Urban Areas Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fish, Sediment and Water from Three Riverine Ecosystems in the South-western Bangladesh and Nexus to Human Health.

This study investigated heavy metal accumulations in fish, water and sediment from three rivers around a major urban area in Bangladesh, namely the Rupsha, the Atai, and the Bhairab with a view to assessing the ecological and human health risks. Samples were collected from 10 stations over two seasons (summer and winter) and concentrations of 11 metals (As, Se, Pb, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V) were measured using ICP-MS. Heavy metals in water of these rivers were above the WHO higher thresholds. The Rupsha River, which runs close to industrially dense areas and the downstream part of the three-river network, demonstrated the highest As, Cu, and V concentrations during both seasons. On the other hand, As, Mn and Cr were highest in the Bhairab which is the upstream to the Rupsha and connected to several industrial setups which differ from Bhairab. The less anthropogenically connected Atai River only showed elevated concentrations of Cu and Se. Ecological risk indices indicated low pollution in the rivers during both seasons. In all three rivers and in nearly all fish species, the contamination was higher in winter than summer. Benthic and carnivorous fish species such as, Cynoglossus lingua, Glossogobius giuris, Pseudapocryptes elongatus showed higher metal accumulation compared to other species. Health risk indices like the target hazard quotient (THQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR) suggested low risks but pointed potential risks to human health. The outcomes of this research reports insights into metal contamination pattern in interconnected river systems.

Assessment of coastal flood risks in a selected urban area in Bangladesh

Assessment of coastal flood risks in a selected urban area in Bangladesh

Unraveling the Factors Influencing Healthcare Accessibility: An In-depth Investigation in Jhenaidah Sadar Upazila

Healthcare plays a significant role in Bangladesh. The key to wealth is health. In the absence of healthcare development, we would not be able to live a quality lifestyle. In order for a nation to develop economically and socially, its health must be in good condition. It is reported that health services in Bangladesh are well funded by the government, but some issues affect the sector. A considerable proportion of Bangladesh's population lacks or has little access to healthcare services. There are several dimensions to the problem of lack of health service participation. This study evaluates, through collecting information from primary data, public health facilities' scarceness and identifies factors that act as barriers to the functioning effectively of public health facilities. The authors conducted qualitative research in order to gain an in-depth understanding of the underlying insights of various components that affect Bangladesh's healthcare sector. A purposive sampling style is followed to specify the respondents. The findings scrutinize the healthcare system in the selected areas of Bangladesh. It has explored what factors affect access to health services in urban areas of Bangladesh. It has also revealed patients’ views towards healthcare services. The findings from the qualitative data have unveiled that there are many key dimensions, in terms of various dimensions, that indicate why people face hurdles when accessing health services. Finally, the paper concludes with a variety of recommendations.

Analysis of Parental Stress and Anxiety Symptoms during COVID-19 Pandemic in Khulna City

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic tremendously increases mental health risk among parents due to extreme anxiety and stress. This study focuses on examining the variables related to parental stress and anxiety amid the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 118 parents in three wards (18, 27, and 28) of Khulna city, Bangladesh. Parental stress and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic were measured using the GAD-7 and PSS-10 scales. Socioeconomic and demographic data were also collected from households. The association between stress and anxiety and their contributing factors was analyzed using the Chi-square test and binary logistic regression. Results: The results showed that 27.5% of parents aged over 40 years and 35.6% of those who faced unemployment during COVID-19 experienced severe stress and anxiety. The regression analysis results confirmed this result. Furthermore, educational status, type of family, marital status, and total household income were found to be significant factors affecting parental stress and anxiety symptoms. The study demonstrated a significant impact of COVID-19 on elderly parents. Conclusions: These findings suggest that COVID-19 has significantly impacted elderly parents. Therefore, the study highlights an urgent need for mental health support to assist this vulnerable group in urban areas of Bangladesh.

