Urban Male Population Research Articles

EXHIBITION OF MASCULINITY AMONG MIGRANT MEN: PREDISPOSING FACTOR OF SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOR

Masculinity has been recognized as a significant influence on risky sexual behavior. The migrant men present various sexual risk behaviors. The present study aims to explore migrant men's perspectives on the construction of masculinity and to understand their experiences and engagement in risky sexual behavior in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This anthropological study included 14 focus group discussions with migrant men aged 18-45 years in the Commercial Market of Rawalpindi. The data were collected from the informal focus group discussions. The data were analyzed by using thematic inductive analysis presented by Clarke. The research results represent that masculine behavior among migrant men leads to risky sexual behavior. It was found that an autonomous living structure with peer groups and increased avenues of expression of sexual desire due to being away from families enhance the risky sexual behavior of migrant men. Such behaviors lead them to indulge in risky sexual practices with low-paid commercial sex workers or non-commercial partners, mostly without availing any protective measures. Furthermore, the normative behavior of migrant men, including peer pressure, economic independence, opportunity structure, and homogeneous population, were the significant factors that led to risky sexual behavior. The study suggests that such behavior remains an essential practice to conform to social expectations and norms aligned with masculinity in the Pakistani urban male population. Therefore, there is a need to address the gender norms that lead to masculine behavior among the migrant population. Keywords: masculinity, risky sexual behavior, migrant men, peer pressure, real man, hegemonic masculinity.

Prolonged Lockdown due to COVID-19 Alters Sleep-Wake Timings and Negatively Affects Self-esteem, Personality, Depression and Anxiety in College-Going Indian Students.

PurposeCOVID-19 forced the shutdown of colleges and socialization around the world including India and prolonged lockdown could have a significant impact on sleep, mood, emotion and anxiety in students. Here, we designed a survey to assess the effect of lockdown on sleep–wake, self-esteem, depression and anxiety via the survey on 321 Indian college-going students.MethodsWe assessed the effect of lockdown on sleep–wake (wake up, get up, bed and sleep timing, total time in bed and sleep duration) and self-esteem and depression on students via various questions.ResultsWe found that students delayed sleep timing by 1 h in lockdown than pre-lockdown days. Specifically, urban male populations were late sleeper than any other group. However, total sleep duration did not differ between groups. In self-esteem questions, most students agreed that they were of no good, felt nervous, displeased, and frustrated about performance in lockdown. Depression and anxiety questionnaire gave more significant results related to mood and mental health. More than 50% of students agreed that they faced a lack of concentration, had been feeling irritated and angry, felt fatigued and tired, and everything had been a failure during lockdown days.ConclusionOverall, the survey suggests that lack of social life and prolonged lockdown affect the sleep–wake cycle, self-esteem, anxiety and depression of Indian students.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41782-022-00200-9.

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PREVALENCE OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND HIGH LEVELS OF HOSTILITY IN MALES OF OPEN URBAN POPULATION

Abstract Objective: To establish associations of arterial hypertension (AH) prevalence and hostility (H) levels in open urban population in males aged 25–64 years. Design and method: A cross-sectional epidemiology study was conducted on representative sample, formed randomly from voting lists of males aged 25–64 years from one of Tyumen administrative districts in the amount of 1,000 people, including 250 individuals in each of four decades of life. The response was 85.0%. The study analysis included AH prevalence according to unified assessment criteria and the prevalence of low, medium and high levels of H according to the WHO MONICA-Psychosocial questionnaire. Statistical processing of study data was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0. software applications for medical information. Pearson chi-square test was used in assessing statistical significance of differences between groups. Results: In open urban male population aged 25–64 years, age-standardized indicator of H level was 70.0%, with predominance of high H level (average H level - 23.7%, high H level - 46.6%). In younger age groups, statistically insignificant tendency to increase average and high levels of H regarding to general population indicators and indicators of elder age groups was revealed. AH prevalence was 48.7% in males aged 25–64. With the age increase, AH prevalence rose significantly escalating during transition from the third to the fourth and the fourth to the fifth decades of life (20.3–55.3%, p < 0.001; 55.3–68.8%, p < 0.01; respectively, in 25–34, 35–44 and 45–54 age groups). Statistically significant differences of AH prevalence with general population indicator were found in age groups of 25–34, 45–54 and 55–64 years. Statistically significant patterns regarding H levels and their associations with AH were established in open urban population. In groups with presence of AH, high level of H was significantly oftener, and its average level was significantly rarer. Conclusions: Thus, epidemiological criteria of psychosocial risk factors, including H, identified using standardized questionnaire methods, should be used during routine preventive examinations of male population and selection of workable people with cardiovascular diseases, who need in-depth and preventive medical examination.

