Urban Afforestation Research Articles

Impact of Affordability on Urban Thermal Comfort: a Thermal Analysis of the Center of Gurupi-TO

Objective: Investigate the differences in temperature and relative humidity at different points in the central region of Gurupi-To, with the aim of understanding the impact of urban afforestation on the local temperature and humidity of the city, based on the difference in existing tree vegetation. Theoretical Framework: It is based on concepts of phytosociology and urban afforestation, highlighting that the uncontrolled growth of cities causes environmental damage that impacts people's lives. Thus, the increase in temperature results from climate change and is affected by the artificial built environment due to the difference in construction materials and vegetation. Urban afforestation is a means to mitigate this issue and improve the microclimate. Method: The methodology adopted for this research includes fieldwork with the collection of temperature and air humidity data, using the Datalogger device, model GGL-20, between March and April 2021. The comparison was conducted through graphical representation of variance (ANOVA), based on T-test analysis, using the R Studio software. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed that among the points studied, the area with the most vegetation showed lower temperatures and better humidity levels in locations with more urban afforestation. This is due to the vegetative cover, as trees provide shade and contribute to evapotranspiration, a physiological process that positively impacts the improvement of temperature and air humidity factors. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing results that influence conservation practices and the sustainable management of urban afforestation. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by presenting a practical investigation into the influence of urban afforestation on temperature and air humidity in cities located in the Cerrado biome, with a focus on Gurupi-TO. It highlights the importance of conservation and management of urban afforestation in urban areas. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the data and the proposed strategies, which aim to demonstrate the importance of expanding urban afforestation in city centers as a mechanism for controlling the microclimate, particularly temperature and air humidity.

Environmental equity and urban afforestation in the extreme northeastern Brazilian Amazon

Environmental equity and urban afforestation in the extreme northeastern Brazilian Amazon

Community-based assessment of the dynamics of urban landscape characteristics and ecosystem services in the rainforest and guinea savanna ecoregions of Nigeria

Understanding the dynamics of urban landscapes and their impacts on ecological well-being is crucial for developing sustainable urban management strategies in times of rapid urbanisation. This study assesses the nature and drivers of the changing urban landscape and ecosystem services in cities located in the rainforest (Akure and Owerri) and guinea savannah (Makurdi and Minna) of Nigeria using a combination of remote sensing and socioeconomic techniques. Landsat 8 datasets provided spatial patterns of the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalised difference built-up index (NDBI). A household survey involving the administration of a semi-structured questionnaire to 1552 participants was conducted. Diminishing NDVI and increasing NDBI were observed due to the rising trend of urban expansion, corroborating the perception of over 54% of the respondents who noted a decline in landscape ecological health. Residential expansion, agricultural practices, transport and infrastructural development, and fuelwood production were recognised as the principal drivers of landscape changes. Climate variability/change reportedly makes a 28.5%–34.4% (Negelkerke R2) contribution to the changing status of natural landscapes in Akure and Makurdi as modelled by multinomial logistic regression, while population growth/in-migration and economic activities reportedly account for 19.9%–36.3% in Owerri and Minna. Consequently, ecosystem services were perceived to have declined in their potential to regulate air and water pollution, reduce soil erosion and flooding, and mitigate urban heat stress, with a corresponding reduction in access to social services. We recommend that urban residents be integrated into management policies geared towards effectively developing and enforcing urban planning regulations, promoting urban afforestation, and establishing sustainable waste management systems.

Floral abundance and corolla length predict the importance of species in connecting urban green areas

Despite the growing urbanization rate and its consequences on biodiversity and species interactions worldwide, the connection among urban green areas, performed by interacting species, is still poorly understood. We evaluated how plant and hummingbird species vary across the urban landscape of a tropical city in Brazil, identifying traits of species taking part in shared interactions between areas. We recorded plant-hummingbird interactions in five green spaces and two remnants of native vegetation, and: (1) contrasted species traits and species-level indices of both plants and hummingbirds; (2) evaluated how species and interactions vary among pairs of areas; (3) used a meta-network approach to identify which pairs of interacting species are more important in connecting areas. Species turnover was the component that better explained the beta-diversity of interactions among sites. In green spaces, plant species presented greater centrality and longer corollas than in remnants. However, both plants and hummingbirds were similarly specialized regardless of the type of area. Trees with large floral displays and with longer corollas shared more interactions and were present in more networks. Most interactions recorded in remnants are unique to them, due to the exclusiveness of some hummingbirds and plant species in such native habitat and are, thus, more sensitive to habitat conversion. Our findings support the importance of preserving remnants and using mass flowering native species in urban afforestation to maintain plant-hummingbird interactions and promote urban biodiversity. We evidenced that few interactions (16.6%) were redundant across areas, indicating a highly susceptible and fragmented system in the urban space.