Prevalence of opportunistic pathogens and anti-microbial resistance in urban aquaculture ponds

Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a significant concern worldwide. The microbial community profile and potential AMR level in aquaculture ponds are often undervalued and attract less attention than other aquatic environments. We used amplicon and metagenomic shotgun sequencing to study microbial communities and AMR in six freshwater polyculture ponds in rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. Amplicon sequencing revealed different community structures between rural and urban ponds, with urban ponds having a higher bacterial diversity and opportunistic pathogens including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium. Despite proteobacterial dominance, Firmicutes was the most interactive in the community network, especially in the urban ponds. Metagenomes showed that drug resistance was the most common type of AMR found, while metal resistance was only observed in urban ponds. AMR and metal resistance genes were found mainly in beta and gamma-proteobacteria in urban ponds, while AMR was found primarily in alpha-proteobacteria in rural ponds. We identified potential pathogens with a high profile of AMR and metal resistance in urban aquaculture ponds. As these ponds provide a significant source of protein for humans, our results raise significant concerns for the environmental sustainability of this food source and the dissemination of AMR into the food chain.

A Comparative Study of the Breast Feeding Practice of Mothers between Rural Area and Urban Area in Bangladesh

The exclusive breast feeding is ideal nutrition and sufficient to support optimal growth and development for approximately the first 6 months of life and the later age breastfeeding provides complete nutrition for infants and children. But it is not properly maintained in Bangladesh with limited resources, such as Sirajganj, where poverty and illiteracy are prevalent. Poor nutritional status during childhood can have long-lasting consequences in adulthood, including health, mortality, and human capital. It was a community based cross sectional comparative study which was conducted on 500 hundred mothers and their 500 hundred children in which 250 mothers and 250 children from each of Sirajganj and Dhaka City were selected. The target respondents were selecting randomly. χ 2 test, and Pearson’s correlation was performed as P<0.05 level of significance. The study found that there was a higher number of female children and higher birth frequencies in Sirajganj and Dhaka City. The study assessed mothers' breast feeding practices, including knowledge of colostrums, first baby food feeding, initiation, and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Sirajganj city mothers received more breastfeeding attention than Dhaka City mothers, with findings decreasing with child's birth order. Breast feeding privileges in Sirajganj City increase as mothers' education levels rise from low school to a bachelor's degree or higher. Breast-feeding prevalence in infants up to 12 months is influenced by factors like sex, maternal age, birth order, education, employment status, and mother's poverty income ratio. The sickness of children is also influence to stop breast-feeding. The child birth weight was found to comparatively lower in the Sirajganj city than Dhaka City.

Socioeconomic inequality and urban-rural disparity of antenatal care visits in Bangladesh: A trend and decomposition analysis.

Socioeconomic inequality in antenatal care visits is a great concern in developing countries including Bangladesh; however, there is a scarcity of investigation to assess the factors of inequality and these changes over time. In this study, we investigated the trend of socioeconomic inequalities (2004-2017) in 1+ANC and 4+ANC visits, and extracted determinants contributions to the observed inequalities and urban-rural disparities in Bangladesh over the period from 2011 to 2017. The data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) conducted in 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2017 were analyzed in this study. The analysis began with exploratory and bivariate analysis, followed by the application of logistic regression models. To measure the inequalities, the Erreygers concentration index was used, and regression-based decomposition analyses were utilized to unravel the determinant's contribution to the observed inequalities. The Blinder-Oaxaca type decomposition is also used to decompose the urban-rural disparity into the factors. Our analysis results showed that the prevalence of 1+ANC and 4+ANC visits has increased across all the determinants, although the rate of 4+ANC visits remains notably low. The magnitudes of socioeconomic inequality in 4+ANC visits represented an irregular pattern at both the national and urban levels, whereas it increased gradually in rural Bangladesh. However, inequalities in 1+ANC visits declined substantially after 2011 across the national, rural and urban areas of Bangladesh. Decomposition analyses have suggested that wealth status, women's education, place of residence (only for 4+ANC visits), caesarean delivery, husband education, and watching television (TV) are the main determinants to attribute and changes in the level of inequality and urban-rural disparity between the years 2011 and 2017. According to the findings of our study, it is imperative for authorities to ensure antenatal care visits are more accessible for rural and underprivileged women. Additionally, should focus on delivering high-quality education, ensuring the completion of education, reducing income disparity as well as launching a program to enhance awareness about health facilities, and the impact of caesarean delivery.

