Upright Type Research Articles

Experimental Research for Digging and Inverting of Upright Peanuts by Digger-Inverter

In order to quickly dry the peanut pods and effectively reduce the mildew on peanut pods in rainy weather, this paper analyzed the research status of peanut digging and inverting technology in China and abroad, combined with the peanut two-stage harvesting mode. The orthogonal experiment was carried out by using the peanut digger-inverter to study the different forms of upright type, taking the rate of vines inverting, the rate of buried pods, and the rate of fallen pods as the evaluation indexes, and taking the traveling speed of the tractor A, the line speed of the conveyor chain B, and the line speed of the inverting roller C as the experimental factors. The results showed that, in the states of unpressed vines and pressed vines, the order of influence of the peanut digger-inverter on the evaluation indices was A > C > B. The optimal horizontal combination of unpressed vines was A2C3B2, when the traveling speed of the tractor is 1.06 m/s, the line speed of the inverting roller is 2.12 m/s, and the line speed of the conveyor chain is 1.02 m/s; the rate of vines inverting was 71.07%, the rate of buried pods was 0.2%, and the rate of fallen pods was 0.22%. Under the condition of vines pressing, the best horizontal combination is A2C2B2, when the travelling speed of the tractor is 1.01 m/s, the line speed of the inverting roller is 1.88 m/s, and the line speed of the conveyor chain is 1.02 m/s; the rate of vines inverting was 74.29%, the rate of buried pods was 0.14%, and the rate of fallen pods was 0.33%. The paired t-test was carried out by the peanut digger-inverter under the state of pressed and unpressed vines. There was little difference in the influence of each factor on the rate of fallen pods and the rate of buried pods, but there was a significant difference in the influence on the rate of vines inverting. The rate of inversion of vines under the state of pressed vines was higher than that under the state of unpressed vines. The research results will provide certain technical support for the late optimization of the peanut digger-inverter and create a hardware foundation for the intelligence and information harvesting of peanuts.

Early‐stage evaluation of grazed tetraploid bahiagrass experimental entries

AbstractBahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) cultivars used for forage in the southeastern United States are primarily diploids. Although producers favor tetraploid traits, for example, wider leaf blades and fewer inflorescences, compared to diploids, there are barriers to their greater use, including apomictic reproduction, lesser frost tolerance, and later initiation of spring growth. By overcoming the apomixis barrier, viable tetraploid options are now available. This study compared annual and seasonal forage accumulation (FA), persistence, and nutritive value of nine tetraploid experimental entries and ‘Argentine’ under ‘moderate’ (10‐cm stubble, 4‐week grazing interval) and ‘intensive’ grazing (5‐cm stubble, 2‐week grazing intervals) during 2020 and 2021. More upright‐growing entries, such as Hybrids 3 and 93, had greater annual FA than Argentine (8230 and 9160 vs. 6060 kg DM (ha year)−1). Similarly, Hybrids 3 and 93 were 50% more productive in early and late season than most entries. Decumbent entries had 30% greater FA under intensive than moderate grazing, whereas upright types generally had similar FA for both grazing managements. Most entries had comparable digestibility and crude protein as Argentine (∼503 and 124 g kg−1, respectively), and intensive grazing resulted in greater nutritive value than moderate grazing, regardless of entry. All entries maintained high ground cover across grazing treatments (88%–96%). The most striking difference was the superior annual FA and the seasonal distribution of FA for Hybrids 3 and 93 compared with other entries, particularly during spring and fall. This occurred without compromising persistence or nutritive value. Five entries showed superior traits compared to Argentine and should be selected for further evaluation under greater spatial and temporal scales prior to cultivar release.

