Development Of Urban Parks Research Articles

Real Environment or Virtual Environment?: Perception Bias Evaluation of Perceived Security in Urban Parks

Urban green spaces, specifically urban parks, contribute to overall human health and well-being. However, physical features of urban green spaces can affect perceived security of its users, ultimately impacting their social life and mental health. Hence, various studies have evaluated perceived security in urban green spaces in virtual and real environment settings. However, studies have not yet evaluated the difference in the perception of perceived security and other physical environmental variables of urban green spaces across virtual and real environment-based methods. Nevertheless, there is a possibility that perception bias can exist across both methodologies. Since Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a well-established framework in the field, this study investigates the difference in perceived security across methods using the virtual and real environment in urban parks, using a CPTED classification. Fifteen urban parks were video graphed during the day and night. The study collected 524 and 930 responses from real and virtual environment settings, respectively. The results show that, regardless of the stimulus type, all CPTED variables are significantly correlated with perceived security; however, surveillance, maintenance, and activity support are strongly correlated with perceived security in virtual rather than real environments. Perceptions of territoriality, access control and target hardening significantly differ across both methods. Regardless of user type, PS levels are higher in a real environment. The number of park users affects perceived security more in virtual environments. However, the relative importance of CPTED variables in predicting perceived security is similar in both methods. Future research scholars can benefit from this study by understanding user perception patterns of urban parks in virtual and real environments. Similarly, the study results will guide them in creating virtual and real spaces catering to users’ perceptions. The study's findings can also support future virtual environment-based projects by accounting for potential perception biases when translating results to real environment settings. Further, landscape architects can leverage this research to enhance the design and development of urban parks. From the methodological perspective, this study is applicable to various perception-based studies that can aim to evaluate virtual and real environment-based differences.

Development Strategies for Urban Parks in Chongqing’s Main District: A New Paradigm for Urban Green Spaces

With the advent of the new concept of an “urban park” and the new paradigm of urban development, Chongqing Municipality has actively embraced this vision, integrating it with the city’s unique geographical and demographic conditions. The city has prioritized urban park construction as a key project for public welfare, aiming to address issues such as uneven geographical distribution, limited functionality, and mismatched supply and demand. This initiative seeks to optimize urban parks as vital public resources while protecting the ecological environment. Adhering to principles of functional priority, safety and comfort, shared development, and distinctive features, Chongqing has incorporated parks and other green open spaces into its basic urban planning. This approach aims to create beautiful, comfortable and age-friendly shared urban spaces. This study, grounded in the urban park development concept and the characteristics of a mountainous, multi-center city, constructs a model to measure urban park satisfaction in Chongqing’s main urban area. The model considers supply-demand matching and resident satisfaction. It aims to systematically review relevant policies, plans, and cutting-edge theories, analyze the urban park development in Chongqing, understand residents’ needs, and address issues related to supply-demand matching, multifunctionality, and quality construction. The findings provide insights into the development and conservation of urban parks in Chongqing and beyond, aiming to continually meet the public’s growing desire for a better quality of life and support high-quality development.

The relationship research between restorative perception, local attachment and environmental responsible behavior of urban park recreationists

The environmentally responsible behavior of tourists has been one of the focal points in the field of sustainable tourism research in recent years. Taking Guangzhou City Park as an example, this study investigates the relationship between restorative perception, place attachment, and environmentally responsible behavior of urban park recreationists by constructing the theoretical framework of "cognition-emotion-behavior" of recreationalists via online questionnaire surveys and using the test method of structural equation mode. Studies have shown that: (1) When the restorative perception of the environment is compatible, malleable, and attractive, the recreationist will produce environmentally responsible behavior. Meanwhile, when the environment has a sense of distance and compatibility, it will promote the active environmentally responsible behavior of tourists; (2) the path of perceptual environmental compatibility in the restorative perception of recreationists being → place dependence→ place identity → environmentally responsible behavior has a positive impact on environmentally responsible behavior; (3) place attachment has a significant positive impact on environmentally responsible behavior. This paper suggests that urban park management governors should focus on improving the charm and attractiveness of parks, diversifying recreational activities, and creating emotional attachment places, so as to promote the development of urban parks and meet the diverse needs and experiences of park recreation.

