Uptake Of Chloride Ions Research Articles

Evaluation of bumetanide as a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.

Therapeutics discovery and development for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been an area of intense research to alleviate memory loss and the underlying pathogenic processes. Recent drug discovery approaches have utilized in silico computational strategies for drug candidate selection which has opened the door to repurposing drugs for AD. Computational analysis of gene expression signatures of patients stratified by the APOE4 risk allele of AD led to the discovery of the FDA-approved drug bumetanide as a top candidate agent that reverses APOE4 transcriptomic brain signatures and improves memory deficits in APOE4 animal models of AD. Bumetanide is a loop diuretic which inhibits the kidney Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter isoform, NKCC2, for the treatment of hypertension and edema in cardiovascular, liver, and renal disease. Electronic health record data revealed that patients exposed to bumetanide have lower incidences of AD by 35%-70%. In the brain, bumetanide has been proposed to antagonize the NKCC1 isoform which mediates cellular uptake of chloride ions. Blocking neuronal NKCC1 leads to a decrease in intracellular chloride and thus promotes GABAergic receptor mediated hyperpolarization, which may ameliorate disease conditions associated with GABAergic-mediated depolarization. NKCC1 is expressed in neurons and in all brain cells including glia (oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes) and the vasculature. In consideration of bumetanide as a repurposed drug for AD, this review evaluates its pharmaceutical properties with respect to its estimated brain levels across doses that can improve neurologic disease deficits of animal models to distinguish between NKCC1 and non-NKCC1 mechanisms. The available data indicate that bumetanide efficacy may occur at brain drug levels that are below those required for inhibition of the NKCC1 transporter which implicates non-NKCC1 brain mechansims for improvement of brain dysfunctions and memory deficits. Alternatively, peripheral bumetanide mechanisms may involve cells outside the central nervous system (e.g., in epithelia and the immune system). Clinical bumetanide doses for improved neurological deficits are reviewed. Regardless of mechanism, the efficacy of bumetanide to improve memory deficits in the APOE4 model of AD and its potential to reduce the incidence of AD provide support for clinical investigation of bumetanide as a repurposed AD therapeutic agent.

Effect of chloride salt on the phase evolution in alkali-activated slag cements through thermodynamic modelling

In this study thermodynamic modelling was used to investigate the effect of chloride salt on the phase evolution in alkali-activated slag paste. The effects of different sources of chloride salts (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2) and slag chemistry were studied. In thermodynamic modelling, a new solid solution model, i.e. MgAl–Cl-LDH_ss, was proposed to consider the uptake of chloride ions by hydroxylated hydrotalcite. The modelling results show that the valence of cation in chloride salt and slag chemistry both significantly affect the phase assemblage, pore solution composition and chemical chloride binding capacity of alkali-activated slag paste. The hydroxylated hydrotalcite decomposes upon NaCl attack, while upon the attack by CaCl2 and MgCl2 it transforms to chloride intercalated hydrotalcite. Decalcification, dealumination and altering mean chain length of C-(N-)A-S-H gel are predicted upon chloride salt attack. Increasing Al2O3 content in slag thermodynamically favors the formation of Friedel's salt, leading to a higher chemical chloride binding capacity.

Promoting the uptake of chloride ions by ZnCo–Cl layered double hydroxide electrodes for enhanced capacitive deionization

The ZnCo–Cl layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been developed for high-performance HCDI anodes by promoting the chloride ions uptake.

Structure-Based Functional Modification Study of a Cyanobacterial Chloride Pump for Transporting Multiple Anions