수월봉과 당산봉의 식물상

This study was conducted to investigate the flora of the two cinder cones, Suwolbong and Dangsanbong located in Hangyeong-myeon of the western coast of Jeju Island.
 As a result, we have listed 58 families, 139 genera, 178 species, 1 variant, and 179 at Suwolbong, and 79 families, 209 genera, 274 species, 1 subspecies, 4 varieties, and 279 at Dangsanbong, with a total of 82 families, 219 genera, 294 species, 1 subspecies, 4 varieties, and 299 classification groups. The Ministry of Environment's endangered wild plants and special plants did not appear, and rare plants of the Korea Forest Service were found to be one emergency species (CR), one endangered species (EN), and one vulnerable species (BU). The floristic regional indicatior plants did not appear in grade V, and IV grade 10 taxa, III grade 29 taxa, II grade 6 taxa, I grade 30 taxa appeared. There were 50 taxa of naturalized plants, 20 taxa of planted species, and three members of invasive species. As for the life types of the plants that appeared, dormant types were the most common with 86 taxa of annual herbs (Th), 181 taxa of single-grain (R5 type) for underground organs, 147 taxa of gravity dispersion (D4) for organ dispersion, and 96 taxa of upright (e) type for growth types.
 Through these results, it was judged that Oreum is an appropriate place to analyze the distribution of plants among regions because the distribution of native plants is larger than that of cultivated land or damaged land.

Investigations into differential glyphosate sensitivity between two horseweed (Conyza canadensis) growth types

AbstractHorseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist] grows in one of two distinct growth phenotypes, “rosette” and “upright” growth types, and they have recently been observed co-occurring in Michigan fields. Previous research found that upright plants from two glyphosate-resistant populations were 3- and 4-fold less sensitive to glyphosate than their rosette siblings. Further experiments were conducted to investigate whether differential glyphosate sensitivity of the growth types was due to glyphosate retention, absorption, or translocation. The total amount of glyphosate retained on the C. canadensis leaf surface was similar for both growth types; however, on a per-weight and per-area bases, the upright growth type retained 21% and 18% less glyphosate, respectively. Glyphosate absorption was up to 85% at 168 h after treatment (HAT), and was not different between the rosette and upright growth types or between the susceptible (S) and resistant (R) biotypes. Additionally, there was no difference in translocation between the two growth types within each biotype at any time point. Interestingly, at 168 HAT, [14C]glyphosate translocation was higher in the S rosette compared with the two growth types from the R biotype; however, the S upright type was similar to both R growth types. Thus, glyphosate resistance in the R biotype may be due to an alternative mechanism rather than impaired translocation, which has been cited as the primary mechanism of glyphosate resistance in C. canadensis. These results suggest that reduced glyphosate retention on a per-weight and per-area bases of the upright growth type may contribute to increased glyphosate tolerance due to a diluted concentration of glyphosate in the plant. However, another factor is likely related to the mechanism of resistance within the R biotype, which is contributing to a 3-fold difference in glyphosate sensitivity between the two growth types, such as alterations in EPSPS gene expression or changes in undescribed metabolism genes.

Breeding has selected for architectural and photosynthetic traits in lentils.

Genetic progress in seed yield in lentils (Lens culinaris Medik) has increased by 1.1% per year in Australia over the past 27 years. Knowing which plant traits have changed through breeding during this time can give important insights as to how lentil yield has increased. This study aims to identify morphological and physiological traits that were directly or indirectly selected between 1993 and 2020 in the Australian lentil breeding program using 2 years of experimental data. Major changes occurred in plant architecture during this period. Divergent selection has seen the release of varieties that have sprawling to very upright types of canopies. Despite this genetic diversity in recently released varieties, there is an overall tendency of recently released varieties having increased plant height and leaf size with reduced number of branches. Increased light interception was positively correlated with year of release (YOR) and yield, and likely results from indirect selection of yield and taller plant types. There is an indication that recently released varieties have lower CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and canopy temperature depression (CTD) at high ambient temperatures (~30°C). Understanding lentil physiology will assist in identifying traits to increase yield in a changing climate with extreme weather events.

