Upregulation Of Tight Junction Proteins Research Articles

Modulating the anti-inflammatory and barrier protective effects on intestinal epithelial cells utilizing an aqueous Aspalathus linearis extract in vitro

BackgroundRooibos is a natural herbal plant containing numerous unique polyphenols which have been associated with certain health benefits. Several of these bioactive constituents have been linked to promoting gut health through its beneficial actions such as anti-inflammatory and anti-spasmodic characteristics. PurposeThe study aims to compare the anti-inflammatory and barrier protective effects of an unfermented and fermented rooibos aqueous extract on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). MethodsAqueous extracts of unfermented and fermented rooibos were prepared, and chemical and antioxidant analysis were performed of each extract. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were pre-treated with either unfermented or fermented aqueous rooibos extracts (0.1 and 0.05 mg/ml) then exposed to 10 µg/ml of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability, protein and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of both extracts. Barrier integrity of IPEC-J2 was investigated by measuring the Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and quantifying tight junction gene expression. ResultsBoth the unfermented and fermented rooibos extracts have significant anti-inflammatory properties by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Interestingly for certain genes (IL-8, IL-6, IL-1B and CCL20) the fermented extracts, specifically at 0.1 mg/ml, exhibited greater effectiveness by decreasing the expression after LPS-induced inflammation whilst for another gene (TNF-α) the unfermented extract at both concentrations was more efficient in decreasing expression and ultimately protecting the IPEC-J2 cells from inflammation. When evaluating the barrier integrity, 0.1 mg/ml of the unfermented rooibos extract showed the most significant barrier protective effects through upregulation of tight junction proteins, ZO-1, Occludin as well as Claudin-4. ConclusionHigher concentration of the fermented rooibos extract prevented the inflammatory response significantly whilst the higher concentration of the unfermented rooibos extract enhanced tight junction expression and protected barrier integrity in LPS-induced inflamed intestinal cells. This is attributed to the differences in the polyphenol content of each extract and demonstrating the unique activity mechanisms of different rooibos extracts to reduce onset of early inflammation.

Yeast β-glucan attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis: Involvement of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids

Yeast β-glucan intervention offers a promising strategy for managing colitis; however, the mechanisms remain unknown. In the present work, the protective effects of yeast β-glucan on DSS-induced colitis in mice was evaluated, focusing on its interaction with gut microbiota. The result showed yeast β-glucan significantly alleviated colitis symptoms, evidenced by reduced weight loss, lower disease activity index (DAI) scores, and minimized intestinal damage. It enhanced intestinal barrier integrity via upregulation of tight junction proteins, suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) release, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Additionally, yeast β-glucan boosted short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, and activated their receptors, increased the relative abundances of beneficial microbes like Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006. Transcriptomic analyses suggest that yeast β-glucan mitigates inflammation by downregulating gene expression related to IL-17 pathway. Our findings highlight potential of yeast β-glucan as a therapeutic agent for colitis through modulation of gut microbiota and inflammatory responses.

Postbiotic lactobacilli induce cutaneous antimicrobial response and restore the barrier to inhibit the intracellular invasion of Staphylococcus aureus invitro and exvivo.

Intracellular pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus contribute to the non-healing phenotype of chronic wounds. Lactobacilli, well known as beneficial bacteria, are also reported to modulate the immune system, yet their role in cutaneous immunity remains largely unknown. We explored the therapeutic potential of bacteria-free postbiotics, bioactive lysates of lactobacilli, to reduce intracellular S. aureus colonization and promote healing. Fourteen postbiotics derived from various lactobacilli species were screened, and Latilactobacillus curvatus BGMK2-41 was selected for further analysis based on the most efficient ability to reduce intracellular infection by S. aureus diabetic foot ulcer clinical isolate and S. aureus USA300. Treatment of both infected keratinocytes invitro and infected human skin exvivo with BGMK2-41 postbiotic cleared S. aureus. Keratinocytes treated invitro with BGMK2-41 upregulated expression of antimicrobial response genes, of which DEFB4, ANG, and RNASE7 were also found upregulated in treated exvivo human skin together with CAMP exclusively upregulated exvivo. Furthermore, BGMK2-41 postbiotic treatment has a multifaceted impact on the wound healing process. Treatment of keratinocytes stimulated cell migration and the expression of tight junction proteins, while in exvivo human skin BGMK2-41 increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, promoted re-epithelialization, and restored the epidermal barrier via upregulation of tight junction proteins. Together, this provides a potential therapeutic approach for persistent intracellular S. aureus infections.

Feasibility evaluation of cottonseed protein concentrate to replace soybean meal in the diet of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): Growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal health and microflora composition

An investigation into the replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) in the diet of grass carp feed (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) was carried out. During a 56-day feeding trial, 750 grass carp were fed five experimental diets (isonitrogenous and isolipidic) with different levels of CPC: SBM (control group), CPC25, CPC50, CPC75, and CPC100, corresponding to dietary SBM replacements levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results showed that dietary CPC inclusion significantly increased FW, WGR, and PER (P < 0.05) except CPC100 groups, which did not differ with SBM group (P > 0.05). FCR was remarkably increased when SBM replacement levels reached up to 100% (P < 0.05). Based on broken-line regression analysis of WGR against the dietary replacement of SBM with CPC, the optimal replacement level of SBM with CPC was estimated to be 75.11% for juvenile grass carp. Muscle texture parameters hardness, gumminess and chewiness were apparently elevated (P < 0.05), demonstrated an improved flesh quality followed CPC added. The CPC inclusion groups showed significantly higher serum IgM, C3 amd C4 contents, as well as ACP and AKP activities than SBM group except CPC100 groups (P < 0.05). The hepatic antioxidant capacity was enhanced followed CPC inclusion verified at enzymatic and transcriptional levels (P < 0.05). The intestinal inflammation was relieved evidenced by the down-regulated il-β, il-6 and tnf-α expressive abundance mediated through NF-κB pathway (P < 0.05). Additionally, the intestinal mucosal barrier function was enhanced by the up-regulation of tight junction proteins (occludin, claudin12, zo-1, and zo-2). The intestinal lipase and trypsin activities in CPC50 and CPC75 and intestinal folds height in CPC25, CPC50 and CPC75 were advanced (P < 0.05). The gut microbiota revealed no significant differences in the alpha diversity indices across treatments (P > 0.05). While the key bacteria of Aeromonas in the CPC100 group was increased leading intestinal dysbacteriosis. Besides, the ME1 of the microbial network has a negative correlation with pro-inflammatory gens and a positive correlation with antioxidant gens and tight linking proteins (P < 0.05). Summarily, CPC could partially replace SBM with positive influences on growth, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestinal microbiota in grass carp.

Evaluation of soybean meal replacement by Clostridium autoethanogenum protein in diets for juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

An investigation into the possible substitution of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) for soybean meal (SBM) in the diet of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) was carried out. During a 56-day feeding trial, 750 grass carp were fed five experimental diets with different levels of CAP: SBM (control group), CAP25, CAP50, CAP75, and CAP100, corresponding to dietary SBM replacements levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results showed that dietary CAP significantly increased FW, WGR, and PER in CAP25 group (P < 0.05), but complete substitution showed the opposite trend (P < 0.05). The liver antioxidant capacity was improved in CAP25 group manifested by the enhanced SOD, GPx and CAT activities, reduced ROS, and MDA contents, and the up-regulated cuznsod, mnsod, gpx1, gpx4, gsto and gr transcript levels mediated by Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway (P < 0.05). The intestinal inflammation was relieved in CAP25 group evidenced by the down-regulated il-β, il-6 and tnf-α expressive abundance through NF-κB pathway (P < 0.05). Additionally, the intestinal mucosal barrier function was enhanced by the upregulation of tight junction proteins (occludin, zo-1 and zo-2) in the CAP25 group. Whereas the intestinal folds showed varying degrees of breakage in CAP100 group. The increased amylase and lipase activities, intestinal folds height, and goblet cell numbers were found in CAP25 group (P < 0.05). The gut microbiota revealed no significant differences in the alpha diversity indices across treatments (P > 0.05). Besides, the abundance of Bacteroides in the CAP25 group was increased, while the abundance of Erysipelatoclosridium in the CAP100 group was increased. Summarily, CAP could replace 25% of SBM with positive influences on growth, antioxidant capacity, immunity and intestinal microbiota for juvenile grass carp. Conversely, high levels of CAP impaired intestinal physical barrier and caused intestinal microbiota disturbance, resulting in negatively affect the growth performance.

Self-crosslinking hyaluronic acid hydrogel as an enteroprotective agent for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

The pathological changes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include the disruption of intestinal barrier function and the infiltration of pathogenic microbes. The application of an artificial protective barrier at the site of inflammation can prevent bacterial infiltration, promote epithelial cell migration, and accelerate wound healing. In this study, dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-DA) was developed as a bioadhesive self-cross-linkable hydrogel, which acted as an enteroprotective agent to promote the healing of inflamed intestinal tissue. The adhesion strength HA-DA to mouse colon was 3.81-fold higher than HA. Moreover, HA-DA promoted Caco-2 cell proliferation and migration as well as had a strong physical barrier effect after gelation. After oral administration, the HA-DA reduced weight loss and attenuated impaired goblet cell function in mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced IBD. In addition, HA-DA promoted restoration of the epithelial barrier by the upregulation of tight junction proteins. The results reported herein substantiated that self-cross-linkable hydrogel-based enteroprotective agents are a promising approach for the treatment of IBD.

Piezo1 Knockout Improves Post-Stroke Cognitive Dysfunction by Inhibiting the Interleukin-6 (IL-6)/Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) Pathway.

Cerebral infarction often results in post-stroke cognitive impairment, which impairs the quality of life and causes long-term disability. Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system, have a crucial role in cerebral ischemia and neuroinflammation. We explored the possible advantages of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a powerful pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by astrocytes, for post-stroke cognitive function. Mendelian randomization was applied to analyze the GWAS database of stroke patients, obtaining a causal relationship between IL-6 and stroke. Further validation of this relationship and its mechanisms was conducted. Using a mouse model of cerebral infarction, we demonstrated a significant increase in IL-6 expression in astrocytes surrounding the ischemic lesion. This protective effect of Piezo1 knockout was attributed to the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and upregulation of tight junction proteins, such as occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Two-step Mendelian randomization revealed that IL-6 exposure is a risk factor for stroke. Moreover, we conducted behavioral assessments and observed that Piezo1 knockout mice that received intranasal administration of astrocyte-derived IL-6 showed notable improvement in cognitive function compared to control mice. This enhancement was associated with reduced neuronal cell death and suppressed astrocyte activation, preserving ZO-1. Our study shows that astrocyte-derived IL-6 causes cognitive decline after stroke by protecting the blood-brain barrier. This suggests that piezo1 knockout may reduce cognitive impairment after brain ischemia. Further research on the mechanisms and IL-6 delivery methods may lead to new therapies for post-stroke cognition.

Enhancing gut barrier integrity: Upregulation of tight junction proteins by chitosan oligosaccharide through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway

ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the protective mechanism of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in IEC-6 cells and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. MethodsThe cell inflammation model was constructed by LPS in vitro and enteritis model by DSS in vivo. ResultsFollowing LPS exposure, IEC-6 cell proliferation significantly decreased, epithelial cell integrity was compromised, and TNF-α and IL-1β levels were increased. However, COS pretreatment reversed these changes. In vivo, DSS-treated mice exhibited evident pathological alterations, including heightened inflammatory levels and significantly decreased expression of tight junction proteins and critical proteins in the Mitogen activated proteins kinase signaling pathway. Nevertheless, COS administration notably reduced inflammatory levels and increased the expression of tight junction proteins and key proteins in the Mitogen activated proteins kinase signaling pathway. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that COS safeguards gut barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins through the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Therefore, COS has emerged as a promising candidate for novel drug interventions against inflammatory bowel disease.

Microbial-Based Bioactive Compounds to Alleviate Inflammation in Obesity.

The increased prevalence of obesity with several other metabolic disorders, including diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, has reached global pandemic proportions. Lifestyle changes may result in a persistent positive energy balance, hastening the onset of these age-related disorders and consequently leading to a diminished lifespan. Although suggestions have been raised on the possible link between obesity and the gut microbiota, progress has been hampered due to the extensive diversity and complexities of the gut microbiota. Being recognized as a potential biomarker owing to its pivotal role in metabolic activities, the dysregulation of the gut microbiota can give rise to a persistent low-grade inflammatory state associated with chronic diseases during aging. This chronic inflammatory state, also known as inflammaging, induced by the chronic activation of the innate immune system via the macrophage, is controlled by the gut microbiota, which links nutrition, metabolism, and the innate immune response. Here, we present the functional roles of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as bioactive compounds by underscoring their putative contributions to (1) the reduction in gut hyperpermeability due to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inactivation, (2) increased intestinal barrier function as a consequence of the upregulation of tight junction proteins, and (3) inhibition of proinflammatory pathways, overall leading to the alleviation of chronic inflammation in the management of obesity.