Integrated municipal management of waste from tree pruning and removal

Urban forests generate a significant amount of waste from leaf fall, pruning and removal of trees. This lignocellulosic material is typically used for composting, burned (with or without energy generation) or disposed in landfills. Despite its potential use for environmentally friendly purposes, access to the material is still limited, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about its generation and quantity, difficulties in sorting, and issues related to the transport and storage of this waste. Thus, this article characterizes an urban afforestation system, quantifies the generation of waste, and proposes an integrated municipal system for the use of this waste material. After describing the procedures and operations performed for tree pruning and removal, we report a case study of the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, covering a period of 15 months. We adjusted empirical equations (Log Spurr, Spurr, and Schumacher-Hall models) to estimate the volume of waste produced, serving as a basis for the development of waste quantification methods. The city was estimated to generate an average of 180 tons of afforestation waste per month, composed mainly of leaves and thin branches (69%). Composting alone was considered an inefficient use of the material (about 31% of waste is not beneficially utilized). This material can be applied for the production of different products with high added value. Models to predict the generation of waste can contribute to the planning of municipal waste management. The Schumacher-Hall and Log Spurr models produced the best results. In general, the results indicated that adequate urban planning can help reduce waste disposal and burning by local governments. Additionally, carrying out the quantification of waste and exploring the use of new recovery measures of waste from urban afforestation can help support sustainable local development.

Anatomy and Chemical Constituency of Trema Micrantha Fruit: Relationship with Dispersal Syndrome and Urban Afforestation

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the anatomy and histochemistry of Trema micrantha fruit to correlate the data with its wide distribution in urban areas. Theoretical framework: T. micrantha is a native tree species belonging to the Cannabaceae family and grows widely in urban areas, riparian forests, and environmental recovery areas in Brazil. The fruit is of the drupe type and is mainly consumed by avifauna, however, reports on its anatomy and chemical composition are lacking, and the relationship between fruit structure and dispersion syndromes has not been studied. Method: The mature fruits were fixed, dehydrated, embedded, polymerized in methacrylate, and sectioned using a rotating microtome. The slides were mounted, stained, and analyzed under a light microscope. Surface analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results and conclusion: The pericarp consisted of an exocarp, a mesocarp, and an endocarp. The exocarp is uniseriate and contained papillae, stomata, and a cuticle. The mesocarp is parenchymatic and subdivided into three regions: external, middle, and internal. The endocarp is uniseriate and contains sclerified cells. Histochemical tests revealed the presence of lipids, proteins, starch grains, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids in the mesocarp. Research implications: The presence of lipids, proteins, and starch increases the nutritional value of the fruit, indicating its dispersion by animals, mainly birds, and the dispersion of diaspores in urban areas. Originality/value: T. micrantha contributes to the food chain of local fauna, and their population will benefit from by increasing afforestation.

Characterizing street trees in three metropolises of central China by using Street View data: From individual trees to landscape mapping

