Uppercase Letters Research Articles

Comparing typing methods for uppercase input in virtual reality: Modifier Key vs. alternative approaches

Typing tasks are basic interactions in a virtual environment (VE). The presence of uppercase letters affects the meanings of words and their readability. By typing uppercase letters on a QWERTY keyboard, the layers can be switched using a modifier key. Considering that VE controllers are typically used in a VE, this input method can result in user fatigue and errors. Thus, this study proposed new alternative interactions for the modifier key input and compared their typing performance and user experience. In an experiment, 30 participants were instructed to type 10 sentences using different typing interaction methods (shift, long press, and double-tap) on a virtual keyboard in a VE. The typing speed, error rate, and number of backspace inputs were measured to compare typing performance. Upon the completion of the typing task, the usability, workload, and sickness associated with each typing method were evaluated. The results showed that the double-tap method exhibited significantly higher typing speed, error rate, ease of use, satisfaction, and workload. This result is consistent with those of previous studies demonstrating that selection tasks were more efficient with fewer hand movements. Thus, this study implies that the double-tap method can be considered as a potential typing interaction for the VEs instead of the traditional method using the shift as a modifier key. Therefore, this study is expected to contribute to the design and development of user-friendly interactions.

The effects of letter capitalization in advertising headlines

ABSTRACT An increasingly common advertising practice uses letter capitalization in headlines, as confirmed by a content analysis of 700 magazine advertisements (Study 1). However, the effects of letter capitalization in advertising headlines on critical outcomes – including legibility, readability, conveying key attributes, and eliciting connotations – have not been investigated previously. Four experimental studies reveal that in single, short exposures, uppercase letters have two divergent effects on consumers’ processing of headlines: The exclusive use of uppercase letters in advertising headlines impedes legibility (reading speed) (Study 2), which impairs readability for long headlines (Study 3), whereas highlighting key product attributes in uppercase can promote direct message conveyance by directing attention toward the key attribute (Study 4). Finally, the authors find no effects of headline capitalization on indirect message conveyance (connotations) (Study 5) or ad evaluations (Studies 3–5).

Simulation and analysis of fresnel diffraction with arbitrary shaped apertures

Abstract When studying diffraction and related issues, one often encounters the need to anticipate and estimate the diffraction patterns of variously shaped apertures. Optical experiments demand high environmental standards, and creating diffraction screens is cumbersome. Designing specialized optical experiments for such simple purposes is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the clarity of the diffraction patterns is hard to guarantee. Therefore, obtaining diffraction patterns quickly and accurately in different situations has become a bottleneck. This article first obtains the integral expression of the Fresnel diffraction light field produced by a monochromatic point light source illuminating a diffraction hole based on Kirchhoff’s diffraction theory. Then, it establishes a mathematical model of the hole to obtain the integral element and uses mathematical software for computational simulation, obtaining diffraction patterns applicable to any shape hole. The paper performs calculations taking uppercase English letters as shaped aperture examples and conducts detailed analysis of their diffraction patterns.

Typeface recognition and legibility metrics

In the digital age, people prefer digital content, but screen-related health concerns like eye strain and blue light emerge. Legibility gains importance in digital text, especially in fields like optometry and for those with low vision. Therefore, having good letter recognition ensures better readability of words and written language in general. This work focuses on defining three typeface legibility indices from the judgements of a group of 31 observers. Those indices are based on statistics, confusion matrices, and power indices from game theory. As far as we know, this is the first time that typeface legibility indices have been defined using game theory. These indices help us to globally assess how legible is a typeface. We apply them to three commonly used typefaces (Roboto, Helvetica and Georgia), and to a new one developed for the authors (Optotipica 5 v2022). This comparison helps us understand which typefaces are more legible according to the defined indices on digital screens. The major conclusions are: (1) The three indices are highly consistent pairwise; (2) Helvetica is the most legible typeface for uppercase letters, whilst Optotipica is the most legible for lowercase; (3) the two cases of Helvetica exhibit uniform high legibility metrics, ensuring optimal recognition regardless of letter case.