Applicability of Q-methodology in public engagement practice for large urban park development – Case of Seoul Yongsan Park

This study explores the applicability of Q-methodology as an evaluative tool in urban park development projects, assessing its effectiveness for public engagement practices and uncovering nuanced perspectives often overlooked in conventional large-scale programs. While Q-methodology is renowned for its quantitative analysis of qualitative data, its potential as a qualitative method remains underexplored. Combining Q-methodology with 1:1 interviews, utilizing Q-sort sets as guides, allows participants in the Yongsan Park Development Project (YPDP) to articulate detailed interpretations of their positions. Analyzing 20 participants' perspectives revealed five distinct factor groups, emphasizing preferences for a ‘park with a unique identity,’ ‘pastoral landscape park,’ ‘cultural activities park,’ ‘economically efficacious park,’ and “a ‘public’ park.” Notably, a majority favored a park with a unique identity, aligning with previous public engagement outcomes. Unprecedentedly, the study identifies heightened interest in the project's economic effectiveness, vital for YPDP's future viability. The findings underscore Q-methodology's efficacy in evaluating past public engagement outcomes, offering a valuable tool for navigating evolving contexts in long-term, large-scale urban park development. The study advocates for governmental engagement practices to experiment with diverse methodologies and participant scopes to enhance understanding of public needs and perspectives.

The Productive Role of Future Expectations in Participatory Spatial Planning. A Case Study on Urban Park Development in The Netherlands

Spatial planning is an inherently future-oriented practice charged with future expectations. Strikingly, the productive role of these expectations has received little scholarly attention. We adopted a grounded theory approach to study the participatory planning process for Seelig Park in Breda, the Netherlands. We observed that expectations are flexible, dynamic and diverse and they can be tuned to fit and justify actions and decisions while keeping the planning process in motion. We conclude that expectations become productive as a means for ‘recalibration,’ reflecting the continuous quest for equilibrium between action and legitimacy in the politically negotiated context of spatial planning.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF FUNCTIONING OF CITY PARKS: ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ECOSYSTEM APPROACH

Topicality. The publication is devoted to highlighting the features of the application of the principles of sustainable development and the ecosystem approach to organizational and economic support for the development of city parks. The relevance of the article is justified by the fact that the presence of institutional traps in the field of development of city parks does not allow the implementation of these principles in full, which hinders the effective improvement of the field of green economy and increasing the importance of green spaces.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the adaptation of the principles of sustainable development and the ecosystem approach to the development of urban parks, as well as to identify institutional pitfalls that stand in the way.Materials and methods. In the process of preparing the article, materials of own research, analysis of statistical data, publications of domestic scientists were used. The following research methods were used: monographic (for a comprehensive study of the problem of organizational and economic support for the development of city parks and the identification of cause and effect relationships), statistical (when working with statistical data and analytical calculations).Research results. On the basis of the analysis, the interpretation of the principles of the ecosystem approach to the organizational and economic development of parks is provided and their importance for the further transition to sustainable development is substantiated. The analysis of quantitative indicators of green spaces in the cities of Ukraine indicates a significant potential to provide city residents with accessible recreational areas, and in some cities the indicators are even comparable to the most green cities in the world. But the shortcomings of the institutional system do not allow to present the cities of Ukraine at the international level, as well as to apply innovative and non-standard approaches to the organization of green space, which could significantly increase interest in Ukrainian cities. City parks are important nature conservation objects, but their organizational and economic structure prevails as compared to objects of communal economy, and does not take into account most of the socio-cultural and natural aspects of their essence.Conclusion. It was found that the most expedient priority improvement is the institutional component of the organizational and economic structure of city parks. This will make it possible to most effectively implement new approaches to the development of city parks, and implement the principles of sustainable development and the ecosystem approach. That is why the main institutional traps that stand in the way of further development were identified.

Taking into account the views of visitors as a tool for urban park development: Тhe case of Elagin park in Saint Petersburg

Goal: to develop a framework for customer insight for urban parks that allows to elicit common use patterns as well as needs of various customer segments to increase park management effectiveness. Methodology: in the example of the Elagin Park in St. Petersburg, we show that customer insight by means of principal component analysis and cluster analysis gives possibility to identify non-obvious behavioral patterns of park visitors as well as segment the park visitors. We test our framework by using primary data on 701 respondents, collected by means of CAWI-survey. Findings: the derived segments differ from those which urban parks traditionally consider. The identified behavior patterns and needs of these segments show possible directions for revising the development of the park. Originality and contribution of the authors: this study demonstrates the possibilities of quantitative analysis in determining directions for the development of city parks by the example of on Elagin Park in St. Petersburg, Russia. This fills the gaps in research on managerial approaches in the contemporary urban park development.

