to the polis, such as citizenship, justice, cohesion, or living well. Besides this, it also served to consider what approaches to take in terms of spatiality, materiality, layouts, or infrastructure and thus model an urban environment capable of producing a better cité. Richard Sennett, in this new text, attempts to offer answers to Jacobs’ question, with the help to the cooperation between the disciplines of architecture and urban planning, presented by researcher Pablo Sendra. A contribution that complements sociological and political dimensions with the pragmatism of revealing particular resources from urban planning, such as open and flexible infrastructures, capable of providing a solution to this desired synergy between ville and cité. The synchronicity of the theoretical discourse and the project’s material reality, together with its materialization in the urban experiments analyzed, are the two most interesting and remarkable values of the book. The real and pragmatic graphic character of a plan, associated with specifying what happens in invisible layers, such as those below and above level zero in the section of the city’s territory, and how they flow, deserve a careful reading. The ideas invite you to investigate in close collaboration with disciplines such as anthropology or sociology, which should not be ignored in any urban project.

Representative Construction Engineering Drawings Combining SLAM and Ground-Based LiDAR

Obtaining architectural engineering drawings is a crucial aspect of upgrading and repairing structures. Traditional elevation measuring is ineffective and results in a poor rate of restoration. The current building elevation measurement solutions based on 3D scanning technology all obtain building 3D point cloud data from a single type of laser scanner. These two methods can’t get both indoor and outdoor scenes at the same time. This paper presents a scanning strategy that combines SLAM with Ground-based LiDAR to solve this problem. The point cloud data for the building’s indoor and outdoor scenes are obtained independently, and the Ground-based LiDAR point cloud data is registered locally using the iterative closest point(ICP) algorithm. The SLAM point clouds and the Ground-based LiDAR point clouds are then registered as a whole to develop an overall model of the building using point constrained error equations. For various reasons, the building can be trimmed into a planar point cloud model depending on the application. Finally, engineering drawings for the construction of the building can be drawn. The method’s viability was demonstrated by using it in a 3D scanning project of a scenic site in Beijing. This technology improves model information interpretability, scanning efficiency, and provides powerful data assistance for building rehabilitation and repair. It is extremely important in the disciplines of urban planning, rehabilitation, and historic preservation. After performing a more optimal preprocessing, more than 90% classification accuracy was achieved across 18 low-power consumer devices for scenarios in which the in-band features-to-noise ratio (FNR) was very poor.

Place quality in high-speed rail station areas: Concept definition

High-speed railway (HSR) station areas are expected to benefit urban environments, not simply as transportation or economic hubs but also as urban places contributing to living quality. However, the relationship between HSR and place quality has not received systematic attention, despite the evolution of urban planning paradigms toward a clearer focus on quality of life. We have reviewed 44 academic articles written between 1996 and 2019 and analyzed concepts of place quality spanning the disciplines of urban design, urban planning, and urban economics. We identified three dimensions commonly associated with quality of place: a spatial dimension associated with aesthetic qualities of urban spaces; a socio-cultural dimension associated with experienced “sense of place”; and an economic dimension associated with the agglomeration of economic activities. Then we worked out these three dimensions in the context of HSR station areas and attributed features accordingly. We concluded that the economic dimension far outweighs the others in academic debates, with dominant theories being primarily concerned with land use, accessibility, and economic performance. Studies from the urban design field have tackled the spatial elements of place quality and showed a strong correlation with economic dimension. However, the literature remains insufficiently developed when it comes to addressing user experience and “sense of place.”