Floral Meristem Development in Cranberry Apical Buds during Winter Rest and Its Implication on Yield Prediction

The formation and development of floral meristems is key to fruit production. However, limited information regarding the development of floral buds during the dormant period of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) constrains the ability to forecast yield early and accurately. The objectives of this study were to characterize the development of floral meristems from fall to spring and to evaluate the number of floral meristems formed across different bud sizes and upright types, as well as their contribution to the fruit production of the next year. Apical buds of different sizes on vegetative and fruiting uprights were tagged and collected periodically from fall to spring for histological study. An extra set of tagged buds was left in the field to evaluate their flower and fruit production. Five stages of floral development were identified based on the concentric differentiation of organ primordia. Large buds from vegetative uprights developed earlier, had a higher number of floral meristems, and became fruiting uprights; they had the highest number of flowers and fruit. Buds from fruiting uprights had the lowest number of floral meristems and delayed development; subsequently, they had the lowest number of fruit per upright. Our results provide evidence of active floral meristem differentiation during fall and winter, as well as differences in the timing and development stage according to bud size. In addition, our study shows that upright types and bud sizes influence the fruit production of the following year; therefore, they should be considered in cranberry crop forecasting models.

기후변화 대응을 위한 고무보시스템 선정 방안 연구

Due to climate change, water shortages and water‐related disasters will be serious. Since the damage and frequency of drought are increasing, the importance of water resource management technology is increasing. In this study, we analyzed the amount of greenhouse gas and the environmental impact caused by the production and operation system technologies of movable weir among various water resource management technologies. The research subjects were air inflatable rubber dams widely used in rivers and upright type rubber dams, which are an improvement on the existing rubber type. Each type of dam was studied at sizes of 1,500H×10,000L mm and 3,000H×20,000L mm, and the two types and two sizes were compared and analyzed. Using life cycle assessment, we examined the environmental impacts using the amount of electricity required for operation and the discretionary amount required for production. In the ʹ1,500H×10,000Lʹ dams, the global warming indexes were 9.35E+04 kg CO₂-eq. for upright type and 7.36E+04kg CO₂-eq. for inflatable type. At size of ʹ3,000H×20,000Lʹ the global warming indexes were 9.09E+05 kg CO₂-eq. for upright type and 1.07E+06 kg CO₂-eq. for inflatable type. Analysis of the life cycle environmental impact showed that the environmental impact of the air inflatable rubber dam was reduced by 39.8% at ‘1,500H×10,000L’ compared to the larger size. At the larger ʹ3000H×20,000Lʹ size, the upright dam showed a 10.1% smaller impact than the air inflatable rubber dam. Selection of water resource management system should consider climate change, not only management purpose and cost. Additional studies and improvements on rubber dam systems should be made.

Remote Estimation of Nitrogen Vertical Distribution by Consideration of Maize Geometry Characteristics

The vertical leaf nitrogen (N) distribution in the crop canopy is considered to be an important adaptive response of crop growth and production. Remote sensing has been widely applied for the determination of a crop’s N status. Some studies have also focused on estimating the vertical leaf N distribution in the crop canopy, but these analyses have rarely considered the plant geometry and its influences on the remote estimation of the N vertical distribution in the crop canopy. In this study, field experiments with three types of maize (Zea mays L.) plant geometry (i.e., horizontal type, intermediate type, and upright type) were conducted to demonstrate how the maize plant geometry influences the remote estimation of N distribution in the vertical canopy (i.e., upper layer, middle layer, and bottom layer) at different growth stages. The results revealed that there were significant differences among the three maize plant geometry types in terms of canopy architecture, vertical distribution of leaf N density (LND, g m−2), and the LND estimates in the leaves of different layers based on canopy hyperspectral reflectance measurements. The upright leaf variety had the highest correlation between the lower-layer LND (R2 = 0.52) and the best simple ratio (SR) index (736, 812), and this index performed well for estimating the upper (R2 = 0.50) and middle (R2 = 0.60) layer LND. However, for the intermediate leaf variety, only 25% of the variation in the lower-layer LND was explained by the best SR index (721, 935). The horizontal leaf variety showed little spectral sensitivity to the lower-layer LND. In addition, the growth stages also affected the remote detection of the lower leaf N status of the canopy, because the canopy reflectance was dominated by the biomass before the 12th leaf stage and by the plant N after this stage. Therefore, we can conclude that a more accurate estimation of the N vertical distribution in the canopy is obtained by canopy hyperspectral reflectance when the maize plants have more upright leaves.

Effects of planting density on growth and yield in wide-row drill seeding of upright type adzuki beans (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi Ohashi).

