Urban Park Service Research Articles

Quantitative analysis of social service space equity in urban parks in China

This study aims to quantitatively analyze the equity of social service space in urban parks in China, in order to explore the equity issues faced by different social groups in accessing urban park services. The research background focuses on the importance of urban parks as social service spaces, particularly in improving residents’ quality of life and well-being. Through a comprehensive literature review, the study examines the social service functions of urban parks, the relationship between parks and social psychology, and the theoretical framework of equity. The study employs quantitative research methods, collects data on urban park usage and resident satisfaction, and defines relevant analysis variables. The data analysis section reveals the basic characteristics of park service space usage and resident well-being index through descriptive statistical methods. Subsequently, quantitative analysis is conducted to evaluate the current status of equity in urban park service space and explore the key factors influencing equity. The study reveals a significant correlation between social psychological factors, resident well-being index, and equity in park service space. Finally, the research conclusion emphasizes the importance of improving equity in social service space in urban parks and provides specific policy recommendations. At the same time, the study acknowledges its limitations and suggests future research directions. This study provides insights for urban planners and policymakers on how to enhance equity in urban park services and offers important strategic guidance for improving overall well-being of urban residents.

Demand-Led Optimization of Urban Park Services

As the demand for cultural and recreational services grows, the mismatch between the supply and demand of park services significantly affects residents’ well-being. Optimizing the spatial layout of park services is a focal point of urban park and green space research. Taking Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, as a case study, this research analyzes the spatial patterns and balance of park service supply and demand. Utilizing the Grey Wolf Optimization Model optimized by the K-Nearest Neighbor Model (GWO-KNN), this study proposes construction objectives for optimizing park services. The results indicate the following: (1) significant differences exist in the park service demands of residents in different residential environments; (2) there is a noticeable spatial disparity in park service supply among various residential areas with an overall positive correlation between park service supply levels and resident demands, yet an imbalance exists; (3) this study categorizes spatial types into low-service coordination, high-service coordination, low-service imbalance, and high-service imbalance; (4) the GWO-KNN Model is applied with optimization objectives being the innovative aspect of this study. Strategies for each park category are proposed: emphasizing suburban park construction by utilizing surrounding green resources and adding diverse facilities; introducing facilities friendly to vulnerable groups to meet the needs of diverse populations; enhancing the complementary advantages between “new” and “old” cities by moderately increasing park sizes and improving cultural and facility development levels; optimizing spatial structure with limited land resources to construct an urban park network system. This study aims to provide theoretical and technical support for optimizing urban park and green space systems.

Does the Urban Park Provision Fit the Social Needs of the Community? Evidence for Semarang City, Indonesia

Urban Park is a green open space in the form of social facilities that play an essential role in improving the quality of life of urban communities. This study aims to determine the categories of urban park services that can fit the community needs in Semarang City, Indonesia, covering locations of observation: Simpang Lima Park, Indonesia Kaya Park, Pandanaran Park, Banjir Kanal Barat Park, and Sri Gunting Park. Data were obtained by using a semi-open questionnaire from 100 park users. The analysis process used a scoring technique and hypothetical score category. The results showed that urban park services were in the “medium’ category. It can be seen from the assessment of 17 ideal urban park variables, dominated by the “medium” category (335<=X<397). They are completeness of the facilities, quality of facilities, types and the number of trees, suitability of the distance between spaces, park cleanliness conditions, clean air quality, wind, and sun direction orientation, parks’ use for social interaction, and users’ interest to promote the parks. These results indicated that urban park services were not yet maximum in fitting the community needs. This study is expected to be used for evaluation and input for future urban park planning.