Street trees can benefit urban spaces, and the characterization of them is a basis for evaluating their functions and proper management. In this paper, we speculate that Street View imagery-based measurement favors characterizing street trees from individual tree sizes and growth status to spatial mapping and risk region identification at multiple city levels. Using Wuhan, Changsha, and Nanchang as examples, nearly 6000 sites and over 111,000 Baidu Street View (BSV) images were used to measure tree sizes, growth status, and vertical structure. Together with BSV-derived tree data, we also calculated the street-view greenness index (GVI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from remote sensing data, and then city-level spatial mapping was produced to identify risk regions for urban afforestation. The results showed that BSV measurement could compare city-level street trees, i.e., Changsha had a 1.2–1.3-fold higher diameter, tree height, and canopy size than the lowest at Nanchang; Changsha had the highest GVI, but the lowest NDVI; while Nanchang had the lowest GVI, but the highest NDVI, showing different significance between street-view and remote-sensing greenness. BSV data could identify urbanization effects, i.e., the tree sizes decreased from the urban center to the edge, and three cities showed the same pattern. By using BSV data, the growth status score was summarized from leaf blade color, tree-supported, dieback, and dead-tree percents, and thereafter, urbanization-induced decreases of growth status scores can be observed from the city center to the suburbs. At the same urban-rural gradient, BSV data found the vertical structure tended to be complex, and the sky and middle GVI decreased while the ground GVI rose in all three cities in general. The BSV data made landscape mapping available, and the map can be used to identify risk areas of big-sized tree conservation, health problems, greenness deficiency, and the over-simplified forest structure within a city or among different cities. Together with BSV-derived street development data, complex associations between tree characteristics and geo-climates and street social development could be decoupled by redundancy ordination. In general, streets with more pedestrians were often accompanied by taller, larger, healthier trees, more complex communities, and an increasing sky/ground ratio of GVI greenery. Our findings highlighted that street-view data could be used to assess street tree characteristics, geographic distribution, and possible associations with other factors, favoring the city-level urban tree inventory from individuals to the landscape for urban tree management and policymaking.

Hidrogel e sistema arduino no transplantio de Schinus terebinthifolia para arborização urbana

Abstract Urban forest provide medium and large vegetation cover in urban areas. Planting native trees on sidewalks is a viable approach to reduce damages caused by extensive urbanization. The use of hydrogels seems to increase the success of seedling transplantation in urban environments. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Schinus terebinthifolia in urban afforestation, focusing on its adaptation and post-transplant survival using hydrogel and being monitored by an arduino system. The concentrations of the commercial hydrogel used were 0.75, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 g L-1, and two controls were also established: a control treatment without irrigation and without hydrogel, and a control with daily water irrigation. The evaluation was continuous for 14 days, and the parameters analyzed were substrate temperature and moisture, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte extravasation (EEE), chlorophyll content, and biochemical compound. A completely randomized design was adopted, consisting of 6 treatments with 9 replicates each. The results indicate that S. terebinthifolia is a highly resilient species suitable for urban afforestation, showing remarkable tolerance to transplantation and water restriction. It was observed that the use of hydrogels significantly contributes to maintaining substrate moisture, resulting in greater stability of the transplanted seedlings. The Arduino system allowed for continuous and precise evaluation of substrate conditions, optimizing the management of urban afforestation and validating the efficiency of the applied treatments. Positive responses were observed when using hydrogels in terms of relative water content, membrane stability, and antioxidant activity, even under water restriction. The viability of Schinus terebinthifolia for urban afforestation stands out, through the application of hydrogels and the use of the Arduino system to monitor parameters such as temperature and humidity.

Colletotrichum siamense is responsible for anthracnose on Hymenaea stigonocarpa in Brazil

AbstractHymenaea stigonocarpa, popularly known as ‘jatobá’ or ‘jatobá‐do‐cerrado’, is a native plant widely distributed across Brazilian Cerrado areas. This plant is used for urban afforestation, human and animal feeding, and industry. Foliar lesions resembling anthracnose symptoms were observed on H. stigonocarpa in natural habitats and nurseries. Microscopic examination of acervuli indicated a Colletotrichum species as the cause of the anthracnose symptoms. Based on multilocus phylogenetic analyses including data from APN2, APN2‐MAT/IGS, CAL, GAP2‐IGS, GAPDH, GS and TUB2 alongside morphological characterization and pathogenicity tests, Colletotrichum siamense was confidently identified as the causal agent of H. stignocarpa anthracnose in Brazil.

Diagnosis of urban afforestation in Vila Brasília, Serra do Mel, RN Brazil

A urbanização tardia e acelerada iniciada no século XX desencadeou impactos sociais e ambientais nas cidades, provocadas pela pavimentação do solo, supressão da vegetação arbórea, ilhas de calor e perda da biodiversidade florística. O presente trabalho objetiva realizar um diagnóstico e promover uma discussão que subsidie o planejamento da arborização urbana da Vila Brasília da cidade de Serra do Mel, localizada no Rio Grande do Norte. A metodologia adotada consistiu no inventário da composição florística local. As plantas foram identificadas por meio de literatura específica, e as espécies não identificadas foram fotografadas e enviadas para especialistas. A lista florística foi classificada com base na classificação da APG IV. Constatou-se que 62,5% das espécies são exóticas, predominância da espécie nim-indiano (Azadirachta indica), com percentual de 53%, e da família botânica Fabaceae, representando 20% das famílias inventariadas, além da presença de espécies arbóreas com poda drástica, áreas pavimentadas e sem arborização e um número expressivo de mudas. É necessário, portanto, que seja dada prioridade às espécies nativas, além da necessidade de se levar em consideração a espécie e o local do plantio e da manutenção da arborização como um todo no planejamento.