Understanding the structure and functional mechanisms of cyanobacterial halorhodopsin has become increasingly important, given the report that Synechocystis halorhodopsin (SyHR), a homolog of the cyanobacterial halorhodopsin from Mastigocladopsis repens (MrHR), can take up divalent ions, such as SO42−, as well as chloride ions. Here, the crystal structure of MrHR, containing a unique “TSD” chloride ion conduction motif, was determined as a homotrimer at a resolution of 1.9 Å. The detailed structure of MrHR revealed a unique trimeric topology of the light-driven chloride pump, with peculiar coordination of two water molecules and hydrogen-mediated bonds near the TSD motif, as well as a short B–C loop. Structural and functional analyses of MrHR revealed key residues responsible for the anion selectivity of cyanobacterial halorhodopsin and the involvement of two chloride ion-binding sites in the ion conduction pathway. Alanine mutant of Asn63, Pro118, and Glu182 locating in the anion inlet induce multifunctional uptake of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions. Moreover, the structure of N63A/P118A provides information on how SyHR promotes divalent ion transport. Our findings significantly advance the structural understanding of microbial rhodopsins with different motifs. They also provide insight into the general structural framework underlying the molecular mechanisms of the cyanobacterial chloride pump containing SyHR, the only molecule known to transport both sulfate and chloride ions.

Pulsed Electrodeposition of Ultrathin Polyaniline Films and Mechanistic Understanding of their Anion-Mediated Electrochemical Behavior

Electrode materials which undergo anion insertion are of interest for next-generation energy storage devices and electrochemical water desalination. Polyaniline (PANI) is a robust and well-studied electrode material for anion insertion, but to date we have been unable to establish the electrochemical and anion-binding performance of PANI at nanoscale thicknesses because these thicknesses are not obtainable using standard PANI deposition procedures. Here, we report a new pulsed electrodeposition procedure for the controlled growth of PANI thin films with nanometer-scale thickness control. Using this pulsing technique, we deposit nanoscale (<100 nm) thin films of PANI onto stainless steel (SS) disks and gold electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) crystals. We examine the charge rate and anion-binding properties as a function of nanoscale thickness, and reveal previously undescribed insights into the charge storage and anion binding mechanisms of PANI. In particular, we identify that PANI films of <10 nm thickness provide rapid chloride ion uptake for desalination applications, and that thicker ∼100 nm PANI films are able to achieve rapid charge storage in sulfate solutions due to SO42−/HSO4− embedded within the PANI acting as a proton donor/acceptor. The results we report will inform the use of PANI thin films for energy storage and desalination applications.

The Ability of Avicennia marina to Uptake Ions of Sodium and Chloride in Reed Bed System Reactor

Many technologies can be used to solve the clean water crisis. One of the technologies is desalination, but this technology is expensive. So that, it is necessary to find cheaper desalination technology and easier to operate. Bio-desalination is a technology that utilizes bacteria to remove sodium and chloride ions in seawater. In this research, the application of the phytotechnology concept for bio-desalination reactors was carried out. Bio-desalination technology used the uniqueness of mangrove plants (Avicennia marina) in a reed bed system reactor that adapted from a reed bed system commonly used in constructed wetlands (CWs). The aim of the research was to determine the uptake of sodium and chloride ions by Avicennia marina in a reed bed system bio-desalination reactor. The namely of reactor were AM15‰, AM25‰, AMVA15‰ and AMVA25‰. The VA code was shown that Vibrio alginolyticus addition in this reactor. The artificial saline water with initial salinity of 15‰ and 25‰ was chosen based on our previous study. Parameter of salinity was determined using salinometer. Concentration of sodium and chloride ions were analyses using ion chromatography. Based on the results, the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in Avicennia marina at AM15‰ were 843.18 mg/kg and 4959.96 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, those were 1410.01 mg/kg and 5292.64 mg/kg at AM25 ‰, respectively. The concentration of sodium and chloride ions in AMVA15‰ were 1003.39 mg/kg and 3186.96 mg/kg, and it were 8036.43 mg/kg and 9783.91 mg/kg at AMVA25‰. The value of Bio-concentration Factor (BCF) and Translocation Factor (TF) were greater than 1, it indicated that Avicennia marina was as an hyperaccumulator plant for sodium and chloride ions. In conclusion, the Avicennia marina can be used in reed bed system bio-desalination reactor to reduce salinity.