From accessibility of traffic to accessibility of service: the spatial analysis of N-minute service circle of urban park system

ABSTRACT As an important strategy of basic public services in China, service “accessibility” follows the concept of fair and equal public services. Compared with the traditional transportation accessibility, it is also a comprehensive consideration from the dimension of residents’ demand and service supply to promote the balance of urban park space layout and service coverage. Based on the N-minute service circle, this study establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system to quantitatively assess the service balance of urban parks based on three dimensions of service availability, spatial balance and social equity, taking the Shangcheng District of Hangzhou as an example. And further, an optimization model of urban park system is constructed to carry out spatial analysis and optimal adaptation of urban park system by combining residents’ demand and evaluation. The results show that the overall accessibility of urban park services shows a spatial pattern of “high in the north and low in the middle”, with obvious spatial differentiation along the river area. The urban park system optimized by the model based on the assessment results achieves the “accessibility” and “refined” quality of urban park services. Meanwhile, this study provides a reference for building a more all-age and quality urban park system.

Understanding spatial inequities in urban neighborhood park services: A mixed method study in Taiwan

Understanding spatial inequities in urban neighborhood park services: A mixed method study in Taiwan

Differentiation of Vegetation Community Characteristics by Altitude within Urban Parks and Their Service Functions in a Semi-Arid Mountain Valley: A Case Study of Lanzhou City

As the primary component of urban green space, parks play an important role in improving local environments and quality of life for city inhabitants. To date, much research on urban park plant community characteristics has been conducted worldwide, but studies focusing on differences across altitudes have been rare. Here, we have investigated fractional vegetation cover (FVC), plant species diversity, plant species composition, and plant life-form types along altitude gradients within four urban parks (Jincheng, Renshoushan, Baitashan, and Lanshan) in Lanzhou city (China) by field sampling and remote sensing. Spatial variations in plant community characteristics at different elevations, as well as their ecological, social, and integrated service levels, were analyzed using combined methods of remote sensing interpretation, mathematical statistics, and service function assessment. The results showed that: (1) spatial variations in plant communities along elevation gradients exhibited a distinct regional differentiation between parks; (2) Lanshan Park had the lowest FVC (43.6%) and plant species diversity (59 species), and these two parameters exhibited the most dramatic spatial change as elevation increased; the opposite phenomenon occurred in Renshoushan Park (FVC of 56.6%; 81 species); (3) the differences in the natural service level of the plant community were smaller for the social and integrated service levels. The highest natural service level occurred in Renshoushan Park, while Jincheng Park had the highest social and integrated service levels; the smallest values occurred in Lanshan Park. We conclude that scientific park management is urgently required to ensure the safety and sustainable development of the local urban ecosystems and to improve the ecological and social service levels of the individual urban parks, especially Lanshan Park. These findings also provide key insights to improve urban park communities and service levels in similar mountainous, semi-arid zones.

Identification and Optimization Strategy of Urban Park Service Areas Based on Accessibility by Public Transport: Beijing as a Case Study

Parks are an important place for residents to relax. An equitable distribution of parks can promote social equity and enhance the residents’ welfare. The service areas of parks are affected by the mode of transport. As public transport is a green and economic travel mode with a wide range of applications, we identified the service area of parks based on the accessibility of public transport. On this basis, the problem of park layout was analyzed. The results show that: (1) the coverage rate for the park service areas decreased from the center of Beijing to the periphery. The subdistricts around employment districts have a high coverage of park services, whereas some suburban subdistricts lack services. (2) The spatial form of PSAs can be affected by factors such as railways, water courses, and the topography, so there are service gaps for some 48 parks, which are mainly located outside the Fourth Ring Road area. (3) A poor allocation of public transport resources has aggravated the uneven distribution of the park services. Areas with few parks also have poor public transportation conditions.

한강공원의 질적 서비스와 이용자 영향권의 상관관계 분석

At a time when the equitable use of urban parks is gradually emerging as a social issue, this study was initiated to expand the influence of urban parks by improving the quality of park services, thereby resolving areas not covered by urban park services. This study targeted the Hangang Park in Seoul, where the qualitative service of parks shows the greatest difference. The influence relationship between the qualitative services of the park and the user

