Solution Of Uranine Research Articles

In Situ Downhole Fluid Analysis Systems Using LED, Laser-Induced Fluorescence, and Uranine-Traced Drilling Water.

The paper discusses a novel three-channel method to distinguish the formation oils, water, and uranine-based drilling mud and to monitor the clean-up process in the downhole fluid analysis systems. The proposed method is based on the study of the fluorescence spectra of the formation fluid or drilling mud samples. The experiment for different excitation sources (365 nm, 395 nm LEDs, and 405 nm, 460 nm laser sources) was carried out; the spectra were recorded with a VISION2GO VIS spectrometer. The characteristic features in fluorescence spectra of the crude oil sample and various concentrations of the uranine solution in pH-neutral water (5 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 25 mg/l, 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l) were observed. The sufficient unambiguous criterion for differentiating the type of fluid and clean-up process analysis is presented.

Study on the stability of colored fluorescent tracers in highly sulfated reservoir waters

The article presents the issues related to the determination of colored fluorescent tracers such as fluorescein, eosin yellowish, rhodamine B and uranine in reservoir waters by spectrophotometric method. For this purpose, the influence of the pH of the solution on the absorption spectra of the tested tracers was checked. Test results show that fluorescein, rhodamine B and uranine are sensitive to changes in the buffer pH, therefore it is advisable to use stable tracer solutions as well as to control and possibly correct pH in further tests. As part of the study, calibration curves of fluorescein, eosin yellowish, rhodamine B and uranine in distilled water, reservoir water A4 and highly sulfated reservoir waters A5 and A6 were plotted and the analytical methods were validated. Analytical validation included determination of linearity, standard deviation and relative standard deviation of the tested tracers solutions. High values of the regression parameters (0.9927–0.9998) of the analyzed tracers prove a good linear fit, while low values of standard deviation and relative standard deviation prove its repeatability and precision. Particular attention was paid to testing the stability of colored fluorescent tracers in highly sulfated reservoir waters. For this purpose, solutions of the tested tracers were prepared at concentrations of 10 mg/dm3 in distilled water, A4 reservoir water and highly sulfated A5 and A6 reservoir waters. Measurements of the tested tracers in the prepared solutions were performed every 2 days over the period of 1 month. The test results show that fluorescein, eosin yellowish, rhodamine B and uranine solutions are stable in the distilled water and A4 reservoir water, while they degrade in the A5 and A6 reservoir waters. Fluorescein and uranine turned out to be the most sensitive, as they degraded completely in the A6 reservoir water after 20 (fluorescein) and 22 (uranine) days. Yellowish eosin and rhodamine B turned out to be slightly more stable in highly sulfated reservoir waters, as they degraded completely in the A6 reservoir water after 24 days.

Invisible dye tracing – an efficient technique for study of groundwater channels

We studied excitation spectra of uranine fluorescence in eluates from charcoal traps saturated in cave waters and in reference uranine solutions and found that the most appropriate excitation wavelength is 295±5 nm, because it excites fluorescence of uranine many times stronger than fluorescence of natural fluorescent compounds in groundwater. This allows us to lower the detection limit of uranine fluorescence with one order of magnitude, even below the level of natural fluorescence of karst waters at integral UV excitation.

Characteristics of a Falling Liquid Film Flow Using Periodic Jetting Flow

This work tried to form a falling thin film by supplying liquid to the disk attached to the upper part of the device, rotating the disk and jetting liquid onto the wall surface in order to develop a new falling film evaporator without contamination. Heat transfer enhancement is expected by the surface renewal effect of unsteady and/or periodical flow due to the rotating disk with ditches. The influence of the shape and rotation speed of the disk on the flow of the falling thin film was investigated. Four kinds of rotating disk having small two or four ditches with a depth of 1 mm were used. The apparatus consists of a rotating disk, a cylindrical glass tube and a reservoir. An aqueous solution of uranine is supplied from the reservoir to the upper part of the rotating disk by a pump. The flow rate of the aqueous solution was 88 L/h, and the rotation speed of the disk was set at 200 or 300 rpm. The time-dependent flow condition was observed by irradiating a UV lamp from the side of the apparatus and photographing the front test section with the vertical length of 200 mm by a digital camera. The correlation between film thickness distribution and heat transfer characteristics suggested that thinner film thickness, nonuniform film thickness distribution with higher intensity due to large-scale waves, and higher circumferential velocity of liquid film were three major factors to enhance heat transfer.