Effects of planting density on growth and yield in wide-row drill seeding of upright type adzuki beans (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi Ohashi).

Morphology of egg and larva of the semi-looper Autographa nigrisigna (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae)

The semi-looper Autographa nigrisigna (Walker) is a polyphagous pest in Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). However, the egg and larval morphologies have not been studied in detail to date. Here the eggs and larvae of A. nigrisigna were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The egg is domed and is of an upright type, with two or three micropyles at the top and vertical ribs on the chorion. The micropyles are surrounded by a rosette-like pattern of radiating ribs. The eruciform larva possesses three pairs of thoracic legs and three pairs of abdominal prolegs each on A5, A6, and A10, the most remarkable larval character of Plusiinae. The crochets are uniordinal in a mesal penellipse. In chaetotaxy, SV2 is present on abdominal segments I–IV and X, but is absent on other segments. The roles of egg and larval characters in taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses are briefly discussed.

FERTILIZER GIVING EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL AND CALCIUM ON THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTION PLANT BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

This study aims to obtain a doses of biological fertilizer and calcium doses that gives the best effect on the growth and production of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) upright type. This experiment was carried out from February until April 2014, at the experimental field of Depatment of Agrotechnology, University of Djuanda Bogor. The experimental design used is a factorial completely randomized design with 5x3 treatments and 3 replications. The first factor biofertilizers (rich bio), A0: control (without biofertilizer), A1: Biological Fertilizer doses of 10 kg / ha, A2: biological fertilizer doses of 20 kg / ha, A3: biological fertilizer dose of 30 kg / ha, A4: microbial doses (as recommended), while the second factor doses of dolomite (CaMg (CO3) 2) consists of: B0: 0 ton / ha (without calcium), B1: 2 tons / ha, B2: 4 tons / ha. The results showed a doses of calcium 4 tons / ha showed a better response in plant height (2 weeks after plant) and the weight of the third harvest pod. Provision of calcium which is accompanied by adequate dosage of biological fertilizer can increase the wet weight and dry weight of stover. Keywords: bean seed upright type, dosage biological fertilizer, calcium

Owner observations regarding cat scratching behavior: an internet-based survey.

This study was performed to examine aspects of the cat, environment and scratching post that might influence scratching behavior, in an effort to determine how inappropriate scratching behavior might be refocused on acceptable targets. An internet survey, posted on several public websites, gathered details about scratching behavior, as described by owners in their home environments, from 4331 respondents over a 4 month period. Responses from 39 different countries were analyzed, mostly from the USA, Canada and the UK. Owners offered traditionally recommended scratching substrates including rope, cardboard, carpet and wood. Rope was most frequently used when offered, although carpet was offered most commonly. Most owners provided at least one scratching post; cats scratched the preferred substrate more often when the post was a simple upright type or a cat tree with two or more levels and at least 3 ft high. Narrower posts (base width ⩽3 ft) were used more often than wider posts (base width ⩾5 ft). Intact or neutered cats (males and females) were as likely to scratch inappropriately, and inappropriate scratching decreased with age. Geriatric cats between the ages of 10 and 14 years preferred carpet substrate most frequently; all other ages preferred rope first. Inappropriate scratching decreased as the different types/styles of posts increased in the home. Inappropriate scratching did not increase if the number of cats or dogs increased in the household. Declawed cats were preventatively declawed most often to prevent household item destruction. Although cats can have individual preferences, our data provide a starting point for veterinarians recommending scratching posts to clients.

GGE Biplot Analysis of Yield Associations with Root Traits in a Mesoamerican Bean Diversity Panel