도시공원녹지 분포의 정밀 평가 방법론 개발 : 도로명 주소지도와 GIS 네트워크 분석을 이용하여

Purpose: The importance of urban park green areas has increased because of their roles as air purification, temperature reduction, and rest places for urban citizens. Due to the importance of green areas, securing parks and green areas has been an important evaluation element when promoting various development projects. Accordingly, studies on the analysis of urban park service areas have been continuously conducted. As a methodology to evaluate an urban park service area, network analysis has been mainly proposed, but it is difficult to be applied practically due to the limitation to build network data and acquire related data. Thus, this study aimed to propose a geographic information system (GIS) analysis methodology that can improve the problem of building data and evaluate a level of supply of urban park green areas precisely. Method: The methodology proposed in this study was to utilize the road name address system. Because the road name address system provided entries and network data of buildings, building data was convenient data building. If the statistical data of the National Basic Districts were utilized, measuring the effects were also convenient. Result: The analysis results of park green area status in Seoul using the methodology revealed that not only the division by region but also the analysis of statistical data by age could be possible. Thus, the study results will facilitate the expansion of analysis targets in the future.

EQUITY EVALUATION OF URBAN PARK SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY OF XIAMEN, CHINA

Urban parks play a distinctive and important role in satisfying residents’ demands on leisure and recreation, and thus have become the focus of research in the field of urban planning and sustainable development. This paper used equity as indicator to combine both the supply and demand sides of urban park service. Taking Xiamen as the study case, the relationship between spatial distribution of population and park services was analyzed. The results show that while population density has a significant spatial relationship with urban park service level at the city scale, Xiamen has the problem of neglecting the equity of urban park service between people and regions within the city. The proposed approach builds up the linkage between urban park service and urban population in order to evaluate the performance of urban park. Although the mechanism remains to be discussed, this study provides a useful auxiliary tool for constructing a guideline for urban green space planning, since urban park is increasingly seen as a kind of restricted public resource and ensuring its equity should be an important task for city mangers.

사회경제적 지위에 따른 대구시 근린공원 질적 가치 형평성†

In terms of environmental justice, urban parks play a pivotal role in imperative amenities allowing for physical activity. The reasonable distribution of urban park services must be considered in terms of community demand and the context of the park. The purpose of this study is to analyze the inequity of qualitative park service according to the socioeconomic status(SES) in Daegu. The qualitative service was assessed for 82 neighborhood and walking-distance parks by utilizing the NGST(Neighborhood Green Space Tool). The inequity was analyzed by SES variables(ratio of basic living recipients, ratio of single-parent families, average housing sales, dilapidated dwelling ratio, and park area per capita). The features of the qualitative equity in Daegu is as follows. First, urban park planning in Daegu is in parallel with the development of residential areas rather than the local policy. The development pattern of parks stretching from center of the city to outskirts clearly dissociates the city based on socioeconomic status. The parks in the center are relatively old and poorly managed. Second, overall neighborhood parks lacked recreational facilities. The facilities are significantly influenced by the housing values around them. The lower the recreation facility score, the higher the floor gradient of the urban parks constraining physical activities. Third, the quantitative supply of parks has nothing to do with the quality of the urban parks. Green space distribution is highly dependent on natural park areas, so the park area per capita cannot be a standard for assessing qualitative equity.

Analysis of factors affecting urban park service area in Beijing: Perspectives from multi-source geographic data

The rapid process of urbanization aggravates the imbalance between the supply and demand of urban public services. Urban parks are among the most important urban public services, and their use efficiency has been an important index for urban planning. Therefore, it is essential to estimate well their service area and influencing factors. Traditional survey data used to analyze the characteristics of urban park services are limited by small samples and high cost. Owing to thriving information communication technologies, vast amounts of human activity data have become available that enable understanding of human travel behavior. In this study, we analyzed a park service area, which is defined as the zone of influence of individual parks, in Beijing, and the factors that influence the service area. First, the service area was estimated using 1-SDE based on mobile phone signaling data. A multiple linear regression model was then used to analyze the influence of factors on the park service area. The results show that (1) external factors including population density, the number of commercial facilities, and traffic convenience have significant influences on the park service area; (2) employment places positively influence the park service area on the weekday; and (3) other factors such as park design and park reputation had inconsistent effects on the park service area, in either sign or significance, regarding the weekday and the weekend. The findings of this study will be of practical value when designing parks or undertaking city planning in the future.