Diagnosis of urban afforestation in Vila Brasília, Serra do Mel, RN Brazil

A urbanização tardia e acelerada iniciada no século XX desencadeou impactos sociais e ambientais nas cidades, provocadas pela pavimentação do solo, supressão da vegetação arbórea, ilhas de calor e perda da biodiversidade florística. O presente trabalho objetiva realizar um diagnóstico e promover uma discussão que subsidie o planejamento da arborização urbana da Vila Brasília da cidade de Serra do Mel, localizada no Rio Grande do Norte. A metodologia adotada consistiu no inventário da composição florística local. As plantas foram identificadas por meio de literatura específica, e as espécies não identificadas foram fotografadas e enviadas para especialistas. A lista florística foi classificada com base na classificação da APG IV. Constatou-se que 62,5% das espécies são exóticas, predominância da espécie nim-indiano (Azadirachta indica), com percentual de 53%, e da família botânica Fabaceae, representando 20% das famílias inventariadas, além da presença de espécies arbóreas com poda drástica, áreas pavimentadas e sem arborização e um número expressivo de mudas. É necessário, portanto, que seja dada prioridade às espécies nativas, além da necessidade de se levar em consideração a espécie e o local do plantio e da manutenção da arborização como um todo no planejamento.

Potential of floral and fruit resources for wildlife of tree species suitable for urban afforestation in São Paulo: in search of a biodiverse city

RESUMO Árvores fornecem habitat e recursos para a fauna residente e transiente nas cidades. A escolha de espécies arbóreas para plantio urbano segue critérios multifatoriais, mas pouco considera os recursos que elas disponibilizam para a fauna. Objetivamos identificar grupos funcionais de 154 espécies arbóreas nativas indicadas para plantio urbano do município de São Paulo a partir dos recursos florais e frutíferos disponibilizados para visitantes florais e frutíferos potenciais. Observamos um número proporcional de espécies com dispersão abiótica e biótica e um predomínio de espécies de arbóreas polinizadas por abelhas ou com frutos carnosos consumidos por aves. Propusemos oito grupos funcionais caracterizados pelo compartilhamento de visitantes florais e frugívoros potenciais que apresentaram uma riqueza desigual. Uma escolha focada na identificação taxonômica e porte das espécies pode promover uma alta redundância funcional e impactar a riqueza de interações planta-animal e diminuir a permeabilidade das cidades para fauna.

The Gree-Blue City program for management of urban afforestation in the cities of Araraquara and São Carlos, State of São Paulo

The Gree-Blue City Program is an environmental public policy that established the Urban Afforestation as its main topic. In this regard, the general purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of the Urban Afforestation Directive of this Program for Management of Urban Afforestation in the cities of Araraquara and São Carlos, state of São Paulo. Therefore, the specific purposes were: 1) To investigate actions, best practices adopted, and difficulties found to meet criteria of the Urban Afforestation Directive in the cities of Araraquara and São Carlos, considering the context of the cities studied; 2) To know the feeling of the interlocutors from the mayor’s office of the respective cities. The methodology used was an exploratory qualitative approach, by employing the following methodological procedures: bibliographical research, documentary research, and semi-structured interviews with civil servants of the cities of Araraquara and São Carlos. One of the main results was the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the two cities, such important data for contextualizing each criterion of the Urban Afforestation Directive. It was found that the Urban Afforestation Directive (DAU) of the Gree-Blue City Program (PMVA) mobilized actions aimed at the Management of Urban Afforestation in the cities studied, taking into account their most different contexts. However, it is necessary to overcome gaps and challenges in order to comply with the DAU with continuous, lasting, and effective actions in the cities.