The Prevalence and Pattern of Psychosocial Disorders among Secondary School-Going Students in Urban Areas of Bangladesh

Background: Adolescent mental health is a growing concern globally, with anxiety disorders being particularly prevalent. This study aims to explore the prevalence and patterns of anxiety among secondary school-going students by examining the interplay of various psychosocial, familial, and health-related factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 600 secondary school students using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. The study assessed the prevalence of anxiety and its correlation with demographic factors (age, gender), living situation, academic performance, health and lifestyle factors (BMI, chronic health conditions, sleep patterns), and family dynamics. Results: The analysis revealed that 52.67% of participants exhibited none to minimal anxiety symptoms, while 36.33% experienced mild anxiety, 8.00% moderate anxiety, and 3.00% severe anxiety. Age and gender showed no significant correlation with overall anxiety levels. However, living situation, academic performance, and health factors like BMI and sleep patterns were significantly associated with anxiety levels. Family dynamics, including income level and parenting style, also showed a strong correlation with anxiety. Students with severe anxiety were more likely to have lower academic performance, experience psychosocial challenges, and come from less supportive family environments. Conclusion: The study highlights the multifaceted nature of anxiety disorders in adolescents, which is influenced by a complex interplay of individual, familial, and environmental factors. These findings underscore the need for holistic approaches in addressing adolescent anxiety, involving family-based interventions, academic support, and health promotion strategies. The study contributes valuable insights into adolescent mental health, emphasizing the importance of early identification and comprehensive management of anxiety disorders.

Cognitive Performance of the Elderly People in an Urban Area of Bangladesh: A Sociodemographic Study

A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted to see the sociodemographic characteristics of elderly people and their association with cognitive performance in an urban setting in Dhaka, Bangladesh, between January and December of 2016. A convenient sampling technique was adopted. A total of 189 elderly people (118 male and 71 female) were included in the study. A semi structured questionnaire was first developed in English and then translated into Bangla. The questionnaire contains questions related to sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and their cognitive functions, as determined by using Mini Mental state Examination (MMSE). Sociodemographic data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Pearson correlation test was applied to determine the relationship between quantitative variables, while Chi-square test was done to assess association of qualitative data. The age of the respondents ranged from 60 to 90 years. The mean age was 67.8±6.26 years. Higher proportion of male (37.3%) and female respondents (36.6%) were in 60-64 age group, while the lower proportion was in ≥75 years age group (male 12.7% and female 14.1%). Most of the male respondents were graduate and above education group (64.4%), while most female respondents belonged to SSC and below and informal education group (50.7%) group. The rest of them fell into HSC education group: 11% and 32.4% respectively. Most of the elderlies (57.67%) belonged to the extended family and the rest lived in the nuclear family (42.33%). Among the male respondents, 76.3% were retired. Rest of the respondents was service holder (9.3%), businessman (12.7%) and teacher (1.7%). Female respondents were mostly housewives (97.2%) and two were teachers (2.8%). Among 189 respondents, 35.4% had normal cognitive function. Half of the respondents (52.4%) had mild cognitive impairment and the rest had moderate cognitive impairment (12.2%). None had severe cognitive impairment. Significant relationships of the cognitive performance were observed with age, sex, marital status, educational status, and type of family they lived in. However, no significant association was found between occupation and cognitive performance. CBMJ 2024 January: vol. 13 no. 01 P: 9-16

Impact of community-based micro-finance in urban poverty reduction in Bangladesh

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the impact of community-based microfinance in reducing urban poverty with a particular focus on Sylhet City, Bangladesh. Methodology: The Community Saving & Credit (CSC) strategy of the Urban Partnership for Poverty Reduction project was chosen as a case in this study. This study used a qualitative research approach by following focus group discussions and in-depth interviews as data collection instruments. The purposive sampling method has been observed to collect data from 20 (twenty) respondents from Sylhet City Corporation's two slum areas, where the Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction Project was implemented like other urban areas of Bangladesh. Findings: The study findings show that implementing the Community Saving and Credit (CSC) strategy in Sylhet City has reduced poverty among those who applied for loans. It has enhanced the availability of food, made housing more affordable, diversified income sources, improved health conditions, increased access to education, and amplified the voice of women, especially those in poverty. Research implications: This research will help the government to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It will also inform the government about local perceptions regarding the dimensions of escaping poverty. After knowing about the locally specific dimensions of getting out of poverty and the effect of the CBM system in reducing poverty, the government and the policymakers can plan additional steps to operate community-based microcredit systems to reduce poverty.