Использование метаграфемных средств для выражения эмоций в интернет-комментариях

Оur research object is online comments to a text about reducing pension expenses and a sharp reduction in the number of pensioners in Russia. The text had a strong conflict potential due to the manipulative techniques used by the author; it caused a large number of aggressive comments from readers – people of retirement and pre-retirement age. The study subject is metagraphematic (singragraphemic and supragraphemic) means used by the authors of Internet comments as negative emotions expressing means along with verbal means of speech aggression. The following text analysis methods were used: formal, logical, semanticand syntactic analysis method. Features of metagraphemic means use in online comments were identified. In singraphemics this is the use of non-regulated by the Russian grammar rules punctuation marks and their homogeneous and heterogeneous combinations,etc. In supragraphemics – unmotivated and grammatically unsound use of uppercase and lowercase letters, as well as the use of specific emoticon signs indicating negative emotions experienced by the author of the comment. The reasons for this metagraphematic means usage in the comments may be the following: communicants’ state of emotional tension caused by the publication content and leading to an increase in the pace of computer typing; their age and the insufficient proficiency level of the typing techniques as well as the liberalization of language norms in Internet communications and poor grammatical rules knowledge by communicants. Our research showed that metagraphematic means are actively used in Internet comments to express the communicants’ emotions.

Feature Extraction Algorithm based Metaheuristic Optimization for Handwritten Character Recognition

Interest in feature extraction for Handwritten Character Recognition (HCR) has been growing due to numerous algorithms aimed at improving classification accuracy. This study introduces a metaheuristic approach utilizing the Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA) for feature extraction in HCR. The Freeman Chain Code (FCC) is employed for data representation. One challenge with using FCC to represent characters is that extraction results vary depending on the starting points, affecting the chain code's route length. To address this issue, a metaheuristic approach using HBA is proposed to identify the shortest route length and minimize computational time for HCR. The performance metrics of the HB-FCC extraction algorithm are route length and computation time. Experiments on the algorithm use chain code representations from the Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition (CEDAR) dataset, containing 126 uppercase letter characters. According to the results, the proposed HB-FCC method achieves a route length of 1880.28 and requires only 1.07 seconds to process the entre set of character images.

SPELLING OF THE NOUN КОНТР-АДМИРАЛ IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WRITING

: The article is devoted to the problem of substantiating the hyphenation of the noun контр-адмирал in diachrony and modern writing. The purpose of the article is to establish the usual and codified spelling norms of this lexeme and to trace their dynamics. The usage is established by sampling on the material placed in the National Corpus of the Russian Language. In addition, the material of grammars and dictionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries is used: The Dictionary of the Russian Academy of the turn of the 18th–19th centuries in two editions, Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language (1847), grammars by N.I. Grech (1827), A.Kh. Vostokov (1831), the Academic Grammar of 1849. Nouns beginning with контр- are not codified strongly enough in this period, but the tendency to hyphenate such words develops in the next century and persists to the present day. Obviously, it was originally supported by the tradition of using capital letters in the composition of words such as контр-адмирал. As the uppercase letters were eliminated here, the authors of the 1956 Rule put forward the idea of the semantic separateness of the hyphenated use of контр-, as opposed to the normative confluent use. In the 2020s, the newest academic IPS resource “Spelling Comments on the Russian Dictionary” made an unsuccessful attempt to explain the peculiarities of the spelling of the word контр-адмирал with the meaning ‘low’, which is not confirmed by dictionary data. Obviously, the retention of the hyphenated form of контр-адмирал is due to the orthographic tradition and the desire to isolate morphemes in writing.

Password Strengthening: Using Multi-Lingual Passwords

Current Scenario: Passwords are required and used to secure cyber systems. Currently, cyber systems of decent security use passwords comprising of minimum eight characters which comprises of upper-case letters, lower-case letters, numbers and symbols from one language. Hence, all password-based systems are currently using monolingual passwords. Experimentally monolingual passwords can be broken within a matter of few seconds under given conditions, with given tools.  Proposed Scenario: Here, we investigate (a) different factors of password strength and (b)compare the strength of monolingual password to multilingual password.  Conclusion: The novelty of multilingual password lies in the increasing of password strength over monolingual passwords by factor of 100s to 10,000s or more. Hence, we conclude that multilingual passwords are better than monolingual passwords.