Categorias sociopolíticas da ética climática: Plano Municipal de Arborização Urbana (São Paulo)

Abstract This article aims to understand the dispute between different worldviews through the analysis of proposals for the socioenvironmental reordering of a mega-metropolis. Ecocentric and anthropocentric moralities coexist in the structure of the political instrument developed to face the climate crisis: the Municipal Plan for the Urban Afforestation of the City of São Paulo – PMAU (2019). The theory of contemporary convivialism was used to polish categories emerging from the field of climate ethics: decision-making pluralism, planned naturalness, and temporal benefit. The result indicates that the structural content of the PMAU is still fragile to face the climate crisis. However, we highlight the importance of including the climate ethics dimension for the evaluation and effective formulation of public instruments to mitigate climate change in cosmopolitan regions.

Sociopolitical categories of climate ethics: the Municipal Plan for Urban Afforestation (São Paulo)

Resumo Este artigo busca compreender a disputa entre diferentes visões de mundo por meio da análise das propostas de reordenamento socioambiental formulado para uma megametrópole. Moralidades ecocêntricas e antropocêntricas coexistem na estrutura do instrumento político de enfrentamento da emergência climática: Plano Municipal de Arborização Urbana da Cidade de São Paulo – Pmau (2019-2020). A perspectiva da teoria do convivialismo contemporâneo foi utilizada para lapidar as emergentes categorias do campo da ética climática: pluralidade decisória, naturalidade planejada e benefício temporal. O resultado demonstra que o conteúdo estrutural do Pmau ainda é frágil para o enfrentamento da emergência climática. Todavia, ressalta-se a relevância da inclusão da dimensão ética climática na avaliação e formulação eficaz de instrumentos públicos de mitigação das mudanças climáticas para regiões cosmopolitas.

Initial growth of ipê-roxo subjected to doses of hydro-absorbent polymer

Environmental processes to recover degraded areas, as well as the conservation of Brazilian forests and biomes, have intensified interest in the propagation of native species, triggering an increase in demand for the production of seeds and seedlings. Among the plants with a high potential for reforestation is the ipê, of all colors, a species suitable for reforestation, urban afforestation, landscaping, or domestic planting. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological characteristics of ipê-roxo as a function of doses of hydro-absorbent polymer in the open field. The experiment was carried out in 14 L pots in the area of the UNINTA University Center, in the municipality of Tianguá, on the Ibiapaba plateau, in a randomized block design, testing three doses of hydro-absorbent polymer (0.0, 3.0, and 6.0 g kg-1) applied in the hole before transplanting the ipê-roxo seedlings, with five replications. The plant's morphological characteristics were assessed, such as number of leaves, plant height, and stem diameter. The data was subjected to the normality test and Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. It was found that there were no significant results about the treatments used in the experiment; the different doses of hydro-absorbent polymer did not influence any of the variables analyzed, as shown in the analysis of variance, at 30, 60, and 90 DAT. We conclude that the null hypothesis is accepted, there is no difference between the treatments and the control, indicating that polymer doses of up to 6.0 g kg-1 do not influence the morphological aspect of ipê-roxo up to 90 days.

Molecular characterization of Melanoxylon brauna (Fabaceae) matrices established in a multiclonal minigarden

Melanoxylon brauna is a tree species native to the Atlantic Forest that has great potential for reforestation and urban afforestation. Due to its exploitation, germination difficulties, and absence in afforestation projects, it is currently endangered. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure in M. brauna matrixes established in multiclonal minigardens through inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Plant material of 59 individuals arranged in the multiclonal minigarden was collected for the analyses. Eleven ISSR primers were selected, which generated 183 fragments, among which 117 were polymorphic (63,93%). The efficiency of the markers was confirmed through the polymorphism information content (PIC) which resulted in an average value of 0.36, characterizing them as moderately informative. High genetic diversity was found based on the values of the number of observed alleles (AO = 2.00) and effective alleles (AE = 1.63), Nei's diversity index (H* = 0.36), Shannon index (I* = 0.54), and the formation of distinct groups by cluster analysis. Despite the alleles being well distributed among individuals, revealing high genetic diversity, Bayesian inference revealed only one genetic group (K = 1). The ISSR markers proved to be efficient in the characterization of the genetic diversity in M. brauna individuals, and the population of the multiclonal minigarden can be used as a source of propagules for seedling production. However, actions such as the expansion of the genetic diversity through the introduction of plants from different origins can increase the adaptive potential of the minigarden and future established populations.