The Man in the Suit: Jewish Men and Fashion in fin-de-siècle Vienna

Fin-de-siècle Vienna has long been recognized as one of Europe’s centers of modernist culture, and Jewish men, as central participants in this cultural development. However, its role as a capital of fashion is often overshadowed by more well-known cities like London. This article explores the influence of English styles on Vienna’s men’s fashion milieu and the central function of clothing within Jewish acculturation. The adoption of modern clothing—in particular the suit—by urban male populations across the continent over the course of the nineteenth century corresponded to the broad period of Jewish emancipation in western and central Europe. Referring to contemporary fashion guides, hinged on a case study of the dress habits of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)—arguably one of Vienna’s most renowned thinkers of Jewish origin—this article explores the complex issues surrounding Jewish men and dress in the context of one of Europe’s important capitals of modernist culture.

Clusters and components of the metabolic syndrome are associations with the prevalence of depression in open urban male population

Aim. To establish associations of the frequency of detection of clusters and components of the metabolic syndrome (MS) with the prevalence of depression in open male population of moderately urbanized Siberian city.Material and methods. Cross-sectional epidemiological survey included 1000 individuals formed from the election list of males in one of the Tyumen administrative districts. The response rate was 85,0%. MS was assessed using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. A self-administered WHO MONICA-psychosocial questionnaire was used to assess the levels of depression. Statistical analysis was conducted using a package of software program for medical data IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0.Results. In the open population of moderately urbanized Siberian city in men (age 25-64) with depression the following clusters of MS are prevalent: abdominal obesity (AO) + hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) + decrease of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hypoHDL-C) and AO + hypoHDL-C + arterial hypertension (AH); in the presence of a high level of depression AO + HTG + hypoHDL-C and AO + hypoHDL-C + AH are prevalent. A direct correlation was established between the prevalence of depression and abdominal obesity and hypertension, as well as the prevalence of a high level of depression with HTG and hypo-HDL cholesterol. In the open urban population in men (age 25-64) with high level of depression the following clusters of MS are prevalent: AO + HTG + hypoHDL-C and AO + HTG + hypoHDL-C + AH. We established an increase in the chances of developing a high level of depression with following MS clusters: AO + HTG + hypoHDL-C. According to IDF criteria, the prevalence of MS components in male population (age 25-64) in Tyumen was: AO — 42,6%; AH — 59,8%; hyperglycemia — 17,4%; HTG — 10,5%; hypoHDL-C — 4,6%. With a primary prevalence of MS components in men (age 25-64) with a low level of depression, the prevalence of HTG and hypoHDL-C in open population of moderately urbanized Siberian city prevails in men with high and mean levels of depression.Conclusion. The strategies for MS prevention in men of moderately urbanized city should contain measures to optimize nutrition regarding psychosocial determinants. This is due not only to the wide prevalence of overweight and obesity in Tyumen population but also to dyslipidemia associated with these factors.

Experiencias De Intervención En Las Prácticas Formativas Del Programa De Fisioterapia - Universidad Autónoma De Manizales