Using mobile signaling data to exam urban park service radius in Shanghai: methods and limitations

Containing positioning information, mobile signaling data provide inspiring potentials to examine citizens' mobility at a low cost and a large scale and can be used to investigate service radius of public facilities. A deeper understanding of urban park service radius is crucial for park planning and management. However, due to the lack of empirical evidence, existing indicators about park service radius are mixed across park planning guidelines and related studies. Utilizing mobile signaling data, this study proposes an approach to identify park users and the location of their home, and ultimately investigates the differences in user home-park distances for parks with different characteristics. Mobile signaling data analyzed in this study involve 22.3 million mobiles during a period of 24 h in the city of Shanghai. 51,686 users of the 46 sampling parks and location of their home were identified based on their mobile connections to park-related mobile base stations. Correlation and Dunnett T3 test analyses indicate that on average, parks with larger surface area and in denser areas attract further users. Large parks within the inner ring of Shanghai have the largest mean home-park distance. Within the inner ring, the 70th percentiles of home-park distance for parks with areas of less than 5 ha, 5–10 ha, 10–50 ha and over 50 ha are 6.0 km, 7.0 km, 6.8 km, and 10.5 km. These results provide direct implications to urban park planning and to establishing a detailed typology of urban parks involving more contextual factors, such as surrounding population density.

Building-Based Analysis of the Spatial Provision of Urban Parks in Shenzhen, China.

Urban parks provide important environmental, social, and economic benefits to people and urban areas. The literature demonstrates that proximity to urban parks is one of the key factors influencing people’s willingness to use them. Therefore, the provision of urban parks near residential areas and workplaces is one of the key factors influencing quality of life. This study designed a solution based on the spatial association between urban parks and buildings where people live or work to identify whether people in different buildings have nearby urban parks available for their daily lives. A building density map based on building floor area (BFA) was used to illustrate the spatial distribution of urban parks and five indices were designed to measure the scales, service coverage and potential service loads of urban parks and reveal areas lacking urban park services in an acceptable walking distance. With such solution, we investigated the provision of urban parks in ten districts of Shenzhen in China, which has grown from several small villages to a megacity in only 30 years. The results indicate that the spatial provision of urban parks in Shenzhen is not sufficient since people in about 65% of the buildings cannot access urban parks by walking 10-min. The distribution and service coverage of the existing urban parks is not balanced at the district level. In some districts, the existing urban parks have good numbers of potential users and even have large service loads, while in some districts, the building densities surrounding the existing parks are quite low and at the same time there is no urban parks nearby some high-density areas.

공급적정성 평가를 활용한 신규 도시공원 입지 분석: 경기도 시흥시를 대상으로

공급적정성 평가를 활용한 신규 도시공원 입지 분석: 경기도 시흥시를 대상으로

Objective influencing factors of urban park accessibility

Urban park accessibility is an important indicator to measure the level of urban modern development, and the harmonious relationships between people and land. It is meaningful for efficiently increasing urban park accessibility, fully providing services functions of urban park and promoting healthy development of cities to understand objective influencing factors of urban park accessibility and its extent of impact. The service area and service efficiency of urban parks in three-ring area of Shenyang City were evaluated basing on ArcGIS 9.3 software platform and network analysis methods. The regularity of the service area and service efficiency of urban parks changing with the urban park area, urban park shape and road network density were analyzed. The results showed that urban park area had significant positive correlation with service area and significant negative correlation with service efficiency. Urban park shape had significant positive correlation with service area and service efficiency. Road network density had significant negative correlation with service area of urban parks, but had no significant correlation with service efficiency. Based on the extent of impact on urban park service area, the importance of three influencing factors was in the order of urban park area> road network density > urban park shape. Based on the extent of impact on urban park service efficiency, the importance of three influencing factors was in the order of urban park area> urban park shape > road network density. Urban park area was the most important influencing factor for the service area and service efficiency of urban parks.

