Urban Areas Of Mexico Research Articles

Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Subjective Well-Being and Quality of Life in Mexico: Insights from Structural Equation Modeling

Amid the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, the living conditions of the population were dramatically altered, with social distancing measures and the looming threat to public health leaving a profound impact on people’s lives. This study aims to assess the influence of COVID-19 on subjective well-being and overall quality of life in Mexico. A structural model with latent variables was used. Data were extracted from the National Self-Reported Well-being Survey (SWLS) from October 2020 and January 2021, featuring a robust sample size of 3615 residents from urban areas in Mexico, all aged 18 and above. Findings revealed that around 38% of the variance in overall life satisfaction in October 2020 and January 2021 could be attributed to Personal well-being (0.231), Personal satisfaction (0.320), Satisfaction with the environment (0.076), and Negative emotional states (−0.116). In comparison, October 2019 to January 2020 saw a lower 20% explained variance, primarily associated with Personal well-being (0.184), Personal satisfaction (0.270), and Satisfaction with the environment (0.052). Reliability assessments, including Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients, Rho_a, and Composite Reliability, all surpassed 0.70 for each subscale. In addition, our study confirmed convergent validity, as the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) consistently exceeded 0.50 across all subscales, while the discriminant coefficient exceeded 0.70.

Hydrological drought risk assessment in urban areas of Mexico: Guadalajara and Monterrey

A pesar de su importancia, existe relativamente poca investigación centrada en el riesgo por sequía en las ciudades. Por ello, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer una metodología para la evaluación del riesgo por sequía hidrológica en áreas urbanas de México y sus respectivos Organismos Operadores de Agua Potable, Alcantarillado y Saneamiento (OOAPAS). Esta metodología se aplicó en dos de las zonas urbanas más importantes del país: el área hidropolitana de Monterrey (AHM), y el área metropolitana de Guadalajara (AMG). El periodo de estudio fue de 2008-2018. Para la evaluación del riesgo se adoptó el enfoque contextual, que define este concepto en función de la amenaza, exposición y vulnerabilidad del sistema analizado. Para el cálculo de la amenaza se utilizó el Índice de Sequía de los Caudales Fluviales (SDI-12), y para la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad y la exposición se utilizaron indicadores socioeconómicos, ambientales y de gestión institucional. Los resultados indican que las áreas de estudio son muy sensibles a las sequías hidrológicas, es decir, al déficit de escurrimientos superficiales que ingresan a sus fuentes de abastecimiento de agua. La tendencia del índice de vulnerabilidad en estas áreas va a la baja. Con respecto al índice de exposición y riesgo por sequía, la tendencia es ir en aumento en ambas áreas. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la metodología propuesta es factible y útil en la evaluación del riesgo por sequía en las áreas de estudio, y puede ser aplicada en otras zonas urbanas del país.

Mapping the Expertise and Understanding of Menarche, Menstrual Hygiene, and Menstrual Health among Adolescent Ladies in Low- and Center-Profit Nations

Mapping the Expertise and Understanding of Menarche, Menstrual Hygiene, and Menstrual Health among Adolescent Ladies in Low- and Center-Profit Nations

Predictive validity of a parental questionnaire for identifying children with developmental language disorders.

The underdiagnosis of developmental language disorder (DLD) in children is a serious problem in developing countries with limited resources. It has long been noted that the concerns parents have about their children's health and development are richly informative, and if this information can be used for diagnosis, it may provide a means to address the problem of underdiagnosis of DLD. This study aimed to quantify the utility of parental linguistic concern questions (PLCQ) on the identification of language disorders in monolingual Spanish-speaking children in Mexico. It also explored whether a combination of biological and environmental conditions questions (BECQ) might improve the performance of a screening test to identify DLD. A total of 680 monolingual Mexican Spanish-speaking children and their parents from urban areas in Mexico participated in the study. The distribution of responses to questions about DLD concerns was compared between 185 children diagnosed with DLD and 495 control subjects, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to select questions with high predictivity, based on the Akaike information criterion. The diagnostic utility of the questions was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, stratum-specific likelihood ratios (SSLRs), and changes in pretest and post-test probabilities of DLD. A similar procedure was used to explore whether adding BECQ would improve the diagnostic utility of questions about DLD concerns using data of 128 children. Four questions regarding parental linguistic concerns were found to be useful in identifying children with DLD. When all four concerns were present, the SSLR was 8.79, while it was only 0.27 when there were no concerns at all. The estimates of DLD probability increased from 0.12 to 0.55 at pretest and post-test. On the other hand, the BECQ did not perform as well as the PLCQ in identifying DLD, and the improvement in diagnostic performance it provided was limited to one question. The parental questionnaire can be used as a screening tool to help in identifying children with DLD. The data presented in this study underscore the importance of considering linguistic parental concerns as part of the screening process. This is a realistic option to provide a solution to the current problem of underdiagnosis of DLD in Mexico.