Green Space and the Risk of Non-communicable Diseases: A Study of Urban Residents in Dhaka City

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of death in Bangladesh, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Green spaces, defined as natural or semi-natural areas with vegetation, have been recognized for their potential to promote health and prevent NCDs. However, limited research exists on the relationship between green space and NCDs in urban areas of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between green space and NCD risk in urban residents of Dhaka City, focusing on the amount and distribution of green spaces, their effectiveness in reducing NCD risk, and recommendations for policymakers and urban planners. The findings could have significant implications for public health interventions, such as advocating for increased availability and accessibility of green spaces, improving their quality, and promoting activities that encourage their use. The study may also identify areas with inadequate access to green spaces, informing targeted interventions for equitable access. Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms through which green spaces influence NCD risk, such as physical activity, social interaction, air quality, and stress reduction, could lead to evidence-based interventions. The findings could be used to advocate for policy changes and urban planning strategies that prioritize green spaces as an important component of public health promotion and NCD prevention in urban areas. Collaborative efforts between health authorities, urban planners, policymakers, and community stakeholders may be necessary to implement strategies that increase the availability, accessibility, and quality of green spaces in Dhaka City. In conclusion, this study has the potential to contribute valuable knowledge to the literature on green space and health in urban areas of Bangladesh, with implications for public health policy and planning.

Fungal Culture: Evaluate the Tools and Pattern for Resistance to Superficial Fungal Infections in the Rural and Urban Areas of Bangladesh

Fungal Culture: Evaluate the Tools and Pattern for Resistance to Superficial Fungal Infections in the Rural and Urban Areas of Bangladesh

Knowledge and Self-Management Practice Among Diabetic Patients from the Urban Areas in Bangladesh

This study aims to determine the knowledge of self-management, prognosis, and the quality of daily life among adult patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. Settings and Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2021 to August 2021 on diabetic patients from Dhaka City and Rangpur City in Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from the respondents of this study. The data was collected via a phone interview by the researchers of this study. The data was analyzed using Python (Version 3.8), Pandas, ResearchPy (A Python package for research data analysis), and Microsoft Excel 2019. We found that 85% of the participants were aware of Bangladesh National Diabetes Management Guidelines and its recommendations, and males were better informed about diabetes and its management than females. Most participants (68.32%) experienced an onset of diabetic symptoms around 50-60 years of age, and 34.65% of participants were unaware of the type of diabetes they had. 91% were satisfied with the prognosis of their diabetes. However, the frequency of check-ups for hyperglycemia from serum was insufficient (less than once annually) despite the national guidelines’ recommendation for quarterly check-ups. Participants were more eager to check for diabetes-associated symptoms (more than 3 times a year among 80.53%) rather than checking the serum hyperglycemia. Female participants were lenient to take physical exercise to self-manage diabetes. The healthcare centers across Bangladesh need to make the information provided by Bangladesh National Diabetes Management Guidelines more reader-friendly for all socio-economic groups. Broader movements are needed to make patients feel more interested to learning, practicing, and following the guidelines.

Factors determining migration intentions in Bangladesh: from land to factory

PurposeThis article explores the migration intentions (MIs) embedded in population movements from rural to urban areas in Bangladesh. In this country, urban-centric development policies have made cities epicentres of commerce and industrialisation, offering significant employment and livelihood opportunities. This rapid transformation has generated several socio-psychological factors that are influencing the willingness of rural populations to migrate to cities for better jobs, lifestyles and services.Design/methodology/approachThe present study adopted the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as a conceptual model to assess the behavioural and psychological factors underlying MIs.FindingsThe results of the structural equation modelling (SEM) indicate that MIs are mainly influenced by subjective norms (SN) and, to a lesser extent, attitudes towards migration (ATM) and perceived behavioural control (PBC).Originality/valueThe analysis drew on an original dataset built through interviews with migrants from rural areas employed in the ready-made garment (RMG) industry in four selective areas of the Metropolitan City of Chittagong.