La investigación surge como necesidad de desarrollar procesos de sistematización de las prácticas formativas en un programa de formación. El estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar sociodemográfica y epidemiológicamente, desde el desempeño profesional, la intervención en las prácticas formativas del Programa de Fisioterapia de la Universidad Autónoma de Manizales 2006 – 2011.El tipo de estudio fue descriptivo, con análisis univariado de las variables sociodemográficas, epidemiológicas y de desempeño profesional de las prácticas. Se encontró una mayor proporción de atención de población proveniente del área urbana, con afiliación más o menos homogénea al régimen de salud contributivo y al subsidiado, con mayor predominio del sexo masculino. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes, desde las categorías del CIE10, se enfocaron hacia traumatismos, envenenamientos y algunas consecuencias externas de morbimortalidad, enfermedades del sistema osteomuscular y tejido conjuntivo, del sistema circulatorio, respiratorio y nervioso. Fue evidente el énfasis de intervenciones en instituciones de salud como escenarios clínicos, con acciones de prevención secundaria y desde el campo de acción de la terapéutica. Se concluye que las intervenciones fisioterapéuticas se centraron especialmente en población del género masculino, pertenecientes al régimen contributivo, de procedencia urbana, y como grupo poblacional predominó la atención hacia adultos mayores y niños. El énfasis de las intervenciones se dio en los sistemas o dominios corporales a nivel musculoesquelético, cardiovascular y pulmonar, y neuromuscular.

MP11-19 CURRENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY USE AMONG LOW SOCIOECONOMIC MEN WITH PROSTATE CANCER

You have accessJournal of UrologyGeneral & Epidemiological Trends & Socioeconomics: Practice Patterns, Cost Effectiveness II1 Apr 2014MP11-19 CURRENT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY USE AMONG LOW SOCIOECONOMIC MEN WITH PROSTATE CANCER Mya Levy, Antonette Ajayi, Lorna Kwan, and Christopher Saigal Mya LevyMya Levy More articles by this author , Antonette AjayiAntonette Ajayi More articles by this author , Lorna KwanLorna Kwan More articles by this author , and Christopher SaigalChristopher Saigal More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.434AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES To characterize current technology usage among a low SES urban male population of individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer. Men with localized prostate cancer face complex treatment choices. Online and other web-enabled resources are becoming increasingly available to help men make informed decisions. Poor access to information technology may, however, limit the potentially beneficial impact for low socioeconomic (SES) men. Characterizing current technology use can provide potential barriers and facilitators of accessibility. METHODS We conducted telephone interviews with men enrolled in California’s IMPACT program. IMPACT is a state-funded program that provides support to underserved, low SES men with prostate cancer. Prior to 2013, we asked solely about internet use, comfort with browsing, and email usage. In 2013, we expanded the technology survey to include more detailed questions including cellphone usage, specific barriers to access, frequency of internet usage, what the internet is used for, and use of social media. RESULTS 1,187 men enrolled in IMPACT from 2006-2013, and completed at least one of the survey questions. In 2006 36% accessed the internet and of them, 57% were comfortable browsing the internet, 21% used email. From 2006-2013, there was a significant increase over time (p<0.05) in access, comfort level with browsing, and email use. In 2013, 55% accessed the internet and of them, 96% were comfortable browsing the internet, and 81% used email. In 2013, 62% of people used the internet for health information, 54% social networking, 50% entertainment, 42% news, and 15% work. 93% of people who accessed the internet used Facebook, 35% of people used the internet multiple times a day. In 2013, 91% of people had a cellphone. 21% had smartphones, 65% basic cellphone, and 14% prepaid cell phone. 46% stated they used text messaging. Of those who did not access the internet, only 29% stated it was because they had no available computer. CONCLUSIONS Information technology usage in low SES prostate cancer patients continues to improve with time. Implementation of technology-based healthcare delivery innovations geared toward this population’s internet consumption has promise, and may benefit from integration of social media-based and cellphone based applications. © 2014FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 191Issue 4SApril 2014Page: e103 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2014MetricsAuthor Information Mya Levy More articles by this author Antonette Ajayi More articles by this author Lorna Kwan More articles by this author Christopher Saigal More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

133 DESCRIBING THE ‘DIGITAL DIVIDE': INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY USE IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS WITH LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

You have accessJournal of UrologyGeneral & Epidemiological Trends & Socioeconomics: Practice Patterns, Cost Effectiveness (I)1 Apr 2013133 DESCRIBING THE ‘DIGITAL DIVIDE': INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY USE IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS WITH LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS Mya Levy, Lorna Kwan, and Christopher Saigal Mya LevyMya Levy Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author , Lorna KwanLorna Kwan Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author , and Christopher SaigalChristopher Saigal Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.1512AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Men with prostate cancer face a complex treatment choice. A plethora of resources are available to help them over the internet. Innovative approaches to improving the ability of these men to make good decisions, including desktop and smart phone applications, as well as emerging social media tools are proliferating. However, poor access to information technology may present barriers to accessing these applications for men with low socioeconomic status (SES) who have prostate cancer. Understanding this population's current technology usage will provide key insight into potential barriers as well as possible facilitators to these emerging innovations. The specific aim of this study was to characterize current technology usage amongst a low SES, urban male population of individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer. METHODS We surveyed men enrolled in California's IMPACT program, which provides support to underserved men with prostate cancer. Enrollees were 300% below the Federal poverty line. A telephone survey instrument was used to collect data on information technology use. Specific items inquired about were comfort with information technology as well as preferred or usual location of use. Chi-square analysis was conducted to look for demographic associations with technology usage among this population. RESULTS 1,212 men were enrolled in IMPACT from 2006-2012. Of those, 1,140 completed the survey instrument. 36% had access to the internet, 26% were comfortable browsing the internet, 21% used email. In comparison, 85% of all US adults age 50-64 report using the internet. Of subjects who accessed the internet, 81% did so at home, 12% did so at a friend or family members's home, and 7% did so at the library. The percentage of men that used the internet increased from 34% in 2006 to 47% in 2012. 20% of men felt comfortable browsing in 2006, compared with 35% in 2012. 17% used email in 2006, and 35% in 2012. Individuals who preferred to speak Spanish were less likely to use the internet (p<0.0001). Those who didn't use the internet were older, 60.8 vs. 58.8 years (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Information technology usage in prostate cancer patients with low SES was below national averages, but did increase over the study period. Implementation of technology-based health delivery innovations geared toward this population is not futile, given baseline information technology usage and trends over time. Further characterization of facilitators which increase comfort with internet use and culturally specific barriers to internet use are warranted. © 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 189Issue 4SApril 2013Page: e54 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Mya Levy Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author Lorna Kwan Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author Christopher Saigal Los Angeles, CA More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

A longitudinal cohort based association study between uric acid level and metabolic syndrome in Chinese Han urban male population

BackgroundIt has been recently demonstrated that serum uric acid (UA) is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its related clinical indications based on cross-sectional or prospective cohort studies. Nonetheless, due to the fact that UA level constantly fluctuates from time to time even for the person, using a single measure of UA level at baseline of those studies may not be sufficient for estimating the UA-Mets association.MethodsTo further estimate this time-dependent association, we fitted a generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression model with data from a large-scale 6-year longitudinal study, which included 2222 participants aged > =25 years with an average of 3.5 repeated measures of UA per person in the Health Management Center of Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong, China.ResultsAfter adjusting for other potential confounding factors (i.e., total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein), it was verified that time-dependent UA level was an independent risk factor for MetS (OR = 1.6920, p < 0.0001). It was found that UA level was positively associated with obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, but was inversely associated with hyperglycemia.ConclusionsSerum UA level may serve as an important risk factor of MetS. Additionally, our study suggested that UA level be an independent risk factor to obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, but a protective factor to hyperglycemia. These findings are concordant with results from other studies on Asian populations, and jointly provide a basis to further develop a risk assessment model for predicting MetS using UA levels and other factors in China.

P1-S4.18 Using mathematical modelling to investigate the role of the hidden “population of men who have sex with men (MSM) on the HIV epidemic in Southern India”

BackgroundBiological and behavioural data for men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, have mainly been collected from sites where commercial sex is prevalent. Consequently, the survey...

Associations between obstructive sleep apnea, metabolic syndrome, and sleep duration, as measured with an actigraph, in an urban male working population in Japan.

Severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), metabolic syndrome (Mets) and short sleep duration are all risk factors for cardiovascular events. There has been no report which has investigated this relationship in an age- and BMI-matched population-based study. The prevalence of OSA in Mets subjects has not been established, although the converse (i.e., the prevalence of Mets in OSA subjects) has been investigated several times. This home cardiorespiratory (type 3) sleep study, using an actigraph, was conducted in 275 males working for an urban company. Retrospective measurements of fasting blood parameters were obtained from the company's periodical inspection data. The mean duration between the sleep study and the measurement of blood parameters was 213 days. Although there was a significant relationship between OSA severity and the prevalence of Mets (P < 0.001), the association between severity and Mets was not significant after adjustments were made for age and BMI. Severe OSA was 7.8 times as likely to be present in subjects with Mets (16.2% of all 68 Mets subjects) as those without (2.4% of 207 non-Mets) (P < 0.001). Subject with severe OSA had a significantly short sleep duration (P < 0.05). Sleep duration in Mets subjects was also significantly shorter than in those without (P < 0.05). Although increased BMI and age both had a significant effect on the prevalence of OSA in patients with Mets, one of 6 subjects with Mets, but only one of 40 without Mets had severe OSA in an urban male population in Japan. Physicians should take into account this high prevalence of severe OSA in patients with Mets. Sleep duration should be taken into consideration as an important factor in studies investigating the prevalence of severe OSA and Mets.

HIV-1 diversity and prevalence differ between urban and rural areas in the Mbeya region of Tanzania

To characterize HIV-1 strains in a potential vaccine trial cohort (CODE) in the Mbeya region of southwest Tanzania. Study volunteers (n = 3096) were recruited from urban areas in Mbeya Town, using two different recruitment strategies, and in a nearby rural village. Cryopreserved plasma from 507 HIV-1 prevalent cases was the source of viral RNA for HIV-1 genotyping by the Multi-region Hybridization Assay, the MHA(acd), and selected strains were confirmed by complete genome sequencing. The overall HIV-1 prevalence was 16.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 15.3-17.9] within the cohort. HIV-1 prevalence was higher among women, and in urban areas. Recruitment through advertisement targeted a high-risk urban male population for HIV-1 infection [adjusted odds ratio (adj. OR), 1.68; 95% CI, 1.13-2.51] when compared with men recruited door-to-door. The complexity of the HIV-1 epidemic was also higher in urban areas evidenced by the high-risk of HIV-1 infection with a recombinant strain (adj. OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.08-6.69) and HIV-1 dual infection (adj. OR, 5.16; 95% CI, 1.07-24.9), mainly driven by urban men recruited through advertisement. Overall the urban epidemic was more genetically complex, with higher prevalence and more recombinants and dual infections. Vaccine trials in Mbeya region can assess a complex HIV-1 population dynamic and determine vaccine efficacy in relationship to the genetic diversity of HIV-1 strains that challenge vaccines.

The difference in awareness of colon cancer versus prostate cancer in an urban male population

The difference in awareness of colon cancer versus prostate cancer in an urban male population

The relationship between the phospholipid fatty acid composition of red blood cells, plasma lipids, and apolipoproteins

This study examined the relationship between the fatty acid composition of red blood cell phospholipids and lipid markers of atherosclerotic risk in an urban male population aged 45 to 66 years. There was a surprisingly significant positive association between the docosahexaenoic acid ([DHA] 22:6n-3) content of erythrocyte phospholipids and the following risk markers: plasma cholesterol ( P < .01), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ( P < .01), apolipoprotein (apo) B ( P < .05), and apo B-containing lipoprotein particles ( P < .05) recognized by a monoclonal antibody (LpBL3). On the other hand, phospholipid α-linolenate was positively correlated with apo A-I and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels ( P < .05), while arachidonate showed an inverse relationship with plasma cholesterol level ( P < .05). There was a negative association between palmitoleic acid and apo B ( P < .01) and LpBL3 ( P < .001); the latter showed a negative association with stearic acid ( P < .001). These interesting findings emphasize the beneficial effect on atherosclerotic risk markers of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and suggest that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (DHA) could have an adverse effect on some of the lipid risk markers.

Cadmium and membrane ion transport in a French urban male population.

Toxic effects of cadmium upon cell membranes structures and function have been well documented. Experimental studies have shown that cadmium is a potent Na{sup +}-K{sup +} ATPase inhibitor. One report has confirmed these findings with the human Na{sup +}-K{sup +} ATPase. Based on the above observations, several authors have suggested that a Na{sup +}-K{sup +} ATPase-inhibitory action could be involved in health related cadmium toxicity. Therefore, the authors measured hair cadmium and red blood cell Na{sup +}-K{sup +} pump (physiological counterpart of the Na{sup +}-K{sup +} ATPase) in 129 urban caucasian males, without known occupational exposure to cadmium. In addition, four other ion transport pathways were measured in red blood cells. Hair cadmium was considered, as it is known as an indicator of cadmium body burden. A particular emphasis was placed in defining the smoking habits of the subjects since tobacco is known to be the main source of cadmium exposure in the general population.