A Note on the Use of Uranine Tracer to Visualize Radionuclide Migration Experiments: Some Observations and Problems

Uranine is a dye commonly used in tracer experiments; it is chosen for its high visibility even at low concentrations. Uranine solutions are slightly denser than water at the same temperature. However, in laboratory experiments uranine solutions have been known to occasionally show unpredictable flow behaviors. This paper investigates the possible effect of light-induced density change to explain some of these behaviors. Uranine has a wide light absorption spectrum for visible light, which can heat the dye solution and lower its density to below that of the surrounding water, which induces buoyancy-driven flow. Simulations are made in both one dimension and two dimensions to determine the extent of the effect. The results are then compared to different experiments with unanticipated flow patterns.

Use of sodium fluorescein dye to visualize the vaporization plane within porous media

The vaporization plane in porous media separates the region of capillary flow from the dry surface layer, where the water transports only in its gas phase. Knowledge of the depth and geometry of the vaporization plane is critical for estimating water flux in the soil-atmosphere interphase, for understanding evaporating processes in general, and for prediction of locations of damaging salt crystallization, etc. However, detection of the vaporization plane is a challenging task. This paper explores the use of sodium fluorescein dye (uranine), a popular hydrological tracer, to visualize the vaporization plane in porous media. Uranine was used in the forms of solution or powder on sand, sandstone, and autoclaved aerated concrete, in both laboratory and field experiments. The property of uranine solution to change its color according to its concentration can be used to: i) visualize the vaporization plane by forming a distinctive dark-orange zone where the pore water evaporates, and ii) to distinguish the zone of vapor flow from the zone where capillary flow is present. Similarly, uranine powder, when applied onto a porous material, clearly visualizes the dry surface layer and the capillary zone, divided by the vaporization plane. This technique can also visualize a complex-shaped vaporization plane in hydrophobic materials. In comparison with other techniques, such as sensible heat balance or heat pulse methods, the use of uranine is accurate, cost-effective, and straightforward.

The influence of some chemical and physical parameters of water samples on spectral determinations of fluorescent dyes

The fluorescence intensity of various substances is dependent on the physical and chemical properties (e.g. pH, temperature, sorption, presence of oxidants, etc.) of the respective sample matrix (e.g. water), We have studied the influence of some of these factors on the fluorescence intensity of uranine, rhodamine WT, and sulphorhodamine, in order to enable their detection in trace levels by putting respective aquatic samples in optimal conditions. The results indicate that pH modifies the fluorescence intensity of uranine solutions much more than for the fluorescence of rhodamine WT and sulphorhodamine water solutions. This process is reversible. Temperature also has influence on the fluorescence intensity, whereas the presence of oxidants in water samples irreversibly destroy the fluorescing molecules. All of these processes manifest diverse effects on different kinds of fluorescent dyes.

Ultrasonic micromixer for microfluidic systems

This paper describes the design, fabrication and evaluation of an active micromixer for continuous flow. Mixing occurs directly from ultrasonic vibration. The intended use of the device is for integrated microchemical synthesis systems or for micro total analysis systems. The patterns of inlets, outlet and mixing chamber were formed in glass. The entire flow path was encapsulated by anodic bonding of a Si wafer to the glass. A diaphragm ( 6 mm×6 mm×0.15 mm ) was etched on the Si side to prevent ultrasonic radiation from escaping to the other parts of the device. The ultrasonic vibration originated from a bulk piezoelectric lead–zirconate–titanate (PZT) ceramic ( 5 mm×4 mm×0.15 mm ). The PZT was adhered on the diaphragm and was excited by a 60 kHz square wave at 50 V (peak-to-peak). Liquids were mixed in a chamber ( 6 mm×6 mm×0.06 mm ) with the Si oscillating diaphragm driven by the PZT. A solution of uranine and water was used to evaluate the effectiveness of mixing. The entire process was recorded using a fluorescent microscope equipped with a digital camera. The laminar flows of the uranine solution (5 ml/min) and water (5 ml/min) were mixed continuously and effectively when the PZT was excited. The temperature rise of our device was 15°C due to the ultrasonic irradiation.