Innovations in Machine Translation: The Role of Machine Learning in Enhancing Linguistic Accuracy and Efficiency

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A Review on Currency Classification and Image to Text Conversion Methodologies

Currency classification and Image to Text OCR are essential technologies that find applications in various domains, including finance, retail, and automation. The approach outlined in this paper has the potential to detect currencies from multiple countries. However, for practical implementation purposes, the focus is solely on Indian paper currencies. This system offers the advantage of convenient currency checking at any time and location, leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for effective implementation. Extensive testing was conducted on each denomination of Indian currency, resulting in an impressive 95% accuracy rate. To further refine accuracy, a classification model was developed, incorporating all pertinent factors discussed in the paper. Notably, the unique features of paper currency play a pivotal role in the recognition process. By emphasizing these elements and harnessing CNN technology, the proposed system demonstrates significant promise in accurately detecting and validating Indian paper currencies. It stands poised to serve various applications effectively. On the other hand, Image to Text OCR focuses on extracting text from images, enabling the conversion of non- editable documents into searchable and editable formats. Both technologies contribute to automation and efficiency in handling diverse visual information. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technologydesigned to recognize and interpret both printed and handwritten characters by scanning text images. This process involves segmenting the text image into regions, isolating individual lines, and identifying each character along with its spacing. After isolating individual characters from the text image, the system conducts an analysis of their texture and topological attributes. This involves examining corner points, unique characteristics of various regions within the characters, and calculating the ratio of character area to convex area Prior to initiating recognition, the system creates templates that store the distinctive features of uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and symbols. These templates serve as reference models for comparison during the recognition phase. During recognition, the system matches the extracted character's texture and topological Features with those stored in the templates to determine the exact character. This matching process involves comparing features of the extracted character with templates of all characters, measuring similarity, and ultimately recognizing the character accurately.

Arabic and English Texts Encryption Using Modified Playfair Algorithm

To maintain the security and integrity of data, with the growth of the Internet and the increasing prevalence of transmission channels, it is necessary to strengthen security and develop several algorithms. The substitution scheme is the Playfair cipher. The traditional Playfair scheme uses a small 5*5 matrix containing only uppercase letters, making it vulnerable to hackers and cryptanalysis. In this study, a new encryption and decryption approach is proposed to enhance the resistance of the Playfair cipher. For this purpose, the development of symmetric cryptography based on shared secrets is desired. The proposed Playfair method uses a 5*5 keyword matrix for English and a 6*6 keyword matrix for Arabic to encrypt the alphabets of both languages.

Ensemble machine learning technique-based plagiarism detection over opinions in social media

With the progressive enhancement of social media, several people prefer posting their opinions on various social media instead of posting on radios, television or newspapers. The postings differ in dimensions and include various titles and comments. Nowadays, the formation of plagiarism is increasing tremendously which occurs by rewriting or repeating one’s work. There are many ways to detect plagiarism by browsing through the internet. The significant intention of this paper involves the detection of plagiarism in social media using four different phases, namely the data pre-processing phase, n-gram evaluation, similarity/distance computation analysis and the plagiarism detection phase. The pre-processing includes data cleaning processes, such as the removal of redundant data, upper case letters, noise, irrelevant punctuations and characterizing into a vector form. After pre-processing the data are fed for n-gram evaluation to develop a posting attribution system. Then finally, an ensemble support vector machine-based African vulture optimization (ESVM-AVO) approach is employed to detect plagiarism which signifies that the performance based on detection is enhanced and the execution time in obtaining a high rate of detection accuracy is very low. Finally, the performance evaluation and the comparative analysis are carried out to determine the performance of the proposed system.

THE FUNCTION OF A LETTER IN ILYA ZDANEVICH’S DRAMA LIDANTIU FARAM

The article explores the role of letters in the zaum text LidantYu Faram by Ilya Zdanevich. The meaning and significance of zaum text requires special methods of interpretation. The text of this Avant-Garde author is based on visual experiments, which follow the practices of the Futurists and the visual design of street signs and advertisements of the early 20th century. The way letters are written in the drama plays an important role in creating the image and atmosphere of the work, emphasizing its meaning and emotional color. The suggestive impact of the zaum text on the reader is achieved through the special design of words and letter formations used by the author. The zaum language of the drama consists of elementswords, typed according to the specially developed rules. For these formations, we introduce the concept of ‘typoem’ - a word enriched with font play. In such a word, the letters are typed in fonts that differ in width and height, as well as in style (thin, italic, bold, wide, narrow). Zdanevich creates occasional rules for the relationship between uppercase and lowercase letters. The typography of the drama breaks the integrity of the text, making it difficult for the reader-spectator to perceive the work, and requiring active participation from the reader. Certain letters of the Russian alphabet are not used by the author throughout the work, but additional symbols are invented, which form the visual composition of the text. A careful study of the text allows us to conclude that the drama is a lipogram. The visual appearance of the author’s text becomes one of the ways to make the zaum text look conventional. In the drama, the graphic peculiarity of the text is complemented by important markers: decorative symbolism, letters from other languages (Latin, Greek), nontrivial arrangement of text units on the page - diagonal, in a column, etc. The font in the work serves a characterological function. The use of different font sets affects the perception of the meaning of the artistic work and creates the impression that it also forms the meaning of the text.