Chloride removal and corrosion inhibitions of nitrate, nitrite-intercalated Mg Al layered double hydroxides on steel in saturated calcium hydroxide solution

Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate the chloride removal and corrosion inhibitions of NO3−, NO2− intercalated Mg Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) on steel in saturated calcium hydroxide solution by a comparative experiment. Mg-Al-LDH intercalated with NO2− was synthesized by anion exchange in the host material, Mg-Al-NO3 LDH, which was prepared by a coprecipitation method. The chloride equilibrium isotherm, corrosion potential and polarization resistance of steel (decided by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) in the solution were measured. Besides, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction instrument (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy were applied to observe the morphologies and microstructures of LDH. The results indicate that the LDH intercalated with NO3−, NO2− have excellent chloride removal capacities. Compared to LDH-NO3, the maximum chloride uptake amount for LDH-NO2 is relatively lower. However, the corrosion of steel for LDH-NO2 has a higher chloride threshold level. The dual effects, i.e., the uptake of chloride ion as an absorbent and the release of NO2− ions as an inhibitor, contribute to the better inhibition effect for LDH-NO2.

A Comparison Study for Chloride-Binding Capacity between Alkali-Activated Fly Ash and Slag in the Use of Seawater

This study aimed to investigate the chloride-binding capacity of alkali-activated fly ash (denoted as FSW) and slag (denoted as SSW) samples and their synthesized Cl-bearing phases, which are capable of binding and immobilizing chloride when seawater is used as the mixing water. This study also examined the progressive changes in the pore structures of the FSW and SSW samples over time. The results show that the SSW sample is significantly more effective in the uptake of chloride ions compared to the FSW sample at 28 days of curing. While the FSW sample forms Cl-bearing zeolites (Cl-chabazite and Cl-sodalite) (possibly with similar types of geopolymeric gels), the SSW sample synthesizes Cl-bearing, layered double hydroxides (LDH) (Cl-hydrocalumite and Cl-hydrotalcite). Although both samples involve Cl-binding phases, the FSW sample is likely to be less efficient because it largely produces zeolites (or similar geopolymeric gels) with no Cl-binding capability (i.e., zeolites X and Y). Meanwhile, the SSW sample produces Cl-bearing LDH phases as well as C-S-H(I), which can physically adsorb chloride. The SSW sample exhibits both pore-size refinement and porosity reduction over time, while the FSW sample only exhibits pore-size refinement. Therefore, the SSW system is more advantageous in the use of seawater because it more effectively prevents Cl ingression due to greater impermeability.

Chloride ion entrapment by calcined layered double hydroxides

Purpose Magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxides (LDH) with a platelet-like morphology were synthesized through a modified co-precipitation method. The purpose of this paper is to investigate calcined Mg-Al-CO3 LDH (CLDH) as chloride ion traps. Design/methodology/approach The morphology and chemical composition of the synthesized materials were studied through UHR-SEM, EDS, FT-IR and XRD. The chloride ion adsorption was confirmed by XRD; the characteristic diffraction peaks of the reconstructed LDH structure were revealed, similar to the one before the thermal treatment process. The effect of varying the experimental conditions on the chloride ion adsorption, such as the initial target-ion concentration, the adsorbent material dosage, the solution temperature and the solution pH was also investigated. Findings The experimental data fitting revealed that the Langmuir equation is a better model on the basis of correlation coefficients (R2) and that the pseudo-second kinetic model can satisfactorily describe the chloride ion uptake. Originality/value The ability of Mg-Al CLDH to recover their layered structure upon exposure to aqueous sodium chloride solutions with concentrations up to 0.3 M (10,636 mg/L) through the chloride adsorption and the simultaneous rehydration process is clearly demonstrated.

Genome Sequence of the Arsenic-Resistant Haladaptatus sp. Strain R4 Isolated from Ramnagar, West Bengal, India

Here, we present the draft genome of Haladaptatus sp. strain R4, a halophilic archaea that produces an orange-pink pigment and is capable of growing in a wide salinity range. The genome assembly shows genes for arsenic resistance, siderophore production, trehalose and glycine betaine biosynthesis, uptake and transporters of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions.