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production is subject to prolonged and crop‐failure‐threatening drought events worldwide. One of the best approaches in identifying parents and progeny with local adaptation to a target environment is the characterization of multiple environments. In this study, we used genotype plus genotype × environment (GGE) biplot analysis to examine the informativeness of the testing environments used by the bean breeding program at Michigan State University to select for drought tolerance. A group of 96 diverse Mesoamerican common bean genotypes assembled from breeding programs and germplasm collections across the United States were tested in two Michigan locations for 3 yr. Genotype plus genotype × environment biplots were used to rank genotypes according to environments and treatments (irrigated and rainfed) within environments. A genotype × trait analysis was also used to identify traits relevant to yield under rainfed and irrigated environments. Significant differentiation and nonredundancy were found among the environments, suggesting that resource use is efficient. Rainfed environments were better at discriminating high‐performing genotypes in Michigan. Genotype × trait analysis showed a significantly negative correlation between growth habit and seed yield. A common feature of the better adapted and higher yielding genotypes under Michigan conditions was the upright type II growth habit. A number of root architecture traits such as taproot diameter were independent or associated with yield in common bean under different environments. Genotypes with contrasting traits associated with yield under rainfed and irrigated conditions were identified and could be used in the development of future common bean cultivars with improved drought tolerance.

TDV10 Type Vacuum Circuit Breaker Electromagnetic Operating Mechanism Design

TDV10 upright type vacuum circuit breaker is mainly used for electric locomotive running in the process of main circuit disconnection and connection, and also applied in the overload protection and short circuit protection.And TDV10 type operating mechanism is pneumatic, pneumatic structure because of its complex structure, cylinder work noise, air leakage risk, now a electromagnetic operating mechanism is designed to replace the pneumatic institution.TDV10 type circuit breaker through analysis the principle and performance parameters of the comparison, put forward the feasibility in theory, and gives the basic design of the electromagnetic mechanism and external circuit.Using Ansoft software design agency for static and dynamic simulation analysis of magnetic field. Through the analysis and comparison of the curve of each parameter, verify the feasibility of the design.

Research of the Joint Workspaces and Kinematic Efficiency of Man-Machine Systems of Bicycles

Bicycle design largely contradicts human motion, necessitating consideration of both the bicycle structure and the kinematic efficiency in the dimensions of the rider’s limbs, as well as human factor engineering, i.e. comfortability. By focusing on the kinematic model of 5-bar linkage and joints workspace, this study examines the most appropriate bicycle design and the riding posture to ensure that muscles can produce the effective moment and increase driving efficiency of a crank necessary. For upright, racing and recumbent bicycle types, assumptions are made regarding mobility analysis and the system of man-machine systems of bicycles estimated as well. Simulation results can identify the major dimensions of bicycle designing for different riders efficiently by inputting physical measurements of the rider and the angle range of driving force, subsequently increasing the riding efficiency to decrease the load of lower limbs of riders and satisfying ergonomic requirements of bicycle riders.

Breeding tomatoes for conditions in the Lower Volga region

As a result of breeding, new midseason to midlate tomato varieties Revizor and Kaskader of respectively the upright and common types, 70–90 cm tall, pruniform-elongated fruits with an average weight of 67–77 g are created. Both varieties in a competitive trial surpassed the standard in yield and a number of traits. Variety Revizor is resistant to Egyptian broomrape. Both varieties are entered in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation.

Seventy-five Years of Breeding Dry Bean of the Western USA

A periodic comparison of cultivars is essential to assess selection gains, determine deficiencies, define objectives, and set breeding priorities. Our objective was to assess the progress, or lack thereof, achieved in improving yield, plant type, maturity, and resistance to major bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases of dry bean of the western USA from 1918 to 1998. Twenty-five great northern, pink, pinto, and red cultivars were evaluated for seed yield at three locations in Idaho and for anthracnose, Bean common mosaic virus, Bean common mosaic necrosis virus, common and halo bacterial blights, Fusarium and Rhizoctonia root rots, Fusarium wilt, and white mold in Colorado, Idaho, and Washington between 1999 and 2006. Yield ranged between 2904 kg ha−1 for pinto ‘UI 111’ to 3921 kg ha−1 for ‘Bill Z’, which represents a 35% gain in 54 yr. Yield gain in great northern was 587 kg ha−1, pink 136 kg ha−1, and red 687 kg ha−1 Stability indices ranged from 0.57 for ‘Kodiak’ to 1.86 for ‘UI 3’. Maturity ranged from 90 d for ‘UI 320’ to 97 d for ‘Frontier’. Seed weight ranged from 28 g for ‘Viva’ to 41 g for UI 320. An acceptable degree of resistance to Rhizoctonia root rot was achieved in most cultivars. All cultivars were susceptible to anthracnose, common bacterial blight, and white mold, and all except ‘Chase’ to halo blight. Only ‘Matterhorn’, ‘Weihing’, and Kodiak combined an upright Type II growth habit with resistance to BCMV and rust. An integrated breeding strategy should be explored for simultaneous improvement of multiple traits in future cultivars.