Evidence for the Uptake of Large Anions through Stomatal Pores

Abstract:Experiments were conducted with leek (Allium porrum L.) leaves to investigate whether aqueous solutions are able to penetrate stomata. Epidermal strips were used for the determination of transport rates. Stomata were opened by fusicoccin or closed by darkness or abscisic acid. A droplet containing the anionic fluorescent dye, uranine, was placed on the physiologically outer side of the epidermis and allowed to dry. With open stomata 30 times more uranine penetrated through the epidermal strips than with closed stomata (comparison of medians). In another experiment droplets of uranine solution were placed on leaf segments and epidermal strips were removed after drying of the droplets. Penetration of uranine through stomata was detectable under the microscope both with epidermal strips from the transport experiments and with strips obtained after application on leaf segments. As maximum uptake rates occurred during the drying process, it is concluded that penetration took place via water films. These results show that the physical restrictions preventing stomatal penetration of static droplets are not decisive for drying droplets and that stomatal uptake of dissolved ionic substances occurs under natural conditions, i.e. without surfactants or applied pressure.

A modified high‐output, size‐selective aerosol generator

AbstractA compact and commercial aerosol generator capable of generating narrowly size‐distributed aerosols with high mass concentrations was designed, fabricated and tested. The aerosol generator, consisting of a Delavan simplex nozzle (Model 30610‐4), an L‐shaped settling chamber and a virtual impactor with a clean air core, was modified and improved from Chein and Lundgren's work [20] to be more compact and readily commercial. The performance of the aerosol generator was evaluated using corn‐oil, sodium chloride and uranine solutions. The results indicated that the cornoil droplets produced by the generator had a mass medium aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 7.20 ± 0.32 μm with a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.48 ± 0.01 and the aerosol generation rate was 13.8 ± 1.3 mg/min. Solid aerosols generated from NaCl solution were found to have an MMAD in the range 1.39–4.88 μm with a GSD of 1.34–1.47 with the volumetric solution concentration varying from 0.1% to 9%. At the same time, the aerosol generation rate varied from 0.27 ± 0.05 to 15.8 ± 1.8 mg/min. depending on the solution concentration and the particle size produced. In addition, a 0.01% uraniane solution was tested to generate a submicron aerosol with an MMAD of 0.93 μm and a GSD of 1.48.

Experimental Observations of Internal Vortex Structures in Steady Baroclinic Waves

Abstract The basic structures of steady baroclinic waves observed in a differentially heated rotating-fluid annulus are well known to be composed of high and low pressure vortices, upper (eastward) and lower (westward) jet streams meandering through the vortices, and boundary layers. In order to find the structure of the vortices, the authors have conducted a series of experiments on a rotating-fluid annulus by injecting a few drops of red ink (and/or uranine solution) into a vortex or a jet and observing the results in the corotating reference frame of the wave that drifted eastward (counterclockwise) relative to the rotating annulus. The observed 3D ink patterns appearing in the fluid revealed the inner regions of the vortices. Their structures are composed of a core and a transition zone (separatrix layer). The core is a rather well-isolated region around the axis of the vortex and is split into separate upper and lower layers. The transition zone is a thin layer next to the core and the fluid is frequ...