Surface-assisted electron transfer reaction and stabilization of reduced state

The present study aims to probe the effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the sorption behaviour of boroaluminosilicate glass (BASG). Firstly, BASG was loaded with AgNPs and benzotriazole (BT) and the glass exhibited surface-enhanced Raman spectrum of BT. The loaded BASG was equilibrated with copper (II) chloride solution and was investigated using ICP-AES, Raman spectroscopy, and luminescence measurements. It was observed that the glass matrix along with the sorbed copper ions showed luminescence, with a broad peak centered at ∼400nm, indicating the presence of copper ions in the Cu (I) state. However, in the absence of AgNPs, the glass matrix containing BT and sorbed copper ions failed to show luminescence implying that the copper ions are in the Cu (II) state. The glass matrix containing copper ions in addition to AgNPs and BT gave an enhanced Raman peak at 240 cm−1 (corresponding to Ag-Cl stretch with overlapping Ag-N stretch mode) and a shift of peak from 1022 (inplane trigonal ring breathing mode) to 1040 cm−1 and a broadening of the ring stretching modes at 1390 and 1575 cm−1. All these observations could be attributed to the interaction of copper ions with BT and the simultaneous uptake of chloride ions along with copper. The studies suggest that both AgNPs and copper ions bind to the nitrogen atoms of BT and form a nanoarray like assembly AgNPs-BT-Cu which facilitates the diffusion/tunnelling of electrons from AgNPs to Cu (II) ions resulting in the reduction of Cu (II) to Cu (I).

Phytoremediating coastal saline soils with oats: accumulation and distribution of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in plant organs

Saline soil is considered to have a greater reserve of potentially cultivable land in China, especially in coastal areas with abundant rainfall. The possible use of oats (Avena sativa L. or Avena nuda L.) for phytoremediation of the salinity and thus to improve soil quality for other crops is receiving greater attention. Six varieties (Bayou-1, Baiyan-2, Baiyan-7, Huawan-6, Huazao-2 and Pin-16) of oat were studied for their accumulation and distribution of salt ions in plant organs using a saline coastal area near the Bohai sea of North China. The objective was to determine the effects of variety, plant organs and time of harvest on the phytoremediating potential of oat. Plant uptake of sodium, potassium and chloride ions as well as growth rate varied significantly according to variety, growth stage, plant organ, and their interactions. The peak uptake of sodium and chloride ions in leaves across varieties was at the heading stage but in stem it was at maturity; for most varieties, potassium concentration was much higher in the stem during the growth period. The partitioning of ions to stem, root and panicle increased from heading to maturity but declined from maturity to delayed harvesting stage. However, those in the leaf continually decreased from heading to delayed harvesting stage. Averaged across growth stages and organs, the highest uptake rate for sodium ion (1739.4 g ha−1 day−1) and chloride ion (3693.7 g ha−1 day−1) was in the stem of BaiYan-7 variety during heading to maturity. The uptake rates for potassium ion in the stem were also the highest (2880.2 g ha−1 day−1 in the stem of BaiYan-2 variety) but they occurred from elongation to heading stage. Since most of the ions were concentrated in the straw, especially the stem, managing oats to enhance stem or straw biomass production and optimizing harvest or clipping times would have both economic and remediation benefits. Data from this study have added new information on how best to use oat for reclaiming degraded saline soils.

Sodium and Chloride Distribution in Grapevines as a Function of Rootstock and Irrigation Water Salinity

The salt tolerance of rootstocks is often assessed based on their ability to limit uptake of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ions. Here, we evaluated the effects of three irrigation salinity levels (electrical conductivity of 1.2, 2.7, and 4.2 dS/m) on Cabernet Sauvignon grapes grafted on Ruggeri, Paulsen, 216/3, and 101/14 rootstocks. Growth parameters were affected by salinity level but not by rootstock, and yield was not affected by either variable. Ruggeri and 216/3 were most effective at limiting uptake and accumulation of Na and Cl in scion petioles, wood, and must. The rootstocks differentially excluded Na and Cl from vines; 216/3 and Ruggeri showed the best performance for Na and Cl, respectively. More Na than Cl accumulated in woody tissue. Mortality rates as high as 17.5% were found for poor salt-excluding rootstocks irrigated with the highest salinity water. The apparent breakdown of tolerance mechanisms, leading to salt damage and vine mortality, might be due to Na reaching critical levels in woody tissues. The ability to exclude Na and Cl from shoots and fruit was found to (a) increase wine quality by reducing concentrations of salt ions in must and wine, and (b) reduce mortality rates that result from long-term exposure to salt.