Opportunities and challenges in delivering maternal and child nutrition services through public primary health care facilities in urban Bangladesh: a qualitative inquiry

BackgroundPublic primary health facilities are an important source of nutrition services for the urban areas in Bangladesh. We aimed to understand the challenges and facilitators of delivering maternal and child nutrition services through public sector from the perspectives of the users and service providers.MethodThe study was conducted in selected public primary health care facilities and their catchment area in Dhaka city from April-July 2019. We carried out 15 free listing exercises and 43 semi-structured interviews (SSI) with pregnant women and mothers of 0–24 months old children; 6 key informant interviews (KII) with facility managers and healthcare providers; and observed service delivery in 8 health facilities.ResultsFindings reveal that public primary health facilities address some economic and cultural barriers to access such as cost and provision of female service providers for maternal and child health services but challenges such as distance, waiting time, and cleanliness remained. In terms of service provision, there were gaps in provision of anthropometric measurement and counseling, and healthcare providers had inadequate training and therefore, knowledge of nutrition. The low priority given to nutrition services during program design hampered the delivery of nutrition services provided through urban public sector health facilities.ConclusionsThere were important gaps in terms of service provision and capacity of healthcare providers, and therefore, the quality of nutrition service provided through public primary health care facilities. To maximize the coverage of quality nutrition services in the urban areas, it is important to think through the design of nutrition service delivery and allocate adequate resources to fill the material and capacity gaps.

Solid Waste Generation, Composition and Potentiality of Waste-to-Resource Recovery in Sylhet City Corporation, Bangladesh

The very fast economic and population growth of Bangladesh, along with its high urbanization rate, have been seen since its independence in 1971. Sylhet City Corporation (SCC) has also experienced high population growth as well as rapid urbanization since 2002. The solid waste generation rate is also increasing along with the high economic and population growth in SCC. SCC and its extended areas are now producing more solid waste than ever before because of accelerated unplanned urbanization, ever-growing tourist pressure, and an overgrowing urban population. Sooner than later, resource recovery and capacity development in existing solid waste management systems are required to allow the sustainable and resilient growth of SCC. This study aimed to explore the total amount of solid waste generation per day as well as the waste composition and potentiality for resource recovery from the generated solid waste in SCC and its extended areas. This study has found that SCC is now generating a total of 375.68 tons of solid waste daily from households, daily kitchen markets, medical institutes, resident hotels, commercial shops, and restaurants. This study has also found that about 90% of daily-generated solid waste is perishable and has a high moisture content. This study has found that the generated waste in SCC has the potential to produce compost fertilizer, solid recovered fuel (SRF), and electricity. On the other hand, this study can directly help the conservancy department of SCC to have a brief idea about the existing solid waste generation rate, composition, categories, and potentialities of resource recovery from the generated solid waste. It can also succor other conservancy departments of other city corporations or urban areas of Bangladesh as well as other researchers in a similar way.

Factors associated with child and maternal dietary diversity in the urban areas of Bangladesh.

Dietary diversity is an indicator of nutrition that has been found positively associated with diet quality, micronutrient adequacy, and improved maternal health and child growth. Due to the cultural responsibility of women in providing food at the household level, their status is very important to perform this role. Hence, this study has been conducted on the status of dietary diversity of the mother and child to understand how it relates to various factors of women in urban settings. Data were obtained from 1978 mother-child pairs living in different cities in Bangladesh. The foods taken by the women and children were categorized into 10 and 7 groups to measure women's dietary diversity (WDD) and children's dietary diversity (CDD), respectively. The study found that more than three-fourths of the mothers and half of the children had low dietary diversity. The household wealth holdings and access to resources by the women were found inadequate, while two-thirds of them had the lowest to medium level of nutritional knowledge. The binomial logistic regression model was used to measure the factors influencing WDD and CDD. The findings also indicated that children's dietary diversity was influenced by the mother's age, education, supportive attitude and behavior of husband, and access to and control over resources. While the household wealth index can enhance both child and mother's dietary variety, nutrition knowledge, dietary counseling, and access to and control over resources can improve maternal dietary diversity. This study recommends improving women's socioeconomic status by increasing their wealth and access to resources and enhancing their nutrition knowledge by providing food and nutrition counseling.