Efeito da infestação de Enneothrips flavens moulton sobre o desenvolvimento de cultivares de amendoim

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do ataque de Enneothrips flavens Moulton (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), no desenvolvimento de cultivares de amendoim, foi implantado um experimento em campo, no ano agrícola de 2001/2002, nas localidades paulistas de Campinas e Pindorama. Avaliaram-se IAC-Tatu-ST, IAC 5 e IAC 22, cultivares de porte ereto e Runner IAC 886, Tégua e IAC-Caiapó, de porte rasteiro, com e sem controle químico da praga. O delineamento adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, com seis repetições, onde as parcelas corresponderam aos tratamentos com e sem controle químico do tripes, e as subparcelas, às cultivares de amendoim. Para a avaliação da infestação de tripes, foram realizadas amostragens a partir dos 29 dias após o plantio (DAP), quando se coletaram dez folíolos fechados por subparcela. Para a contagem do número de brotos por planta, coletaram-se cinco plantas por parcela a partir dos 29 DAP, até próximo ao final do ciclo das cultivares. Determinou-se a matéria seca das plantas somente em Campinas, coletando-se cinco plantas por parcela, aos 29, 56, 85, 99, 112 e 125 DAP, com posterior secagem artificial da parte vegetativa e da parte reprodutiva. Foram observadas nas plantas de todas as cultivares, nas parcelas não tratadas, as maiores infestações de E. flavens aos 56-57 DAP, e em Pindorama houve um pico de infestação inicial aos 29 DAP. Em função da cultivar, a falta de controle do tripes acarretou diminuição na emissão de brotos e no desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas.

Planting Technique Matters in Reducing Vinca Disease in Landscapes

Annual vinca, Catharanthus roseus, is exceptionally adaptive to the summer heat and the sandy loam or clay soil in the southeastern region and provides season-long blooms once established in landscape plantings. A wide variety of colors, sizes, and applications are available for landscape use. However, diseases such as alternaria leaf spot and phytophthora leaf blight are prevalent in this region in vinca plantings. Effective disease control requires frequent fungicide application that is expensive and may pose negative effects on the environment. Proper planting techniques including date of planting, fertilization rate at planting, and variety selection may improve plant growth, reduce disease severity, and save landscape service business labor in disease management. Plants of three varieties: open-pollinated `Cooler Hot Rose', F1 hybrid `Titan Rose', and trailing variety `Mediterranean Lilac' were planted on 1 Apr. or 1 May in landscape plots. Plants were at the same growth stage at the time of planting and were fertilized with Osmocote 14–14–14 (3 months) at 0, 35, 70, or 140 g·m2. Plant growth index indicates that plant growth increased significantly at increasing fertilization rates; however, plant overall quality ratings were not significantly different among fertilized plants. Disease incidence in July suggests that late planting may reduce alternaria leaf spot in open-pollinated and hybrid upright type vinca. Disease severity in August was more pronounced on trailing vinca and more severe when plants were not fertilized or fertilized with the highest fertilization rate. Tissue analysis indicates that trailing vinca `Mediterranean Lilac' may require less fertilization than upright type.

Effect of oxygen plasma treatment on reduction of contact resistivity at pentacene/Au interface

We report the reduction of contact resistivity between Au and pentacene by O2 plasma treatment. Contact resistance dramatically reduced from 5.65to0.22MΩcm by the treatment. O2 plasma treatment transformed Au to AuOx, increasing the surface energy from 45.1to71.5mJ∕m2. Molecular adsorption geometry of pentacene on AuOx changed from a planar structure to an upright type, improving crystallinity and molecular packing. Thus, defects and traps at the interface were reduced, decreasing the contact resistance between Au and pentacene.