B208 回転円筒水槽実験における定常傾圧波の渦の構造の観測

The basic structure of steady baroclinic waves observed in a differentially-heated rotating-fluid annulus is well known to be composed of high- and low-pressure vortices, upper (eastward) and lower (westward) jet-streams meandering through the vortices, and boundary layers. In order to find the structure of the vortices, we have conducted a series of experiments on a rotating-fluid annulus by injecting a few drops of red ink (and/or uranine solution) into a vortex or a jet and observing the results in the co-rotating reference frame of the wave which drifted eastward (counter-clockwise) relative to the rotating annulus. The observed 3-D ink patterns appearing in the fluid revealed the inner region of the vortices. Their structures are composed of a core and a transition zone (separatrix layer). The core is a rather well isolated region around the axis of a vortex and is split into separate upper and lower layers. The transition zone is a thin layer next to the core and the fluid. is frequently transported to and from its outside, but rarely to the core. Then a weak downwelling caused by the Ekman pumping was observed in the upper layer of the core in the high-pressure vortex and similarly a weak upwelling in the lower layer of the core in the low-pressure vortex. In addition, the present experiments were found to yield some results which are similar to those determined in the numerical simulations of Sugata and Yoden (1994) which followed the Lagrangian motion of a fluid particle in the annulus.

Fluorometric determination of indium with 2-hydroxy-5-sulfoaniline-N-salicylidene.

Indium reacts quantitatively with 2-hydroxy-5-sulfoaniline-N-salicylidene (HSS) to form a fluorescent complex at pH 5.05.2. In 8 v/v% N, N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF), the fluorescence intensity of the complex is stable for at least 72 h. The analytical procedure is as follows: To a sample solution containing less than 10μg of indium, were added 1 ml of 0.1 w/v% sodium fluoride solution, 2 ml of 0.1 w/v% HSS solution in DMF and 1 ml of 0.2 w/v% ammonium acetate solution. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 5.1±0.1 with ammonium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid and then the solution was diluted to 25 ml with water. After standing for 15 min, the fluorescence intensity was measured at 500 nm with excitation at 405 nm. By the use of 0.01, 0.05 or 0.1μg/ml uranine solution as a setting reagent, 0.0310μg of indium was determined. The relative standard deviation was 0.6% (n=5) for 1.6μg of indium. Aluminium (III), gallium (III) and tin(II) gave serious positive errors. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of indium in zinc residue, where the indium was previously separatedfrom interfering elements by extraction with isopropylether.

The Fluorometric Determination of Indium with 8-Quinolinethiol

Abstract 8-Quinolinethiol reacts with indium in the presence of acetic acid to give a yellow ternary complex. The complex, which has a greenish-yellow fluorescence with an emission maximum at 515 nm, can be extracted into chloroform at pH 2–4. In the ternary complex, the fluorescence intensity was about two times as large as that of the indium 8-quinolinethiolato complex containing no acetate ion. The fluorescence was stable for at least 1 h. By the use of a 0.2 μg/ml uranine solution as the setting reagent, 0–25 μg of indium in 10 ml of chloroform was determined. The coefficient of the variation was 3% for 12 μg of indium. The extractability of the ternary complex from 50 ml of an aqueous solution into 10 ml of chloroform was 99%. Iron, mercury, and silver, which interfere with the determination of indium, were masked with ascorbic acid, potassium iodide, and thiourea. Other interfering elements, including zinc, cadmium, gallium, nickel, palladium, cobalt, antimony, gold, copper, bismuth, and vanadium, must be removed before any analysis.

ChemInform Abstract: ESR STUDY ON FLUORESCEIN SEMIQUINONE RADICAL

Chemischer InformationsdienstVolume 5, Issue 48 Physical Organic Chemistry ChemInform Abstract: ESR STUDY ON FLUORESCEIN SEMIQUINONE RADICAL SHIGEYA NIIZUMA, SHIGEYA NIIZUMASearch for more papers by this authorYOSHIHARU SATO, YOSHIHARU SATOSearch for more papers by this authorSHIRO KONISHI, SHIRO KONISHISearch for more papers by this authorHIROSHI KOKUBUN, HIROSHI KOKUBUNSearch for more papers by this author SHIGEYA NIIZUMA, SHIGEYA NIIZUMASearch for more papers by this authorYOSHIHARU SATO, YOSHIHARU SATOSearch for more papers by this authorSHIRO KONISHI, SHIRO KONISHISearch for more papers by this authorHIROSHI KOKUBUN, HIROSHI KOKUBUNSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 3, 1974 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.197448096AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume5, Issue48December 3, 1974 RelatedInformation