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Mexican Subjects with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review.

Background: An excess accumulation of adipose tissue in the body is an indication of overweight (OW) and obesity (OB). In Mexico, excess body weight is a public health concern due to the high prevalence of OW and OB. In the last few years, evidence has linked oxidative stress (OS) to excess body weight. It is necessary to understand this relationship to generate strategies for the prevention of OW and OB in the Mexican population. This systematic review focuses on identifying differences in OS biomarkers in the Mexican population with excess body weight in comparison to the population with normal body weight. Methods: A systematic review was performed. The studies were identified through the MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scielo, and Liliacs online databases, and the gray literature in Google Scholar. The key words used were "overweight," "obesity," "Mexico," and "oxidative stress." Results: Four studies were selected; the studies were performed in rural and urban areas of Mexico. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were the OS biomarkers that were increased in the population with excess body weight compared to subjects with normal body weight. Conclusion: According to the included studies, MDA and LDL-ox increased significantly, while the increase in the levels of circulating lipids was enhanced by the excess adipose tissue present in individuals with OW and OB.

Association of the retail food environment, BMI, dietary patterns, and socioeconomic position in urban areas of Mexico.

The retail food environment is a key modifiable driver of food choice and the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to assess the relationship between the density of food retailers, body mass index (BMI), dietary patterns, and socioeconomic position in Mexico. Cross-sectional dietary data, BMI and socioeconomic characteristics of adult participants came from the nationally representative 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey in Mexico. Geographical and food outlet data were obtained from official statistics. Densities of food outlets per census tract area (CTA) were calculated. Dietary patterns were determined using exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis. The association of food environment variables, socioeconomic position, BMI, and dietary patterns was assessed using two-level multilevel linear regression models. Three dietary patterns were identified-the healthy, the unhealthy and the carbohydrates-and-drinks dietary pattern. Lower availability of fruit and vegetable stores was associated with an unhealthier dietary pattern whilst a higher restaurant density was associated with a carbohydrates-and-drinks pattern. A graded and inverse association was observed for fruit and vegetable store density and socioeconomic position (SEP)-lower-income populations had a reduced availability of fruit and vegetable stores, compared with higher-income populations. A higher density of convenience stores was associated with a higher BMI when adjusting for unhealthy dietary patterns. Upper-income households were more likely to consume healthy dietary patterns and middle-upper-income households were less likely to consume unhealthy dietary patterns when exposed to high densities of fruit and vegetable stores. When exposed to a high concentration of convenience stores, lower and upper-lower-income households were more likely to consume unhealthy dietary patterns. Food environment and sociodemographic conditions within neighbourhoods may affect dietary behaviours. Food environment interventions and policies which improve access to healthy foods and restrict access to unhealthy foods may facilitate healthier diets and contribute to the prevention of NCDs.