Biometric characterization, post-seminal development and overcoming seed dormancy of Albizia polycephala (Benth.) Killip ex Record

Albizia polycephala (Benth) Killip, popularly known as angico-branco, belongs to the Fabaceae - Mimosoideae family, is a pioneer species used for environmental restoration, ornamentation and urban afforestation. Biometric characterization is an important tool to provide information on the type of germination, in addition to describing the morphology of the seed, it stimulates studies inherent to taxonomy, ecology and seed technology. For the production of seedlings, the most used form of propagation of this species is through seeds. Therefore, with the establishment of protocols to overcome dormancy of forest species, the producer will be able to choose the most efficient method and also the one that best adapts to his reality, both commercial and technological, providing an increase in the number of species destined to compose the models for the recovery of degraded areas to be implemented. Based on this, the objective of this work was to carry out the biometric characterization of the seeds, describe the post-seminal stages and verify the best way to promote the germination of A. polycephala using pre-germination treatments to overcome dormancy. The work was carried out at the Laboratory of Phytotechnics of the Campus of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences (CECA) of the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL). The differentiation and development of A. polycephala seedlings was measured. In the dormancy breaking trial, the following treatments were used: i) control (intact seeds); (ii) chemical scarification by immersing the seeds in sulfuric acid for 5 min, followed by washing in running water; iii) cut (cut) on the side opposite the micropyle; iv) immersion in hot water (80°C) and cooling for 24 h; v) immersion in distilled water (room temperature) for 24 h; and vi) immersion in distilled water (room temperature) for 48 h. The seeds were incubated in a germination chamber at a constant temperature of 30°C. The design used was completely randomized, with 4 replications of 25 seeds per treatment, and the means were compared by Tukey's test at 5% probability. At the time of installation of the experiment, the seeds had a water content of 12.4%, with an average of 10.3 mm in length, 7.42 mm in width and 2.46 mm in thickness. Germination is epigeous and seedlings are phanerocotyledon. The physical rupture of the seed coat from the bud treatment contributed to the increase in permeability to water and gases, thus benefiting the germination process. Thus, topping can be recommended to overcome A. polycephala seed dormancy.

The image recognition of urban greening tree species based on deep learning and CAMP-MKNet model

The information of urban tree species resources is of vital significance to the planning and design of urban green spaces. Tree organs, such as the bark are used as the primary features of identifying tree species. However, traditional tree identification methods need to consume a lot of manpower and time costs. In addition, the application of machine image recognition technology to tree species recognition still has problems such as heavy data preprocessing workload, small number of tree species images, uneven distribution of categories, and low recognition accuracy. In order to promote the intelligent management of urban forestry and solve the above problems, it is necessary to establish an automatic image recognition model for urban greening tree species. We captured bark images of 21 urban afforestation tree species in their natural environment and constructed a dataset that was divided into a train set, validation set, and test set in the ratio of 7:1:2. Combining Channel Attention Module (CAM) with algorithms such as Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) and Mixed Depthwise Dilated Convolutional Kernels. The core algorithm is Mixed Convolution Kernel (MK), and a CAMP-MKNet Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is constructed as a bark image classification model for urban greening tree species. The overall accuracy of the generic models ranged from 41.06% to 82.03%, whereas the overall accuracy of the experimental CAMP-MKNet model was 84.25%, with lower prediction cost. Our study shows that the CAMP-MKNet CNN model with better prediction performance and computational cost and can provide crucial insights and technical support for developing automated urban tree species image recognition systems.

Environmental legislation and the importance of urban afforestation in the municipality of Campo Grande - Mato Grosso do Sul

The Federal Constitution of 1988 established the decentralization of competence to legislate on the environmental issue, and, consequently, the competence of the municipality to legislate on the environment, including the issue of urban afforestation. The objective of this article is to analyze urban afforestation, based on the legislation that deals with the subject, diagnosing the main problems derived from inadequate afforestation, either by choosing the wrong species or by the lack of maintenance and monitoring of the chosen seedlings. In this context, we also sought to verify the role played by the municipality in order to avoid the impacts caused by inadequate afforestation. It was concluded that, despite the importance of protecting the artificial environment and the existence of a vast legal apparatus available for the implementation of urban afforestation, the legislation is not fully effective, lacking in important technical aspects, which ends up leaving it to subjective criteria the implementation of afforestation, including respect for the tree species to be used.