Spectroscopic study of a light-driven chloride ion pump from marine bacteria.

Thousands of light-driven proton-pumping rhodopsins have been found in marine microbes, and a light-driven sodium-ion pumping rhodopsin was recently discovered, which utilizes sunlight for the energy source of the cell. Similarly, a light-driven chloride-ion pump has been found from marine bacteria, and three eubacterial light-driven pumps possess the DTE (proton pump), NDQ (sodium-ion pump), and NTQ (chloride-ion pump) motifs corresponding to the D85, T89, and D96 positions in bacteriorhodopsin (BR). The corresponding motif of the known haloarchaeal chloride-ion pump, halorhodopsin (HR), is TSA, which is entirely different from the NTQ motif of a eubacterial chloride-ion pump. It is thus intriguing to compare the molecular mechanism of these two chloride-ion pumps. Here we report the spectroscopic study of Fulvimarina rhodopsin (FR), a eubacterial light-driven chloride-ion pump from marine bacterium. FR binds a chloride-ion near the retinal chromophore and chloride-ion binding causes a spectral blue-shift. FR predominantly possesses an all-trans retinal, which is responsible for the light-driven chloride-ion pump. Upon light absorption, the red-shifted K intermediate is formed, followed by the appearance of the L and O intermediates. When the M intermediate does not form, this indicates that the Schiff base remains in the protonated state during the photocycle. These molecular mechanisms are common in HR, and a common mechanism for chloride-ion pumping by evolutionarily distant proteins suggests the importance of the electric quadrupole in the Schiff base region and their changes through hydrogen-bonding alterations. One noticeable difference between FR and HR is the uptake of chloride-ion from the extracellular surface. While the uptake occurs upon decay of the O intermediate in HR, chloride-ion uptake accompanies the rise of the O intermediate in FR. This suggests the presence of a second chloride-ion binding site near the extracellular surface of FR, which is unique to the NTQ rhodopsin.

Kinetics and mechanism of sorption of chloride ion from sodium carbonate manufacturing wastewater by Mg–Al oxide

In this article, the removal of chloride ion generated from industrial wastewater was examined by using magnesium–aluminum (Mg–Al) oxide obtained from Mg–Al layered double hydroxide. The influences of conditions for chloride ion uptake, including quantity of Mg–Al oxide, contact time and temperature on anion exchange has been investigated, respectively. The extent of the chloride, ion removal increased with an increase in the quantity of Mg–Al oxide, contact time, and temperature. Thermodynamic parameters including Gibbs free energy (∆G°), standard enthalpy change (∆H°), and standard entropy change (∆S°) for the process were calculated using the Langmuir constants. Kinetic analyses were conducted using pseudo-first and second-order models. The regression results showed that the uptake process was more accurately represented by pseudo-second-order model. The calculated value of Ea was found to be 77.428 kJ/mol, which indicate that the process of uptake of chloride ion is controlled by the rate of reaction of chloride ion with the Mg–Al oxide rather than diffusion. Results suggested that the uptake process was feasible and endothermic.

Uptake of chloride and carbonate ions by calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate

Decommissioning of old nuclear reactors may produce waste streams containing chlorides and carbonates, including radioactive 36Cl− and 14CO32−. Their insolubilization by calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate was investigated. Carbonates were readily depleted from the solution, giving at thermodynamic equilibrium monocarboaluminate, monocarboaluminate+calcite, or calcite only, depending on the initial ratio between the anion and calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate. Chloride ions reacted more slowly and were precipitated as Kuzel's salt, Kuzel's and Friedel's salts, or Friedel's salt only. Rietveld refinement of X-Ray powder diffraction patterns was successfully used to quantify the phase distributions, which were compared to thermodynamic calculations. Moreover, analysing the lattice parameters of Kuzel's salt as a function of its chloride content showed the occurrence of a restricted solid solution towards the sulfate side with general formula 3CaO·Al2O3·xCaCl2·(1−x)CaSO4·(12−2x)·H2O (0.36≤x≤0.50).