Influence of environmental lead on membrane ion transport in a French urban male population

Red cell cation transports (Na(+)-K+ pump, Na(+)-K+ cotransport system, Na(+)-Li+ countertransport, and Na+ and K+ passive permeabilities) and blood and hair lead levels were measured in 129 healthy adult Caucasians not occupationally exposed to lead. In agreement with previously reported in vitro results showing a lead-induced Na(+)-K+ ATPase inhibition, Na(+)-K+ pump activity was inversely correlated with hair lead (r = -0.18, P less than 0.05); it was not significantly correlated with blood lead. Na(+)-K+ cotransport activity was inversely correlated with blood lead contents (r = -0.23, P less than 0.05) but not with hair lead. No significant correlation was found between the remaining cation transport pathways and lead levels. It is hypothesized that environmental, long-term exposure to lead may result in pump inhibition, while a recent exposition to lead may result in inhibition of the Na(+)-K+ cotransport system. Further research is required in order to determine if red cell Na(+)-K+ pump and Na(+)-K+ cotransport activities are sensitive indicators of chronic and recent exposures to lead, respectively.

Blood pressure and erythrocyte Na+ transport systems in a French urban male population.

This paper reports an investigation of blood pressure (taken as a continuous variable) as a function of: erythrocyte Na+ content; Na+,K+ pump; Na+,K+ cotransport and Na+,Li+ countertransport fluxes, and passive cation permeabilities in fresh erythrocytes from 129 French males who were living in an urban area and were not under treatment for any medical condition (after allowing for the effects of age, body mass index, alcohol and tobacco consumption). In contrast with previous findings in a North American population, we were unable to confirm that blood pressure was correlated with erythrocyte Na+ content and Na+,K+-AT-Pase activity. Conversely, the only transport parameter correlated (negatively) with blood pressure was outward Na+,K+ cotransport [r = -0.20, P less than 0.05 and r = -0.19, P less than 0.05, for systolic (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), respectively; n = 114]. When allowing for age, body mass index and alcohol consumption, the correlation coefficient between the Na+,K+ cotransport system and blood pressure increased from -0.20 to -0.28 (P less than 0.01) for SAP and from -0.19 to -0.28 (P less than 0.01) for DAP (n = 105). We conclude that the correlations between blood pressure and erythrocyte Na+ transport function could differ between North American and French (or Mediterranean) populations. In any case, a decreased pump or outward Na+,K+ cotransport activity may lead hypertensive subjects to a similar increase in cell Na+ (and Ca2+) content in the vascular wall.

Organization and efficacy of an out-patient hypertension clinic.

ABSTRACT. A description is given of the diagnostic and therapeutic routines at an out‐patient hypertension clinic. The efficiency of treatment in terms of BP control, patient adherence and frequency of side‐effects is presented. The patients were derived from a screening examination of a random third of an urban male population aged 47–54 years. Cut‐off points for hypertension were BP above 175 (systolic) or 115 (diastolic) mmHg on two separate occasions or current antihypertensive therapy. With these criteria, 11.2% of the population was considered hypertensive. Out of 686 hypertensive men, cared for at the clinic, only 4.2% defaulted during a two‐year follow‐up. At the second annual examination 83% had casual diastolic BP below 105 mmHg, with an average reduction of 10 mmHg. The antihypertensive therapy consisted of single drugs, a diuretic or a β‐adrenergic blocking agent, in 32% of the patients. Fifty per cent of the patients had a combination of two drugs; diuretics and β‐adrenergic blockers or β‐adrenergic blockers and hydralazine, while 14% had the triple combination of diuretics, β‐adrenergic blockers and hydralazine. Side‐effects so serious as to cause withdrawal of a drug occurred in 15% of the patients during the first year and in 3% during the second year of antihypertensive therapy.