Audio-visual interaction and visitor characteristics affect perceived soundscape restorativeness: Case study in five parks in China

The capacity of urban parks to contribute to soundscape restorativeness, understood here as contributions to people’s recovery from attentional fatigue and reflection on life issues, is receiving increased interest in research and policy. However, scientific understanding of the influential mechanism of perceived soundscape restorativeness is still not clear. This paper aims to explore the effects of audio-visual interaction on perceived soundscape restorativeness (PSR) of urban parks, considering visitors of different social and demographic characteristics. The research design comprises a survey of 419 visitors to five urban parks in Fuzhou, China, general structure equation modeling, and multi-group model analysis. The results show a substantial dependence of visitors’ PSR values on respective perceptions of soundscape pleasantness and eventfulness, especially soundscape pleasantness. Visual landscape characteristics showed mediating effects on the influence of soundscape pleasantness and eventfulness on the perceived soundscape restorativeness (19.3 % and 28.3 % of the total effect, respectively). Age was the most influential social and demographic characteristic affecting the PSR, followed by gender, while occupation and educational background showed only limited effects. Future development of urban parks should strongly integrate soundscape design considerations to enhance positive PSR effects for visitors.

Research on Tourist Satisfaction of Yantai City Park Based on Importance-Performance Analysis Method

Yantai is a famous seaside tourism city, and its tourism industry has developed vigorously in recent years. City parks not only provide leisure and entertainment places for Yantai city residents, but also are the main components of urban tourism resources, and have become the embodiment of the overall level of urban tourism development. In this study, seven representative urban parks in Yantai were selected for field investigation, and Importance-Performance Analysis method was used to find out the shortcomings of the development of urban parks in Yantai, in order to put forward feasible suggestions for the construction of urban parks in Yantai, and promote park managers to carry out marketing according to different dimensions.

Study on Influencing Factors of the Duration of Residential Leisure Travel to Urban Parks

With the improvement of living standards, more and more residents in China choose short leisure travel at weekends. This study aims to model the leisure travel duration to investigate the relationship between travel time and residents’ factors, which can provide guidance for the development of urban parks and improve the structure of transportation modes to promote low-carbon travel modes. The accelerated hazard model is applied to establish the model equation between travel time and various factors, to obtain the differences between weekend travel time in scenic spots and personal characteristics such as residents’ playing time and travel mode choice. First, an analysis of variance was performed on the valid data which have been collected. Then, the Kaplan–Meier test proved that weekend activity types tend to follow different survival functions. Finally, this study established the lifespan regression equation of the travel time, and we found that the best fit is the Log-normal distribution. This study shows clearly that accelerated hazard models based on fixed parameters are better at evaluating the attractiveness of urban parks, and they can also get feedback travel characteristics of primary residents. So, we can build a lifespan analysis-based model for the travel time of urban residents, to help plan the urban parks. The result of this study can be used for predicting the flow of different travel modes at urban parks in cities, which can be helpful for regional traffic organization such as regional traffic flow guidance and signal timing.

Designing a public engagement process for long-term urban park development project.

Gathering public consensus about long-term urban open space development is more difficult than ever, even though public engagement is crucial for sustainable long-term policymaking. Routine evaluation of public awareness is important for retaining project momentum and designing appropriate public engagement processes for the future. This study focuses on the Yongsan Park Development Project, which has been in progress for more than three decades. An online survey of 2,000 respondents was conducted and analyzed to evaluate the current public awareness and ask questions about respondents’ expectations for public engagement. The results of this study reveal that 1) a hybrid methodology is needed to effectively approach different age groups; 2) an online survey can offer new insights for projects that repurpose U.S. army base and military sites into urban open spaces; 3) the survey results will enable us to design a better public participation process that is appropriate for post-pandemic society, in which virtual meetings and socially distanced communications are part of the new norm.

Research on the Development of Urban Parks Based on the Perception of Tourists: A Case Study of Taihu Park in Beijing.