Solar hydrogen production in urban areas of Mexico: towards hydrogen cities

Many efforts have been made to assess the potential of green hydrogen production at global, regional, and national levels using Geographic Information Systems (GIS); however, many dismiss the possibility of producing hydrogen in urban settlements. In order to reveal the true potential of these areas, it is essential to provide arguments that allow evaluation of the feasibility of promoting and impulsing the concept of hydrogen cities. Based on this idea, this work assesses the monthly and annual potential of solar hydrogen in urban areas of Mexico using actual measurements of sunshine duration as electrolyzer production times. Moreover, as light transportation is crucial for cities, we examine the substitution of gasoline with hydrogen and its cost throughout the year. These constitute the main contribution of the present work.This study departs from the geographical and technical potential of solar energy, and by using GIS, the amount of hydrogen production per unit of area (Ton/(km2 year)) was computed. The levelized cost of hydrogen production (LCOH) is also evaluated, using two of the most popular and commercial electrolysis technologies: PEM and Alkaline.Our results revealed that Mexican urban areas have a high potential to produce solar hydrogen, having an average annual production that varies from 1991.8 Ton/km2 to 4338.3 Ton/km2 according to the region. The total solar hydrogen potential of all Mexican urban places is 9.39 MTon/year, which could satisfy up to 42.6 times the 2020 hydrogen demand of Mexico. We found that the national gasoline consumption could be replaced by H2, requiring between 42% and 52% of the total urban production.Additionally, the national average of LCOH was found to be about 6.25 USD/kg for alkaline electrolyzer and 9.50 USD/kg for PEM technology, considering the yearly average sunshine duration of 3237 h/year, which means that Mexico could be competitive at large-scale hydrogen production by using Alkaline technology. Our findings have the potential to impact positively on the country since they provide information to facilitate the derivation of public policies from a rigorous and technical perspective.

SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Risk Model in an Urban Area of Mexico, Based on GIS Analysis and Viral Load.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted health systems vulnerabilities, as well as thoughtlessness by governments and society. Due to the nature of this contingency, the use of geographic information systems (GIS) is essential to understand the SARS-CoV-2 distribution dynamics within a defined geographic area. This work was performed in Tepic, a medium-sized city in Mexico. The residence of 834 COVID-19 infected individuals was georeferenced and categorized by viral load (Ct). The analysis took place during the maximum contagion of the first four waves of COVID-19 in Mexico, analyzing 158, 254, 143, and 279 cases in each wave respectively. Then heatmaps were built and categorized into five areas ranging from very low to very high risk of contagion, finding that the second wave exhibited a greater number of cases with a high viral load. Additionally, a spatial analysis was performed to measure urban areas with a higher risk of contagion, during this wave this area had 19,203.08 km2 (36.11% of the city). Therefore, a kernel density spatial model integrated by meaningful variables such as the number of infected subjects, viral load, and place of residence in cities, to establish geographic zones with different degrees of infection risk, could be useful for decision-making in future epidemic events.

Why do conditional cash transfer programmes fail to target the poor? The case of urban areas in Mexico

Given the limited financing capacity of developing countries, conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes are an affordable means of providing a social safety net to vulnerable households. However, compliance with conditionalities may limit participation and increase dropouts, particularly when compliance-related constraints are high and cash incentives are relatively low. This empirical analysis determines how cash transfer amounts affect the probability that participating households will remain in a programme or drop out, looking at the case of Mexico, a developing country that has gradually expanded its CCT programme from rural to urban areas. Using longitudinal household surveys, this study finds that the poorest households are most likely to drop out of the programme. Interestingly, the level of cash transfers increases this probability for the poorest participants compared to the richest ones. It is concluded that the programme does not successfully retain the poorest households in the programme, because the cash incentives are too low in urban settings.

Key Factors that Influence School Dropouts Amongst Adolescents in Marginalized Urban Areas of Mexico

ABSTRACT Students dropping out of school in Mexico is a social problem at the national level as the number of children and young students who decide to abandon their academic preparation is increasing. The present investigation focused on a population segment of young people of low socioeconomic status residing in highly marginalized urban areas in Mexico City. These young people are in the upper secondary educational level of the public school system, in an age range greater than 15 years old. This research was carried out using a qualitative method to identify the different environments and variables that lead in the thought process to take the decision to interrupt study and/or drop out of school. The Social Cognitive Theory framed the development of this work in order to know the individual, social and environmental factors that trigger the social problem. The present study outlines guidelines for a social marketing program in order to generate social change and contribute to reducing the social problem.