Normative and registration functions of the dictionary of toponyms

The instability and lack of uniformity in the spelling of toponyms in both official and informal communication poses a significant social concern in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The nominative function of geographical names is directly associated to their stable orthography. However, currently, there exist inconsistencies and significant discrepancies in the spelling of toponyms in official documents and reference books, including the state register, that are responsible for registering the correct spellings of geographical objects. This increases errors in all areas where this vocabulary is used. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that standardisation of proper names, including toponyms, is understudied in modern linguistics, and there is an urgent need to develop the principles of strengthening the spelling and pronunciation of names of geographical objects, in particular oikonyms, taking into account regional characteristics. The aim of the work is to consider the problems of standardising the oikonyms of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in various normative and reference sources and suggest ways of their registration in the toponymic dictionary in accordance with language rules. The article analyses the main types of spelling errors made in the existing toponymic sources and suggests strategies for choosing the spelling of geographical names. The complicated cases of fused/separate and hyphenated spelling, the choice of letters e/ ё, the use of lowercase or uppercase letters in compound words, as well as the discrepancies in choosing a grammatical gender of an oikonym are considered. The article describes the ways of standardising all the listed cases as well as spelling options used in the ‘Dictionary of Toponyms of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia): Settlements’ and suggests the options for their standardisation.

PROJECT ACTIVITY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL USING THE KEYBOARD TRAINER «KEYBOARD ALPHABET»

In this article, the author describes an experiment conducted by college students in the process of teaching computer science in elementary school. All students in elementary school know how to type. But the problem is that they type it with one hand. Students use tablets and smartphones long before they start studying computer science at school. Because of this, they confidently type text with 1-2 fingers of one hand. Teachers spend a lot of effort teaching younger students how to use the computer keyboard correctly. It was decided to conduct an experiment. This experiment lasted more than one year, in the second and third grades. The author of the article created a keyboard simulator «Keyboard Alphabet» for second-grade students. The purpose of using the simulator is to develop students' ability to type the letters of the Ukrainian alphabet with both hands, using the appropriate fingers. This simulator was created in the Adobe Animate environment using the Action Script 3.0 programming language. The ability to create this tutorial refutes the attitude of programmers to Adobe Animate as a tool for creating only animation. Adobe Animate is a powerful environment for creating electronic educational resources. The «Keyboard Alphabet» trainer consists of electronic pages. Each letter has one electronic page. Students have the opportunity to enter both uppercase and lowercase letters of the Ukrainian alphabet. The simulator is designed in such a way that younger students can independently check the correctness of entering a letter. In the process, students can use a hint. The hint can be called up or hidden by clicking on the corresponding interactive elements. In the 3rd grade, while studying the topic "Word Processor", future teachers checked the results of their work. It turned out that those students who were asked to work with the keyboard simulator almost all try to type with both hands. In addition, they enter letters from the keyboard faster. And children with disabilities have the opportunity to improve their typing skills. The students decided to continue the experiment. In the future, they plan to investigate whether using the same simulator, but with letters of the English alphabet, will help learn English.

EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF NETWORKS IN HANDWRITTEN LATIN CHARACTERS RECOGNITION WITH DIACRITICS

The aim of the article is to analyze and compare the performance and accuracy of architectures with a different number of parameters on the example of a set of handwritten Latin characters from the Polish Handwritten Characters Database (PHCD). It is a database of handwriting scans containing letters of the Latin alphabet as well as diacritics characteristic of the Polish language. Each class in the PHCD dataset contains 6,000 scans for each character. The research was carried out on six proposed architectures and compared with the architecture from the literature. Each of the models was trained for 50 epochs, and then the accuracy of prediction was measured on a separate test set. The experiment thus constructed was repeated 20 times for each model. Accuracy, number of parameters and number of floating-point operations performed by the network were compared. The research was conducted on subsets such as uppercase letters, lowercase letters, lowercase letters with diacritics, and a subset of all available characters. The relationship between the number of parameters and the accuracy of the model was indicated. Among the examined architectures, those that significantly improved the prediction accuracy at the expense of a larger network size were selected, and a network with a similar prediction accuracy as the base one, but with twice as many model parameters was selected.