An assessment of urban park access in Shanghai – Implications for the social equity in urban China

The question whether urban green resources are equitably distributed across different social groups is a major concern of social equity and environmental justice for both governments and scholars. This topic is particularly relevant for rapidly developing countries such as China where inequality is growing. This paper examines whether and to what extent the distribution of urban park services is equitable for marginalised population in China. We choose Shanghai as the case study and took into account three dimensions of group delineation, namely demographic characteristics, social economic status and social spatial structure. We employ the spatial clustering method to assess the similarities and differences of the association between the spatial patterns of accessibility to urban parks among different social groups. Interestingly, we found that vulnerable groups are favoured over more affluent citizens. Local municipal endeavours have ensured that the access to Shanghai’s parks remains socially equitable. Additionally, we attributed it to the path dependence of China’s socialism legacy before the market-oriented reforms.

Assessment of Urban Park Service Provision Using Huff Model: Focused on Mapo-gu, Seoul Metropolitan City

Assessment of Urban Park Service Provision Using Huff Model: Focused on Mapo-gu, Seoul Metropolitan City

도시공원 이용권 분석을 통한 수원시 공원서비스의 적정성 평가

도시에서 도시공원은 여러 측면에서 도시민의 삶의 질 향상에 기여하고 있으며, 도시계획 시설로서 도시공원의 중요성은 점점 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수원시를 대상으로 도시지역에서 공원서비스의 적정성을 판단하기 위해 공원 이용권 분석 시 분석기법과 토지이용 유형에 따른 차이를 고찰하고 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 도시공원 이용권율은 버퍼분석과 네트워크 분석 등 분석기법에 따라 이용권율이 현저한 차이를 보이고 있어, 수원시의 경우 네트워크 분석으로 산출한 이용권율은 버퍼분석으로 산출한 이용권율의 41%에 그치고 있었다. 그러나 현재 기초자치단체에서 공원녹지 기본계획 수립 시 버퍼분석을 활용하여 공원 서비스율을 산정하고 있어, 현재 공급되는 공원녹지 면적이 실제 이용자에게 서비스되는 공원녹지 면적보다 넓게 나타날 수 있다는 점이 고찰되었다. 또한 전체 도시면적과 주거 상업면적 등 토지이용에 유형에 따라서 도시공원 이용권의 차이도 도출되어 향후 공원녹지기본계획 수립 지침작성에 있어 이들에 대한 보완이 요구된다. '녹색복지'의 실현을 위해서는 공원면적의 양적 확충도 중요하지만 인구규모, 인구밀도, 토지이용 유형 등 도시특성에 대한 고려가 필요하다. In the city, the urban park contributes to the quality of citizen life in many ways, and the importance of the urban park as an urban planning facility is growing each day. In this study, evaluation of park service supply adequacy in Suwon-si, the difference in analysis methods, and the type of land use at urban park catchment area analysis were analyzed. As a result, there were remarkable differences between the two analysis methods. In Suwon-si, the catchment area by network analysis was only about 41% of catchment area by buffer analysis. However, when basic local authorities establish planning of parks and green areas, they use buffer analysis to calculate the park service area. It means that such calculations of urban park service areas may be wider than actually used. Also, because there were differences between urban park catchment areas by land use types, guidelines of planning parks and green areas will be adjusted. Although quantitative expansion of the park area is also important for the realization of green welfare, it is necessary to consider city characteristics such as the population size, population density, land use types, and so on.

Influencing the Willingness to Pay for Urban Park Service Functions

The contingent valuation method (CVM) was used along with a questionnaire survey and field research methods to analyze the factors affecting willingness to pay (WTP) for urban parks in Tai'an. The results indicated that roughly 50% of the residents visited the urban parks weekly. Doing physical exercises and viewing topped the list of activities. Residents of different characteristics had different WTPs for the service functions of urban parks. From the two surveys, 60.1% and 61.4% of residents would be willing to pay. The average individual WTPs were 42.2 <TEX>$yuan{\cdot}a^{-1}$</TEX> and 43.1 <TEX>$yuan{\cdot}a^{-1}$</TEX> in the two surveys, and the medianin dividual WTP was 20.0 <TEX>$yuan{\cdot}a^{-1}$</TEX>. WTP was mainly affected by satisfaction, and WTP value was mainly affected by education level and income. Other factors had some correlation, but none were significant. Finally, some useful suggestions and references were given to the government in order to enhance the urban park services proposal.