Teachers’ perceptions of ICT issues in education: an approximation by gender and region in Mexico

Purpose The aim of this study is to analyse teachers’ perceptions of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the effect they have on their students, comparing male and female teachers in rural and urban areas of Mexico. Design/methodology/approach This is a quantitative study with a validated questionnaire that records the perception of school teachers from a state in the northeast of Mexico. The questionnaire was designed by interviewing 20 teachers who have had problematic situations in the use of technology by students. The main problems that were perceived in their students were cyberbullying, cyberviolence, online pornography, excessive use of videogames and also lack of ability to use digital technology. Hypothesis testing was applied to identify differences between gender (female or male) and region (rural or urban), considering these problems and the efforts made by the school to address these issues. Findings Both the gender of the teaching staff and the region where the school is located are variables that are influencing the willingness to incorporate ICT issues that are affecting the well-being of students into the educational agenda. While teachers are the main actors in preparing their students on how to face these challenges, students in schools with mostly male teachers, or located in rural areas, will be in a situation of greater vulnerability to be victims of the problems that arise as part of ICT risks in a digital society Research limitations/implications This article only offers a first approach to ICT and teachers’ perceptions. It is necessary to broaden the scope of this type of research to include different educational contexts and to ask questions that reveal in greater detail how schools are dealing with ICT and its possible risks and the factors that have influenced the successes or failures they are having in these attempts. Practical implications This finding can help schools to promote programs focused to apply ICT for student flourishment and help them to deal with the risk that digital technology is generating in young students. Originality/value Although multiple research have been conducted to address teachers’ perception about diverse topics, there has been no specific research on the self-perception of teachers in dealing with technology and preparing students for the problems presented by ICT and its risks. This research contributes to the literature on the impact that teachers’ perceptions can have on the adoption of technology in education, and how this can be different by gender and region.

Composition and diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) along an atmospheric pollution gradient in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, Mexico.

This study compares the variation of richness, abundance and diversity of butterfly species along an atmospheric pollution gradient and during different seasons in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, Mexico. Likewise, we analyse the influence of environmental variables on the abundance and richness of butterfly species and quantify the indicator species for each atmospheric pollution category. Based on spatial analysis of the main atmospheric pollutants and the vegetation cover conditions, four permanent sampling sites were delimited. The sampling was carried out monthly in each of the sites using aerial entomological nets and ten Van Someren-Rydon traps during May 2018 to April 2019. A total of 8,570 specimens belonging to six families and 209 species were collected. Both species richness and abundance were significantly different between all sites, except for the comparison between the moderate contamination site and the high contamination site; diversity decreased significantly with increasing levels of contamination. The seasonality effect was absent on species richness; however, for species abundance the differences between dry season and rainy season were significant in each site excepting the moderate contamination site. Regarding diversity, the seasonal effect showed different distribution patterns according to each order. Relative humidity, vegetation cover and three pollution variables were highly correlated with both abundance and species richness. From the total number of species found, only 47 had a significant indicator value. This study constitutes the first faunistic contribution of butterflies as indicators of the environmental quality of urban areas in Mexico, which will help in the development of strategies for the management, planning and conservation of urban biodiversity.

Bursera fagaroides bark as a bioindicator for air particle pollution using magnetic properties

Shrub barks can accumulate airborne particles and seem to be suitable biological monitors for assessing air pollution. We studied the bark of the species Bursera fagaroides as a biomonitor of air pollution in an urban area of Mexico. Samples were collected in dry and rainy seasons during 2011 and 2012, in 28 sites which are exposed to magnetic pollutants emitted by different human activities (industrial point-sources and vehicular emissions). Environmental magnetism studies allow determining mineralogy, concentration and grain size of magnetic particles accumulated in barks, providing information on the sources and characteristics of their emitted particles. Magnetic properties of all samples were determined by environmental magnetism method. The highest values of magnetic concentration dependent parameters were observed in industrial and vehicular traffic sites. The mean values of saturation of isothermal remanent magnetization SIRM for dry seasons are two to threefold (SIRM = 0.8–1.2 × 10−3Am2kg−1) the mean value for rainy season (SIRM = 0.4 × 10−3Am2kg−1). The integrated magnetic analysis indicates the presence of ferrimagnetic minerals, mostly magnetite-like (remanent coercivity Hcr = 31.6–38.7 mT) particles of small sizes (1 – < 0.1 μm). Selected samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy, revealing the presence of such iron-rich particles hosted in species’ lenticels. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the species' cortex as a biomonitor of air pollution, with an affordable and immediate application, and raise new questions about what type of physiological mechanism is involved for trapping magnetic particles.

Stratification of Happiness in Urban Areas in Mexico: A Qualitative Examination by Level of Marginalization

Although Mexico presents high levels of poverty and marginalization, it is the second happiest nation in Latin America. This raises several questions about what factors are associated with happiness at each level of marginalization and how these factors vary according to marginalization levels. We conducted a qualitative study in urban municipalities in four Mexican states, using 184 semi-structured interviews and employing a thematic analysis approach. Results suggest that happiness is a multifactorial phenomenon. Factors such as the family, health, religion, friendships, economic conditions, and fulfillment of basic needs contribute to happiness, but each of these aspects has different importance and meaning based on the level of marginalization. Evidence also shows that unhappiness is more homogeneous, regardless of the level of marginalization; thus, we can find people in both low marginalized and high-marginalized contexts that are unhappy. The research findings are relevant for the design of public policies, because they show various unsatisfied needs by level of marginalization and how not having them may affect happiness in each social stratum.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Older Adults in Rural and Urban Areas in Mexico.

ObjectivesMexico is among the countries in Latin America hit hardest by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A large proportion of older adults in Mexico have high prevalence of multimorbidity and live in poverty with limited access to health care services. These statistics are even higher among adults living in rural areas, which suggest that older adults in rural communities may be more susceptible to COVID-19. The objectives of the article were to compare clinical and demographic characteristics for people diagnosed with COVID-19 by age group, and to describe cases and mortality in rural and urban communities.MethodWe linked publicly available data from the Mexican Ministry of Health and the Census. Municipalities were classified based on population as rural (<2,500), semirural (≥2,500 and <15,000), semiurban (≥15,000 and <100,000), and urban (≥100,000). Zero-inflated negative binomial models were performed to calculate the total number of COVID-19 cases, and deaths per 1,000,000 persons using the population of each municipality as a denominator.ResultsOlder adults were more likely to be hospitalized and reported severe cases, with higher mortality rates. In addition, rural municipalities reported a higher number of COVID-19 cases and mortality related to COVID-19 per million than urban municipalities. The adjusted absolute difference in COVID-19 cases was 912.7 per million (95% confidence interval [CI]: 79.0–1746.4) and mortality related to COVID-19 was 390.6 per million (95% CI: 204.5–576.7).DiscussionUrgent policy efforts are needed to mandate the use of face masks, encourage handwashing, and improve specialty care for Mexicans in rural areas.

Long-term exposure to Ozone and PM2.5 in Mexican Cities of the National Urban System: a Health Impact Assessment.

Air pollution is a process that introduces diverse pollutants into the atmosphere that cause harm to humans, several studies have documented an association between air pollution exposure and negative effects on human health. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) has been applied in many countries to quantify the impact of interventions on controlling air quality and reducing effects on human health. The National Urban System (SUN for its acronym in Spanish) aggregates the principal urban areas in Mexico where living 92.6 millions of inhabitants that represents 74.2 percent of total population. A HIA to Ozone and PM2.5 long term exposure was conducted following the method described by WHO using 2015 air pollution data. SOMO35 indicator for ozone and annual mean for PM2.5 were calculated to assess the impact in terms of the number of attributable deaths. A total of 14 SUN cities (33 millions of inhabitants) were analyzed based in ozone monitor network coverage. For PM2.5 a total of 15 SUN cities (36 millions of inhabitants) were included considering the monitoring coverage. Approximately 4 700 deaths were attributable to 35 ppm annual ozone excess, almost 50% of them (2 300) occurs in Mexico City. For PM2.5 about 11 500 deaths could have been avoided if Mexican cities had met the WHO air quality guidelines. To our knowledge this is the first study that analyze avoidable deaths using SOMO35 WHO metric as indicator of long term exposure to ozone in Mexico. This study reveal air pollution impacts in around 35% of the National Urban System and provide information for decision making.

La desigualdad digital en México: un análisis de las razones para el no acceso y el no uso de internet

The objective of the article is to analyze the barriers to access and use of Information and Communication Technologies in rural and urban areas of Mexico. The data come from the National Survey on Availability and Use of Information Technologies in Households 2018. The empirical analysis consists of explaining the non-access and non-use of the internet, conditioned on a set of demographic and socio-economic characteristics, through of multinomial logistic regressions. The results reflect the cost, age, low levels of education and lack of digital skills are related to non-connectivity and non-use of the internet in rural and urban contexts, although with different magnitudes. Hence, the need to implement public policies aimed at promoting access and fostering the efficient use of cyberspace in both contexts.