Effect of Sodium Chloride Levels on Growth, Water Status, Uptake, Transport, and Accumulation Pattern of Sodium and Chloride Ions in Young Sunflower Plants

There is a paucity of information on the critical content, threshold levels, uptake, transport, and accumulation of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions in young sunflower plants. Effect of salinity was analyzed in root, stem, leaves, and buds by raising plants in fine sand irrigated with Hoagland's solution and supplemented with 10–160 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 30 days. Maximum sensitivity index, reduction in growth, and water content were observed in buds. Maximum Na+ and Cl− contents were obtained in old leaves and stems under low salinity but in roots at high salinity. Uptake, transport, and accumulation rate of Cl− were more than those of Na+, and for both ions they increased with increasing NaCl concentration but decreased with increasing exposure time. Growth reduction at low salinity seems to be because of Cl− toxicity, but Na+ toxicity and water deficiency could also be the causes at high salinity.

High selectivity in anion exchange reactions of the anionic clay, cobalt hydroxynitrate

The selective uptake of fluoride ions from a mixture of halide ions and the selective uptake of chloride ions from a mixture of chloride, bromide and iodide ions were observed in the competitive anion exchange reactions of cobalt hydroxynitrate. In the case of divalent anions, the selective uptake of carbonate ions from a mixture of carbonate, oxalate and sulfate ions and the selective uptake of oxalate ions from a mixture of oxalate and sulfate ions were observed.

Astrocytic alkalinization by therapeutically relevant lithium concentrations: implications for myo-inositol depletion

One theory for therapeutic effects of the lithium ion (Li+) in bipolar disorder is that myo-inositol, needed for phospholipase C-mediated signaling, is depleted by Li(+)-induced inhibition of inositolphosphate hydrolysis or of myo-inositol uptake, an effect demonstrated in cultured mouse astrocytes at high myo-inositol concentrations. In contrast, myo-inositol uptake is inhibited at low concentrations, reflecting that it occurs both by the high-affinity Na(+)-dependent myo-inositol transporter (SMIT) and the lower-affinity H(+)-dependent inositol transporter (HMIT). Increased intracellular pH (pHi) stimulates SMIT but inhibits HMIT, suggesting that the effect of Li+ could be caused by intracellular alkalinization. In this study, we therefore investigated Li+ effects on intracellular pH in astrocytes, measured by 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) fluorescence. Chronic treatment with the therapeutically relevant Li+ concentration of 1 mM for 2 or 3 weeks increased pHi by approximately 0.10, whereas 0.5 mM was ineffective, and 2 mM caused a larger increase. The alkalinization resulted from acute stimulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) by extracellular Li+, demonstrated after acid load with NH4Cl. In response to continuous stimulation, NHE1 mRNA was down-regulated, but protein was not. Chronic treatment with pharmacologically relevant Li+ concentrations increases pHi in astrocytes, creating conditions for decreased uptake of high myo-inositol concentrations and increased uptake of low concentrations. The pharmacological relevance of this effect is supported by literature data suggesting brain acidosis in bipolar patients and by preliminary observations that carbamazepine and valproate also increase pHi in astrocytes. Stimulation of NHE1-stimulated sodium ion uptake might also trigger uptake of chloride ions and osmotically obliged water.

Removal of chloride ion from aqueous solution by ZnAl-NO3 layered double hydroxides as anion-exchanger

The layered double hydroxides (LDHs) containing nitrate as the interlayer anion has a high anion-exchange capacity in the presence of appropriate anions. In the light of this, ZnAl-NO(3) LDHs have been employed to remove chloride ion from aqueous solution in a batch mode. The influences of conditions for chloride ion uptake, including dosage of LDHs, pH of aqueous solution, and temperature on anion-exchange have been investigated, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters including Gibbs free energy (DeltaG(0)), standard enthalpy change (DeltaH(0)), and standard entropy change (DeltaS(0)) for the process were calculated using the Langmuir constants. It was found from kinetics test that the pseudo-second order kinetics model could be used to well describe the uptake process. An E(a) value of 10.27 kJ/mol provides evidence the anion-exchange process. The explanation of anion-exchange phenomenon has also been supported by X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectra.