Upland Rice Farmers Research Articles

Food security drive and adoption of improved rice varieties on the production efficiencies of upland and lowland rice farmers in north-central Nigeria

To attain the food security target of the country, fostering farmers’ adoption of improved rice varieties will go a long way toward closing the lingering production deficit gap in Nigeria, and meeting up with the ever-increasing demand for rice consumption in the country. This study investigated the effect of the adoption of improved rice varieties on the production efficiencies of rice farmers in the north-central Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was uses to select 387 rice farmers, which includes 201 upland and 186 lowland rice farmers in the study area. A stochastic frontier analytical model (SFA) was employed to estimate production efficiencies (technical, economic and allocative) for the rice farmers. Further, a multivariate regression analysis (MVA) was applied to determine the effect of adoption on the efficiency levels of the rice farmers. The exploratory analysis of the data revealed that the rice varieties available for adoption by the rice farmers in the study area is 10, but both upland and lowland rice farmers adopted more of two rice varieties (Faro-46 and Faro-52). From the SFA results, most of the rice farmers have mean technical, economic and allocative efficiencies of 0.7, 0.54 and 0.76 respectively. The SFA estimates also indicated that seed, herbicide, fertilizer, farm size and capital assets significantly affect the efficiency of upland rice farmers, while the efficiency of their lowland counterparts is influenced by seed, farm size capital and herbicide, amongst others. The MVA estimates also showed that the adoption rate of improved rice varieties, years of formal education, and farm-level factors made significant contributions to the efficiency levels of the rice farmers. Importantly, the levels of adoption of all rice varieties by farmers indeed influenced their technical and economic efficiency, while having no impact on their allocative efficiency. The study recommended that the government, research institutes and developmental agencies should promote easy access to improved rice varieties by farmers, as this can further drive sustained adoption. This can evidently help to achieve desirable yield and enhance the efficiency level of the rice farmers and boost food availability and achieve the zero-hunger target in the study area and Nigeria at large.

EFFECT OF INPUT USE EFFICIENCY OF RICE PRODUCTION AMONG BENEFICIARIES AND NON-BENEFICIARIES OF ANCHOR BORROWERS’ PROGRAMME IN KADUNA STATE NIGERIA

This study investigates the effect of input use efficiency of rice production among beneficiaries and non- beneficiaries of Central Bank of Nigeria Anchor borrowers’ programme (ABP) in Kaduna State. Multistage sampling procedure include the purposive selection of the three Local Government Areas (LGAs): Kaduna South, Chukun, and Igabi where rice production is prominence in the state; two communities was randomly selected from each of the three selected LGAs to give a total of six selected communities. Finally, 110 each of upland rice farmers who were RIFAN and NON-RIFAN member beneficiaries of ABP were randomly selected from the targeted communities. Descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier model were used in analyzing data collected for the study area. The findings revealed that there were no significant differences between the socio-economic characteristics of both categories of farmers. Findings revealed that beneficiaries of ABP technical efficiency scores ranged from 0.71 and 1.00 with an average of 0.91. The scores for their allocative and economic efficiency ranged from 0.62 - 0.99 and 0.44 - 0.99 with an average of 0.93 and 0.85, respectively. While for the non-beneficiary rice farmer of the ABP, technical efficiency scores ranged from 0.52 and 0.89 with an average of 0.81. The scores for their allocative and economic efficiency ranged from 0.57 – 0.97 and 0.39 - 0.72 with an average of 0.76 and 0.65, respectively. From the finding it can be concluded that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies for of both beneficiaries and non- beneficiaries were below the frontier of one. The three most critical constraints for beneficiary and non-beneficiary were lack and poor extension services, high cost of inputs, and untimeliness of inputs distribution for beneficiary, and insufficient planting seeds for non-beneficiary. It is therefore recommended that government at the federal, state and local government levels should provide adequate extension services to rice farmers and also rice farmers should be encouraged by the extension agents to join and participate in cooperative societies so that Government and NGOs can easily reach out to them through this medium.

Cost and returns analysis of upland and lowland rice production among farmers in North Central Nigeria

Sustainability of the rice production and farmers’ income in Nigeria raises a serious concern due to the rising costs of production inputs and other factors beyond farmers’ control. As a result, the study compared the cost and returns of rice production in North central, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 387 rice farmers in the study area. Descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis and seeming unrelated regression were used to analyze the dataset collected. The findings revealed that most of the rice farmers were male, averagely young and have at least 9 family members in their respectively households. Results from Kwara State showed that total cost is higher among the upland rice farmers compared to their lowland counterparts, but reverse was the case in term of net profit, as this favoured the lowland rice farmers. For Niger State and pooled data, the lowland rice farmers had higher net profit than the upland rice farmers. Seemingly unrelated regression estimates indicated that costs associated with fertilizer, herbicide, seed, pesticide and labour used were significant and influencing factors affecting the revenue of rice farmers in the study area. While inaccessibility to cheap farm inputs was the major constraint affecting the rice farmers, other challenges include lack of storage, inadequate rainfall and inadequate credit facilities. The study recommended seamless access to improved rice varieties by the farmers as this can scale up adoption of improved technologies, boost production and ultimately the net revenue of rice farmers. Farmers are also advised to join and/or form a registered occupational groups through which credit facilities can easily be accessed, to expand the farming operations because of the positive and complementary role of social group and access to credit.

RESILIENCE OF FARMERS ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF NATURAL FARMING SYSTEMS FOR UPLAND RICE IN MOROTAI ISLAND

Objective: Sustainable agricultural development necessitates that every region of the world discovers or develops farming practices and systems suited to the local environment. Additionally, initiators encourage the adoption and spread of more sustainable agriculture methods. This study aimed to determine: 1) the resilience of farmers concerning the principles of natural farming methods for upland rice to the level of economic sustainability, 2) the resilience of farmers concerning the principles of natural farming systems for upland rice to the level of socio-cultural sustainability, 3) the resilience of farmers concerning the principles of natural farming systems for upland rice to the level of environmental sustainability, 4) the willingness of farmers to retain the economic viability of the natural farming system of upland rice, 5) the willingness of farmers to retain the environmental viability of the natural farming system of upland rice, and 6) the willingness of farmers to preserve the socio-cultural sustainability of the natural farming system of upland rice. Method: This research was conducted on Morotai Island, North Maluku Province. The selection of this region was purposive, while the selection of farmers as sample respondents was determined by random sampling. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and LISREL 8.70. Results: According to the research findings, farmers' perceptions of natural farming systems are a determining factor in farmer resilience. This factor has a positive impact on the sustainability of socio-cultural and environmental aspects but does not affect the sustainability of the economic component. Meanwhile, the willingness to maintain natural farming systems is a resilience element for farmers that influences the sustainability of economic and socio-cultural dimensions but not the environmental component. This study concludes that farmer resilience to the principles of natural upland rice farming systems in the border region of Morotai Island has distinct characteristics and is an economically, socio-culturally, and environmentally sustainable agricultural system. Conclusion: This study concludes that the resilience of farmers to the principles of natural upland rice farming systems in the border region of Morotai Island has a distinctive character and is an economically, socioculturally, and environmentally sustainable agricultural system.

Utilization of solid organic waste as a biofertilizer formulation for upland rice plants supports sustainable rice farming

The use of local isolates as biofertilizer and organic fertilizer based on organic waste is carried out as an environmentally friendly cultivation effort towards sustainable agriculture. This research aims to obtain a biofertilizer formulation made from solid organic waste to support sustainable upland rice farming. The treatments used were: F0: without biofertilizer formulation, F1: 75% tofu dregs + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F2: 75% rice straw + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F3: 75% solids + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F4: 75% peat + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium, F5: 75% rice husk + 100 ml cellulolytic bacterial consortium. The formulation of organic waste-based biofertilizer with a consortium in this research showed that did not have an effect on the growth of upland rice plants, but the provision of 75% tofu dregs + 100 ml cellulolytic bacteria consortium tended to provide better plant height growth in terms of rice plant height parameters.

Upland Rice: A Water-Efficient Rice Production System in India

The rainfed upland ecosystem, although often overlooked, plays a crucial role in sustaining India's impoverished population with its limited resources. This ecosystem spans across most states in the country, covering approximately 7 million hectares, with Eastern India having the highest coverage (>90%). In the typical upland ecosystem, rice is cultivated using direct seeding, employing minimal inputs such as fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. Upland rice farming is widely recognized for its crucial role in sustaining subsistence agriculture, catering to the nutritional needs of rainfed farming communities during the period of scarcity, particularly towards the end of September. Among all rice ecosystems, the upland environment stands out as the most diverse. Upland rice is cultivated through various methods, including permanent cultivation, block rotations, slash-and-burn (Jhum cultivation) and is established through broadcasting, seeding behind plough, or drilling seeds in small holes. It is grown both as a single crop and in combination with other cereals, oilseeds, or pulses. In specific regions like eastern Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, short-duration upland rice is grown under transplanted conditions. The harvest from upland rice not only serves as a crucial food source for impoverished farmers but also fulfills the feed requirements for cattle during times of scarcity. The majority of upland rice cultivation is concentrated in the Eastern Plateau and Hills Region, emphasizing subsistence farming. Addressing such challenges is crucial for maximizing the potential of upland rice cultivation and its role in sustaining rainfed agriculture in India.

Determinants of technical efficiency among smallholder upland rice farmers in northern Uganda—a Cobb–Douglas stochastic frontier approach

Determinants of technical efficiency among smallholder upland rice farmers in northern Uganda—a Cobb–Douglas stochastic frontier approach

Enhancing Upland Rice Growth and Yield with Indigenous Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Isolate at N-Fertilizers Dosage

Upland rice farming plays a crucial role in ensuring food security in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates on the growth of upland rice. The bioassay and pot experiments were conducted to select the capable isolates of PGPR and to investigate the effect of the PGPR inoculant on the N fertilizer efficiency and agronomic traits of upland rice. The bacterial isolates were identified through a biochemical analysis and tested under controlled greenhouse conditions. The selected PGPR inoculant was formulated as a liquid biofertilizer (LB). The three capable isolates were obtained to fix nitrogen, produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), organic acid, and nitrogenase activity and were identified through a biomolecular analysis as Delftia tsuruhatensis strain D9, Delftia sp. strain MS2As2, and Bacillus sp. The application of the LB into the soil at a dose of 10 L ha−1 and 50 kg ha−1 N resulted in a grain yield of 29.81 g pot−1 and a relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) value of 235.08%, signifying a significant improvement over the conventional method. Several variables, including the number of grains, number of panicles, root length, 1000-grain weight, population of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and nitrogen uptake exhibited a strong correlation with the grain yield, accounting for 97.80% of the observed variation. These findings show the enormous potential of PGPR isolates, specifically of Delftia tsuruhatensis strain D9, Delftia sp. strain MS2As2, and Bacillus sp., in significantly enhancing the upland rice output in Indonesia. Furthermore, the use of an LB as a biofertilizer in conjunction with nitrogen fertilization provides a viable and sustainable way to increase yields and enhance the overall sustainability of the region’s upland rice farming systems.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI USAHATANI PADI GOGO (Oryza sativa. L) DI DESA PAKENG KECAMATAN LEMBANG KABUPATEN PINRANG

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is a very important food crop in the world after wheat and corn. Upland rice is a variety of rice cultivation, namely planting rice on dry land. Upland rice is generally planted once a year at the start of the rainy season. The aims of this study were 1) to find out what factors influenced upland rice farming in Pakeng Village, Lembang District, Pinrang Regency. . 2) To find out what factors had a significant effect on upland rice farming in Pakeng Village, Lembang Distric Pinrang Regency. This study uses a quantitative descriptive research method because the implementation includes data, analysis and interpretation of the meaning of the data obtained, the data used in this study are primary and secondary data. There were 75 samples in the study which were then processed using SPSS 21 and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis technique. From the results of the study it was obtained: that the variables of land area, fertilizer, labor had a positive but not significant effect, while herbicides and technology had a significant effect on upland rice farming in Pakeng Village, Lembang District, Pinrang Regency.

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF AMARANTHUS VIRIDIS

Amaranthus viridis, a weed found in upland rice farming poses a threat, to crop plants because it competes for vital resources like water, minerals, and nutrients. This competition leads to decreases in crop yield. To tackle this issue a designed study was conducted to examine the characteristics of Amaranthus viridis in three different locations with distinct environments. The results showed a meaningful connection between traits such as dry weight, fresh weight, plant height, leaf area, leaf width, leaf length and root length. Interestingly the width of the plant leaves was found impact on its height. Additionally, location two was identified as an environment for the vigorous growth and development of Amaranthus viridis plants. To effectively minimize losses, in crop yield caused by this weed it is strongly recommended to remove or control Amaranthus viridis populations. This study underscores the importance of population management strategies.

Kontribusi peran perempuan pada usahatani padi ladang di Kecamatan Kulisusu Utara Kabupaten Buton Utara

The time spent by women farmers in the research area is different in each stage of farming, especially field farming. Even the work placements for women farmers are often uneven and sometimes not in accordance with their skills and abilities. The purpose of the study was to determine the role of women farmers in farming, namely field rice in Tomoahi Village, North Kulisusu District, North Buton Regency. With a sample of 32 families from a population of 109 families, the sample was selected by simple random sampling. Sources of data through observation and questionnaires. The analysis technique is qualitatively and quantitatively then the results are assessed in the form of a percentage of each observed variable. The results showed that the women's work in farming activities was 1054.31 hours/farming, equivalent to 52.28%. The role of women farmers in upland rice farming in Tomoahi Village, North Kulisusu District, North Buton Regency is the largest in weeding activities with an outpouring of labor equivalent to 269.98 hours/farming and the smallest is in land processing activities of 0.03 hours/farming.
 Keywords: outpouring of time, field rice, peasant woman

Feasibility and Swot Analysis of Upland Rice Farming in Cingkes, Simalungun, Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to determine the farmers' production costs for upland rice farming per hectare in one year, to find out the net income earned by farmers from upland rice farming per hectare in one year, knowing how feasible upland rice farming is, and knowing how upland rice farming strategies are in the research area. the research location was determined purposively (deliberately). The data analysis method used is descriptive analysis, farming feasibility analysis, and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the average production cost of upland rice farming in the study area was Rp. 6,786,522/ha/year, the average income of upland rice farming was Rp. 15,7985,000/ha/year, and the average net income of IDR 9,008,478/ha/year. The feasibility of farming or the R/C ratio in the research area is 2.3, this indicates that upland rice farming is feasible to cultivate. in Cingkes Village, Dolok Silau District, Simalungun Regency is feasible to cultivate. The strategy for developing upland rice farming in the research area can be done by increasing the role of farmer groups, and increasing upland rice productivity

Kontibusi Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Ladang Terhadap Pendapatan Petani Di Desa Taraudu Kecamatan Sahu Kabupaten Halmahera Barat

The purpose of this study was to determine and calculate the contribution of upland rice farming income to farmers' income. This research was conducted from September 2021 to November 2021. Primary data were obtained directly from selected respondents at the research location. The sampling method was carried out with a sampling census which made all members of the population as samples, the population in this study was 40 field rice farmers in Taraudu Village. The analysis used in this study is analyzed using the contribution formula and is presented in tabular form. The results of the study showed that upland rice farming contributed 10.72% to farmers' income.

Modal Sosial Suku Arfak dalam Usahatani Padi Ladang di Kampung Guentuy Kabupaten Manokwari Papua Barat

Exploring the potential of social capital as a social strength of society in developing farming becomes the central point of sustainable agricultural development. The Arfak tribe, a farming community, living in the Papua region, has only been introduced to the introduction of upland rice in their farming activities for approximately three years. The study to find the social capital strength of the Arfak Tribe in upland rice farming, the application of upland rice farming, and the relationship between social capital and the application of upland rice farming is the aim of this research. The research was conducted in Guentuy Village, a center for upland rice production from indigenous Papuan farmers. The number of respondents was 84 Arfak Tribe farmers who cultivate field rice. The survey method uses in-depth interviews and field observations of 84 farmers from the Arfak Tribe. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics. The results showed that the social capital owned by the Arfak Tribe in upland rice farming included trust in family members, transmigration farmers, and village officials to cooperate, share experiences, work without pay, and provide village funds for upland rice farming. Social interaction between family members, transmigration farmers, and village officials in discussing field rice problems, borrowing equipment from each other, and collaborating is the social capital of the Arfak Tribe’s built-in social networks. The social capital of the Arfak Tribe is in the form of obedience to find sources of consumption, not forbidding farmers to consume rice. Therefore, it gives the Arfak Tribe an opportunity to learn upland rice farming. The study results concluded that the Arfak Tribe had not fully implemented the farming component. The test results show that the social network between members of farmer groups and village officials influences the Arfak Tribe’s belief in implementing field rice farming. Furthermore, the social norms of the Arfak Tribe, which do not prohibit farmers from consuming rice, provide opportunities for Arfak Tribe farmers to learn the seed preparation stage as the initial stage of implementing upland rice farming.

Analysis of the Transition from Field Rice Farming to Cassava Farming through a Land Optimization Development Program in Eelahaji Village Kulisusu District Buton Utara Regency

This study aims to determine why farmers switch farming from field rice to cassava and determine the income difference between upland rice and cassava farming in Eelahaji Village, Kulisusu District, North Buton Regency. The study was conducted in Eelahaji Village, Kulisusu Subdistrict, North Buton Regency, in November 2021. The research population was all farmers receiving government assistance from the land optimization development program and 35 farmers who changed their farms. In contrast, the research sample was determined using the census method. The type and origin of the data used are primary and secondary data. Collecting data using the method of observation, interviews, and documentation. The research variables include income, cooperation of farmers in groups, farming habits, labor, production, costs, prices, and revenues. Analysis of the data used to answer the research objectives is descriptive analysis. The results of the study share that the reason for farmers to switch their farming is that the economic aspect uses a percentage (25%) in the form of 25% income and the social aspect with a percentage of 75% in the form of farmer cooperation in groups (25%), farming habits (25%) and labor ( 25%). The income of upland rice farming is on average IDR2,285,886/ha/year, while the income of cassava farming is on average IDR12,858,857/ha/year. Thus, it can be seen that there is a significant difference between the income of upland rice farming and cassava farming.

Income Differences of Sago Processing Farmers and Upland Rice Farmers in Southeast Sulawesi Province

This research is motivated by the need for food for the local community of Southeast Sulawesi Province. Food diversification by preserving local food, sago, and brown rice from upland rice. Foodstuffs that are handled differently are first handled in groups for sago and done by farmers and their families for upland rice. The study aimed to analyze the differences in income between sago processing farmers and upland rice farmers. The research was conducted in two locations, namely: (1) sago processing group in Lameuru Village, West Ranomeeto District, South Konawe Regency, and (2) upland rice farmers in Bubu Village, Kambowa District, North Buton Regency. Determination of research locations by purposive for as many as ten people for sago processors. By Simple Random Sampling for upland rice farmers as many as 24 people. The analytical tool used is descriptive analysis with a t-test. According to the findings, sago processors' average monthly income was IDR1,791,400.00, more than Indonesian farmers' average monthly income of IDR1,600,000 in 2016. Upland rice farmers earn an average of IDR1,116,726.20 per month, more than the IDR1,000,000.00 per month average for Indonesian farmers in 2017. The results of the t-test showed a significant difference between the income of sago processors and the average income of upland rice farmers.

PROSPEK PENGEMBANGAN PADI GOGO MENDUKUNG LUMBUNG PANGAN DI WILAYAH PERBATASAN PULAU MOROTAI

Upland rice commodity is generally the second choice after paddy in fulfilling community rice needs. Morotai Island is one of the government's target locations in initiating the Export-Oriented Food Storage program in the Border Region. This study aimed to determined the prospects for the development of upland rice to support food barns in the border region of Morotai Island. The method used is descriptive analysis, measuring the growth rate of rice based on the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), and measuring the feasibility of farming using income analysis, R/C ratio, and break-even point analysis. The results showed that the increase in the growth rate of harvested area and upland rice production was 25,75 percent with a contribution of 42,81 percent and 31,65 percent, recpectively, of the harvested area and rice production on Morotai Island in the 2011 to 2017 period. Upland rice farming has an R/C ratio of 1.72 which indicated that this farming is feasible. The potential and opportunities for upland rice development to support food barns on Morotai Island are still very prospective. The development of upland rice can be pursued through intensification and extensification of agriculture with the application of cultivation technology, the use of new high yield varieties, increasing the cropping index, and sustainable soil and water conservation efforts. This needs to be supported by strong farmer and extention institutions and easy access for farmers to finance agriculture.

Prospek Pengembangan Padi Gogo Mendukung Lumbung Pangan di Wilayah Perbatasan Pulau Morotai

Upland rice commodity is generally the second choice after paddy in fulfilling community rice needs. Morotai Island is one of the government's target locations in initiating the Export-Oriented Food Storage program in the Border Region. This study aimed to determined the prospects for the development of upland rice to support food barns in the border region of Morotai Island. The method used is descriptive analysis, measuring the growth rate of rice based on the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), and measuring the feasibility of farming using income analysis, R/C ratio, and break-even point analysis. The results showed that the increase in the growth rate of harvested area and upland rice production was 25,75 percent with a contribution of 42,81 percent and 31,65 percent, recpectively, of the harvested area and rice production on Morotai Island in the 2011 to 2017 period. Upland rice farming has an R/C ratio of 1.72 which indicated that this farming is feasible. The potential and opportunities for upland rice development to support food barns on Morotai Island are still very prospective. The development of upland rice can be pursued through intensification and extensification of agriculture with the application of cultivation technology, the use of new high yield varieties, increasing the cropping index, and sustainable soil and water conservation efforts. This needs to be supported by strong farmer and extention institutions and easy access for farmers to finance agriculture.

Utilization of suboptimal land for the sustainability of upland rice farming in Minahasa District

Increasing rice production is not only relied on from irrigated and rainfed rice fields, but also on dry land (upland rice). Development of upland rice on sub-optimal lands is one of the efforts to overcome the problem of vulnerability to rice availability, but until now its management is still not optimal. Minahasa District is one of the upland rice producing districts in North Sulawesi. This paper aims to identify matters related to sub-optimal land use for the sustainability of upland rice farming by farmers that can be developed in support of efforts to increase upland rice production in North Sulawesi, in addition to improving the existing technology used by farmers. This study was conducted in the Tombariri Subdistrict, Minahasa District, using a survey method. Data collection was carried out through field observations, surveys, documentation, in-depth interviews with key informants, and literature studies. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively. Based on field identification and the results of the study, it was found that the existing local farmers’ technology was still very simple, especially in the aspects of seed supply, planting and maintenance. Farmers are increasingly pursuing development towards organic farming. There are still many sub-optimal land uses that can be optimized for upland rice cultivation accompanied by improvements to the existing limiting factors on each land.

Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Padi Ladang di Kabupaten Buton Utara (Studi Kasus di Desa Ronta Kecamatan Bonegunu Kabupaten Buton Utara)

This study aims to determine the financial feasibility of upland rice farming in Ronta Village, Bonegunu District, North Buton Regency. The research was carried out in May 2021 - June 2021 in Ronta Village, Bonegunu District, North Buton Regency. The research data were analyzed using quantitative methods with cost, revenue, income, and financial feasibility. The study results showed that upland rice farming in Ronta Village, Bonegunu District, North Buton Regency was feasible to cultivate and develop based on economic feasibility criteria. The NPV value obtained was IDR 958.8 with an interest rate of 14%, BEP IDR 4,614, and 72.78 kg. IRR is 25%, the required Payback Period is 1.5 years, and the B/C Ratio is 3.76. In the sensitivity analysis, if there is a 30% decrease in price, then the upland rice farming in Ronta Village is not feasible to develop because it does not meet the five financial feasibility investment criteria.