Breastfeeding and Weaning of Children: Identifying the Practice-relevant Issues in an Urban Area of Bangladesh

The initial six months of exclusive breastfeeding, followed by appropriate complementary feeding, are critical forchildren's optimal growth and development. Since the 1980s, numerous organizations in Bangladesh have beenpromoting breast feeding, yet age-old practices have not changed significantly. Still, approximately half of children inBangladesh are not breastfed exclusively for six months and do not receive adequate complementary food. This studysought to identify the barriers and facilitators to implementing proper Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF)practices. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics at Bangabandhu SheikhMujib Medical College, Faridpur, from February to June 2021. This study included sixty-six mothers with infantsaged six to twenty-four months. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were used to collect qualitative data regarding thebarriers and facilitators. Transcripts of interviews were translated, transcribed, and examined to determine the primaryfactors. The most prevalent factor was a lack of knowledge and experience with breastfeeding and supplementalfeeding. In addition, contradictory feeding information from various sources and a lack of social support for pregnantand childbearing mothers with limited decision-making capabilities were significant obstacles. In contrast, motherswho received guidance from healthcare professionals before and after delivery and who were educated and receivedfamily support were more likely to follow the recommended practice. Interventions should be prioritized to encouragemothers to take timely antenatal and post-natal care and nutritional counseling during their visits. Educating andempowering them with adequate support from the family and society is essential. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Med. Coll. J. 2022;1(2):70-75

Unraveling the effects of a rehabilitation program on the socioeconomic wellbeing of beggars and begging motivation: evidence from an urban area of Bangladesh

Beggars have largely been leading miserable lives in the lower stratum of society since time immemorial. Government or private-led policies are rarely undertaken to improve the lives of this unfortunate societal segment. The local governments in divisional cities of Bangladesh have adopted a series of interventions aimed at improving the socioeconomic wellbeing of beggars and equipping them with alternative livelihood management options. We evaluated the effectiveness of this intervention (the rehabilitation of beggars) in the Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area, Bangladesh; we gathered a sample of 385 beggars by employing the non-equivalent group design and instrumental variable regression method. The results provide an interesting inference, showing that the rehabilitation program seemingly has no far-reaching significant impact on the socioeconomic wellbeing of the beggars. To be precise, the program provides evidence of no significant differences in earnings, expenditure, food security, or personal wellbeing between the beneficiary and the non-beneficiary group of beggars. In addition, the program fails to deter beggars from continuing to beg, as the result shows no significant association between taking part in the program and begging demotivation. Consequently, the beggars are continuing begging, which indicates a critical policy failure on the part of both government and implementation bodies. Therefore, the study implicitly recommends on-track monitoring and timely evaluation of such interventions so that immediate action can be taken beforehand to empower beggars and move them up the social ladder both socially and economically.

The Reason for Non-Reporting Crime Victimization: A Study on Urban Area in Bangladesh

This study has mainly explored the current extend of dark figure of crime in urban areas in Bangladesh. It was exploratory in nature. The samples were selected through randomly using a clustered sampling technique from 14 particular areas and respondents were selected as victimized person or their household heads in this study. It has conducted with a structured and standardized survey questionnaire for data collection and using SPSS statistical tools for analyzing data. The socio demographic findings of the study is that the total number of the respondents was 3,957, among them most of them are female about 57% who are belonging in a Muslim family with average family size of 5 members with average age of 37 years, with average income 37,000 TK and living in their own house in urban area and most of them are housewife and about 52% have completed the secondary level of education. On the other hand the major findings are indicated as about 74% did not go to any institution for reporting, while only 26% are approached for legal help. As per the study findings, theft constitutes the highest number for victimization, where 79% percent of the theft victim did not report for it. Even though within the total type of crime, about 49 percent of the victim who did not report for the crime found out to be a theft victim. There are various reasons have found for dark figure of crime such as Police behavior is not friendly to reporting, victim considered the crime as insignificant and police service needed monetary involvement etc. but most of respondents have said they wanted to avoid the inconvenience of calling the police in such petty cases (About 25.7%). Finally, in this study, it has been explained the findings as the three main perspectives such as problem of existing criminal justice system, victim’s social and also their personal perspectives.