Validation of a Multidimensional Social Cohesion Scale: A Case in Urban Areas of Mexico

People have been interested in social cohesion and its implications in different areas of social life from the classic sociology authors until today. Besides its multidimensional nature, this compl...

Prevalence of visual impairment and refractive errors in an urban area of Mexico.

To determine the distribution of refractive errors in a school-age population in Quintana Roo (Mexico) in the framework of an international cooperation campaign for the prevention of blindness. A sample of 2647 school-age children (ranging from 5 to 14 years old) with a mean age of 9.1±1.9 years old were tested by trained volunteers for distance visual acuity (VA) and refractive errors. The first screening examination included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and VA with a +2.00 D lens. Inclusion criteria for a second complete cycloplegic eye examination performed by an optometrist were UDVA <20/25 (0.10 logMAR or 0.8 decimal) and/or VA with +2.00 D ≥20/25. A total of 633 (23.9%) children underwent the second complete eye examination. Mean logMAR UDVA was 0.035±0.094 (range 1.00 to 0.00 logMAR) for the right eyes and 0.036±0.160 (range 1.00 to 0.00 logMAR) for the left eyes. Bilateral amblyopia was found in 17 children (2.7% of refracted eyes; 0.64% of the total). The main reason for visual impairment (VI) in the sample analyzed was found to be refractive errors. In 12 children (1.9% of refracted eyes; 0.45% of the total) the VI was bilateral and 9 (1.4% of refracted eyes; 0.34% of the total) achieved a corrected distance visual acuity of 20/25 or better in both eyes. Mean magnitude of sphere and refractive cylinder was +0.20±0.96 D and -0.43±0.85 D in right eyes, and +0.24±1.08 and -0.43±0.83 D in left eyes. The proportion of myopic eyes [standard equivalent (SE) ≤-0.50 D] was 4.6% of the whole sample (5290 eyes). The mean magnitude of myopia was -0.84±3.44 D for the right eyes and -0.82±5.21 D for the left eyes. The proportion of hyperopic patients (SE≥+2.00 D) was 2.4% (15/633), which corresponded to 0.60% of the whole sample (32/5290 eyes). No statistically significant correlation of age to manifest sphere or cylinder was found. VI due to uncorrected refractive errors can be easily corrected with glasses but it is still a burden to be treated. Myopia is prevalent in this sample. More efforts towards correcting uncorrected refractive errors are needed.

Trends of climate change indices in some Mexican cities from 1980 to 2010

Global studies focusing on climate extremes in urban areas, specifically in Mexico, have not been approached with a sufficient level of detail, despite considerably increased risks for both infrastructure and human society. Based on 14 climate indices proposed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) and the application of the nonparametric Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope tests, the observed trends of climate extremes in 16 urban areas in Mexico from 1980 to 2010 were analyzed. The results show that climate conditions over most cities of Mexico are changing, as indicated by a warming trend during the study period. Significant increases were detected in the annual average maximum temperature (TMX) and the annual average minimum temperature (TMN). There is no clear trend that the warmest days (TXx) are increasing, but the annual number of warm days (TX90p) and summer days (SU) has increased, and the cold days (TX10p) have decreased. Associated with these changes are concomitant decreases in fewer coldest nights (TNn), an increase in the percentage of days with warm nights (TN90p) and tropical nights (TR), and a decrease in the number of frost days (FD). In contrast, the analysis reveals a statistically significant decrease in the mean temperature and the amount of warm days in Mexico City, which could be associated with the increasing trend of atmospheric pollution and the continuous smoke and ash emissions from the volcano Popocatepetl, which disperse incoming solar radiation and reduce radiative forcing. Climate change indices based on daily precipitation data show positive trends in many cities. In general, an increasing trend in very wet days (R95p), a number of very heavy rainfall days ≥ 25 mm (R25), and the annual total wet days (PRCP) were observed. These results highlight the vulnerability of cities confronted with both global and local climate change and the importance of promoting effective local risk reduction measures as part of urban planning for city dwellers.