ESR Study on Fluorescein Semiquinone Radical

Abstract The ESR spectrum of the fluorescein semiquinone radical (dianion form) produced by illumination of an alkaline aqueous solution of uranine and leuco-uranine at pH between 11 and 14 was observed and its hfs constants were determined by comparing the spectrum with those of the mono- and trianion forms of fluorescein semiquinone and those of eosm semiquinone reported by Leaver. Six protons in the xanthene ring were found to be comprised of three pairs of magnetically equivalent protons, which suggests a certain dynamic mechanism to average the coupling constants. From a temperature dependence of the line width, protonation to the –O− group followed by deprotonation from the –OH group was proposed as a plausible mechanism.

Influence of the degree if dispersion of uranine in solutions on the fluorescence light intensity

From scattering measurements of light which does not excite fluorescence, it is found that acetone, dioxan or ethanol in low concentrations reduce the aggregates in an aqueous solution of uranine. In contrast, concentrated solutions of acetone, dioxan and ethanol enhance these aggregates. A correlation is found between the intensity of the light scattered by the aggregates and the fluorescence light intensity.

Chemical Studies on Hot Springs. IX : Chemical Analysis of Chloride.

Effects of pH values on the amounts of chloride determined by five analytical methods were investigated. In titration analysis, a particular error was respectively shown by Mohr, Volhard, and mercuric nitrate method. Uranine solution was unsuitable as the indicator, since remarkable end point was not given. In colorimetric determination by mercuric thiocyanate, however, no difference of color tone was visually observed by various pH values of the solution containing 50 ppm chlor ion.

Influence of the Addition of High Molecular Electrolyte upon the Absorption Spectra and Fluorescence of Organic Dyestuffs. IV

Abstract The relative intensity of fluorescence and the change of absorption spectra were examined when chitosan hydrochloride and other amine hydrochloride were added to the aqueous solution of uranine, eosine and erythrosine, which are all acidic and have no tendency to associate. It was found that in the case of uranine, the interaction between amino group and the dye ion is so strong that it directly influences the absorption band remarkably, and thence the interaction is commonly observed irrespective of whether the molecular weight of electrolyte is high or low. In the case of eosine and erythrosine there exists no such strong interaction between amino group and dye ion because the amino compound of low molecular weight produces no marked change in either fluorescence or absorption; a quite notable change is observed in the case of the amino compounds of high molecular weight; thus for example, the fluorescence at first drops and then recovers as the concentration is increased. The phenomena were interpreted as due to the concentration effect of dye ions gathered around the electrolyte ion by weak attraction. This interpretation is quite analogous to that already applied for basic dyes. There appeared, however, no metachromasy band and this was ascribed to the fact that the acidic dyes have scarcely any tendency to associate; thus our opinion put forth for the case of basic dyes, that the change of aggregation of dye ions is mainly responsible for metachromasy, was confirmed once more in the case of acidic dyes.

Influence of the Addition of High Molecular Electrolytes upon the. Absorption Spectra and Fluorescence of Organic Dyestuffs. II

The relative intensity of fluorescence and the change of absorption spectra were examined when chitosan hydrochloride and other amine hydrochloride were added to the aqueous solution of uranine, eosine and erythrosine, which are all acidic and have no tendency to associate. It was found that in the case of uranine, the interaction between amino group and the dye ion is so strong that it directly influences the absorption band remarkably, and thence the interaction is commonly observed irrespective of whether the molecular weight of electrolyte is high or low. In the case of eosine and erythrosine there exists no such strong interaction between amino group and dye ion because the amino compound of low molecular weight produces no marked change in either fluorescence or absorption; a quite notable change is observed in the case of the amino compounds of high molecular weight; thus for example, the fluorescence at first drops and then recovers as the concentration is increased. The phenomena were interpreted...