The Use of Information Retrieval in Student Academic Document Plagiarism Detection System

The practice of plagiarism can threaten the credibility of academic documents such as final assignments, theses, theses, and dissertations. Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo (UMPO) is one of the best Muhammadiyah Universities in Indonesia. All academic documents at UMPO are well stored. However, plagiarism is only found in the Turnitin database and in the title of academic documents. This research aims to pre-screen academic documents in the internal scope by creating a plagiarism application that is easy to use and cheaper in terms of cost than using Turnitin. The steps of making a plagiarism detection system in academic documents using information retrieval (IR) with waterfall development. The design process starts from system requirements analysis, design, implementation, and testing. This plagiarism detection system goes through several stages, namely tokenisation, stopword removal, stemming, and termweigthing. Tokenisation involves converting uppercase letters into lowercase letters and removing punctuation marks. Stopword removal removes noise, stemming converts words into basic forms, and termweigthing uses local and global weighting to calculate similarity with the Vector Space Model. Document similarity is calculated using cosine similarity, rejected documents are considered free of plagiarism. If there is no similarity, the document is accepted as a source document, while the rejected document is not stored in the database. Further research on the document plagiarism detection system that previously only used the txt file extension, in the future it can use the .doc or HTML extension so as to increase the effectiveness of the performance of academic document examination time.

Exploring Nuanced Errors in Bangladeshi Tertiary EFL Students’ Writing Mechanics: A Pedagogical Implication

Background: Top of Form In order to enhance tertiary EFL students' formal writing skills, it is crucial that they develop proficiency in writing mechanics alongside their syntactic maturity. It is crucial because weaknesses in writing mechanics can significantly impact the overall quality of the content. Purpose: the present study aims to examine the nuances of the sub-categories of three major writing mechanics and thus bring up some implications for EFL teachers, syllabus designers, and material designers. Methodology: This study is qualitative in nature and collected 42 narrative essays from 42 tertiary students. The participants comprised both English and non-English majors from seven private and public universities in Bangladesh. The collected data were analyzed using Hsieh and Shannon's (2005) summative content analysis. Findings: The findings of the analysis indicate that the most error-prone mechanics for students are the correct usage of ending punctuation marks (specifically the full stop) and non-ending punctuation marks (such as commas), while the second most challenging mechanics are the correct spellings of di- and polysyllabic words. Further, in capitalization mechanics, they encounter difficulties in the appropriate use of uppercase letters. Research implications: The study concludes with pedagogical implications that tertiary EFL teachers, syllabus designers, and material designers should put more emphasis on the sub-categories of writing mechanics while designing writing tasks for tertiary EFL learners.

Visual imagery deficits in posterior cortical atrophy

ABSTRACT Visual imagery has a close overlapping relationship with visual perception. Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative syndrome marked by early impairments in visuospatial processing and visual object recognition. We asked whether PCA would therefore also be marked by deficits in visual imagery, tested using objective forced-choice questionnaires, and whether imagery deficits would be selective for certain properties. We recruited four patients with PCA and a patient with integrative visual agnosia due to bilateral occipitotemporal strokes for comparison. We administered a test battery probing imagery for object shape, size, colour lightness, hue, upper-case letters, lower-case letters, word shape, letter construction, and faces. All subjects showed significant impairments in visual imagery, with imagery for lower-case letters most likely to be spared. We conclude that PCA subjects can show severe deficits in visual imagery. Further work is needed to establish how frequently this occurs and how early it can be found.

Web Framework

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to extend a web framework (WF) for developing web apps that can meet the diverse needs of different fields. This work aims to provide computer science senior project students with an opportunity to work on a wide range of projects using Apache, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and MySQL. The paper presents a WF that manages jokes, based on the book PHP MySQL: Novice to Ninja (6th ed.) by T. Butler and K. Yank. The WF is interactive, responsive, secure, password-protected and database-driven. It consists of generic and specific components that use a MySQL database on the web server-side to store jokes. The specific components can be modified or added to create custom apps. Admin users can log in with their email and password and perform various actions (view, add, delete and edit) on jokes and categories, depending on their level of permission. Admins with full permissions can also edit the permissions of other registered accounts and access the Manage Categories, Manage Jokes, and Manage Authors pages. The original WF is enhanced and expanded for the senior project starting point by adding the following features: a hierarchical main menu with admin menus as the second level, a highlighted selected menu item, responsive design - accessibility on all devices, improved password security (minimum of 8 characters, 1 lowercase letter, 1 uppercase letter, 1 digit, 1 special character), a two-factor authentication security subsystem, cascaded deletion and uploaded and retrieved binary files (images and documents). In conclusion, the project is designed and implemented following the best practices and tested on a web hosting server provider.