With the development of the economy and society, the derivative needs beyond the basic survival needs of citizens are constantly expanding. The emergence of urban parks caters to the needs of citizens to relax, playing an important role in improving the ecological environment, providing leisure and recreation places, and having a good prospect of development. This paper takes Taihu Park in Beijing as an example, from the perspective of tourists. The influence factors are analyzed with the structural equation model, the influence of factors, and drawn up to a degree. The tourists’ satisfaction and loyalty were positively related to the change; the tourists’ satisfaction and complaints about change had a negative correlation and were put forward to strengthen the construction of infrastructure to park development. It is suggested to improve the functional level of the park and increase the selling point of commodities in the park.

Исследование развития и строительства современных городских парков в Китае

The development directions and formation features of contemporary urban parks in China are investigated by reviewing the current news and information sources as well as scientific publications on the principles of contemporary urban park development in China. The study reveals main trends in the development of contemporary urban parks under the influence of the human factor. Thus, in recent years, city residents have increasingly favoured diversified urban ecological parks. Traditional urban ecological parks no longer correspond to contemporary ideas about the high quality of life, making diversification the only way to meet the needs of residents. In accordance with this trend, the design of contemporary urban ecological parks will develop towards diversification and humanization. Although the number of urban parks in mainland China increased significantly between 1980 and 2020, this number is still insufficient to maintain the necessary level of the physical activity of residents. The low number of parks per 10,000 residents, as compared to the US and Japan urban park systems, can lead to the problem of accessibility of public park services. Concerns about spatial inequality are also evident across provinces, city classes and individual cities. In accordance with the policy of prioritized urbanization, inequality is expected to grow unless preventive measures are taken.

Priority Modeling for Public Urban Park Development in Feasible Locations using GIS, Intuitionistic Fuzzy AHP, and Fuzzy TOPSIS

As feasible locations of public urban park in Bogor Municipality have been acquired in a previous study, decision makers are urgently needed to be informed on which locations should be prioritized for public urban park (PUP) development. Therefore, this study aggregates four multi-spatial criteria for PUP development priority modeling, namely distance to slum neighborhood, accessibility, slope, and land value. These four criteria in form of vector datasets were weighted using intuitionistic fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (IF-AHP) to consider the hesitancy, vagueness, and fuzziness might arise from experts’ judgement as well as from multi-spatial data processing. Resulted criteria weights from IF-AHP show that accessibility weight 0.261, land value weight 0.259, distance to slum weight 0.255, and slope weight 0.225, respectively. Criteria weights were inputted into fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) and geographic information system (GIS) to rank location priority. Results from fuzzy TOPSIS show that very high priority class which has the biggest CCi values range (0.654-0.76) provides 0.14 km2 area of feasible PUP development scattered in 10 locations. The biggest area for feasible PUP development is generated by medium priority class (CCi values 0.439-0.546) in 26 locations and approximately area of 0.38 km2.

Effects of Urbanization on the Dynamics and Equity of Access to Urban Parks from 2000 to 2015 in Beijing, China

Urban parks provide multiple ecosystem services as an important element of the urban space and improve human health and wellbeing. This study used the Gaussian-based 2SFCA method to evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of and changes in park accessibility within the Sixth Ring Road in Beijing over 15 years. The study also used bivariate correlation analysis to analyze the relationship between urbanization factors and park access. The results showed that the overall park accessibility in both quantity and proximity had increased from 2000 to 2015, but there were still certain areas (percentage) that had limited access to parks. The inequity of distribution in park accessibility had been detected accompanying the rapid increase in park quantity in 2015. Furthermore, the development of urban parks mismatched that of urbanization in terms of urban land increase. The correlation between accessibility changes and population urbanization is not significant. Proper urban green space planning based on the distribution of population density and urban land use is indispensable in avoiding the aggravation of inequity in the process of urban expansion. This study contributes to the assessment of the current park allocation efficiency and helps urban planners and policymakers make prompt adjustments in the rapidly urbanizing process.

An Overview of Urban Park Development in Zhengzhou, China

Abstract As essential elements of green spaces and social spaces in cities, urban parks significantly improve the quality of life and promote urban sustainability. Research on the development process of urban parks can be meaningful for coping with the current issues and future opportunities facing cities. This study takes Zhengzhou as the case aiming to outline the development process and characteristics of urban parks within the city. We adopted the empirical analysis to review the evolution processes and trends of Zhengzhou’s urban parks from the perspective of implementation approaches, spatial layout, and functions and uses. Results reveal four subsequent phases: the emergence phase (1949–1977), the growth phase (1978–1996), the acceleration phase (1997–2012), and the promotion phase (after 2012), according to the periods of urban development and the opportunities for green space development. The discussion includes development issues and strategies regarding land use approaches, user group needs, and public participation. The findings may help formulate adaptive and effective policies and planning tools for urban parks and provide a basis for further research on urban parks and Zhengzhou’s road to the ideal “Park City”.

Critical discourse analysis of urban park and public space development

Public urban parks are valued community amenities and an integral part of an environmentally just society. Given increasing concerns of gentrification associated with urban parks, this paper critically analyzed the discourse of urban park development to understand its main message, rhetorical devices, and potential to affect praxis. I find current discourse surrounding park development overstates the ability of public urban parks to reverse trends in social stratification while understating the possible downsides to urban park development. The discourse of ‘parks-as-social-healers’ is produced by urbanists with significant sociopolitical power in their respective fields who use three distinct discursive tools to enhance the discourse's utility and efficacy. Using the power and influence of wealthy foundations to back up their claims, this discourse exerts hegemonic influence on urban public space development. Downplaying gentrification and exaggerating social benefits—hallmarks of this discourse—can lead to environmental injustices, potentially exacerbating park access disparities.

Park environment and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in parks among adolescents in a high-density city: the moderating role of neighbourhood income

BackgroundUrban parks are critical environmental resources in which adolescents engage in physical activity (PA). Evidence on the associations between park environmental characteristics and park-based PA in adolescents is mixed, particularly for high-density cities. Evidence is also lacking concerning the moderating role of neighbourhood socioeconomic status on the park-PA relationships. The current study aimed to examine the associations between park environmental characteristics and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in parks among adolescents in Hong Kong and the moderating effect of neighbourhood income on these associations.MethodsA cross-sectional study involving direct observations of adolescents was conducted in 32 randomly selected urban parks in Hong Kong. Park environmental characteristics were measured using the Community Park Audit Tool. Park-based MVPA among adolescents was measured using the System for Observation Play and Recreation in Communities. Neighbourhood income was extracted from the 2011 Hong Kong Population Census data on median household income.ResultsThere was a significant positive association between the quality of amenities and park-based MVPA (metabolic equivalents per observation) in adolescents. However, the associations between the diversity of active facilities, greenness and adolescents’ park-based MVPA were not significant. Neighbourhood income moderated the association between adolescents’ park-based MVPA and park safety, where the relationship between park safety and park-based MVPA was significantly positive in low-income neighbourhoods but not significant in high-income neighbourhoods. An income-by-environment interaction was also observed concerning park aesthetics, with a negative relationship between park aesthetics and park-based MVPA in high-income neighbourhoods but not in low-income neighbourhoods.ConclusionOur findings provide evidence regarding how park environment and neighbourhood income impact adolescents’ park-based MVPA in Hong Kong. These findings can inform urban planning and policymakers who seek to improve urban park development in high-density cities.

Research on the Post Occupancy Evaluation of Urban Park based on internet reviews—Take Saihan Tara City Park in Inner Mongolia as an example

From the perspective of users, the post-occupancy evaluation of Saihan Tara City Park in Inner Mongolia is carried out. This article analyzes the landscape quality and social benefits of various scenic spots in the park, provides a theoretical basis for the construction and development of urban parks in the later period, and plays an exemplary role in the evaluation of other city parks in Baotou and the later operation strategies. We use online comments for data collection and dig deeper into user comment text information. This article using semantic network analysis, analyzes Saihan Tara attraction’s popularity, landscape quality, basic facilities, and other aspects of multi-dimensions and shows its deficiencies. The results show that the internal scenic spots of Saihan Tara City Park have Mongolian characteristics, which are the main factors that attract tourists to come to play; abundant scenic spots and various recreation methods are the main reasons for the high satisfaction of tourists; and at the same time, many problems have also arisen, such as poor interconnection between scenic spots, low accessibility of park entrances and internal scenic spots, relatively monotonous amusement modes, and unreasonable consumption levels in the park…Therefore, this research not only evaluates the post-use condition of urban parks, but also can be widely used in the evaluation of urban public green space using conditions, and provides the evaluation results to the government as a guide for the construction of urban public green spaces in the future.

Sustainable development of urban parks

Sustainable development of urban parks