Both live and heat killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DPUL-F232 alleviate whey protein-induced food allergy by regulating cellular immunity and repairing the intestinal barrier.

Postbiotics have been proposed as clinically viable alternatives to probiotics, addressing limitations and safety concerns associated with probiotic use. However, direct comparisons between the functional differences and health benefits of probiotics and postbiotics remain scarce. This study compared directly the desensitization effect of probiotics and postbiotics derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain DPUL-F232 in the whey protein-induced allergic rat model. The results demonstrate that administering both live and heat killed F232 significantly alleviated allergy symptoms, reduced intestinal inflammation, and decreased serum antibody and histamine levels in rats. Both forms of F232 were effective in regulating the Th1/Th2 balance, promoting the secretion of the regulatory cytokine IL-10, inhibiting mast cell degranulation and restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier through the upregulation of tight junction proteins. Considering the enhanced stability and reduced safety concerns of postbiotics compared to probiotics, alongside their ability to regulate allergic reactions, we suggest that postbiotics may serve as viable substitutes for probiotics in managing food allergies and potentially other diseases.

PSD-95 inhibitor Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) protects the integrity of the blood-brain barrier after transient middle artery occlusion in rats by downregulating matrix metalloprotease-9 and upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase

BackgroundProtection against ischemic stroke may be most effective when multiple components of the neurovascular unit are protected, yet current treatments target mainly neurons. Here we explored whether the PSD-95 inhibitor Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) can protect not only neurons but also the blood-brain barrier. MethodsAdult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, which were subjected to either sham surgery or transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, after which some animals were treated with Tat-NR2B9c. The therapeutic efficacy of Tat-NR2B9c was assessed in terms of the degree of neurological deficit and cerebral infarction, integrity of the blood-brain barrier, cerebral water content, as well as expression of PSD-95, nitric oxide synthase, and matrix metalloprotease-9. ResultsTat-NR2B9c (NA-1) ameliorated neurofunctional deficit, reduced cerebral infarction, mitigated blood-brain barrier injury and improved its integrity following ischemia-reperfusion, leading to less cerebral edema. These improvements were associated with upregulation of tight junction proteins in the blood-brain barrier. At the same time, Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) downregulated neuronal nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloprotease-9, while reversing the ischemia-induced downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in brain. We report here the first evidence that PSD-95 is expressed in vascular endothelial cells in the brain. ConclusionOur experiments in a rat model of transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery suggest that Tat-NR2B9c (NA-1) can mitigate ischemic injury to the blood-brain barrier, and that it may do so by downregulating matrix metalloprotease-9 and upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Allyl isothiocyanate mitigates airway inflammation and constriction in a house dust mite-induced allergic asthma model via upregulation of tight junction proteins and the TRPA1 modulation

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that has been associated with insufficient vegetable intake. Allyl Isothiocyanate (AITC) is a natural isothiocyanate found in cruciferous plants with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities. Our study aimed to investigate the potential effect of AITC on tracheal constriction in a house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma animal model, and explore the underlying mechanisms. To investigate the effects of AITC on HDM-induced allergic asthma model, established by intranasally administering extracts of HDM and AITC or DEX was given orally for four weeks. Flexivent SCIREQ, H&E staining, ELISA were employed to evaluate the lung function and the cytokine secretion. Possible mechanisms were determined by Western blot. Rat tracheae contraction was measured by Labscribe. We utilized lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to assess the adhesion response to the combination of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-4. The results of the study showed that AITC significantly reduced tracheal constriction in ex vivo experiments and improved lung function in in vivo experiments compared to HDM-induced mice. Additionally, AITC decreased cytokine secretion, inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung, and constriction-related proteins expression in both lung and tracheae. Moreover, AITC increased tight junction-related protein expression in lung tissues. In vitro experiments showed that AITC had a protective effect through TRPA1 channel without affecting cell viability. Our results demonstrate that AITC has potential anti-asthma effects in HDM-induced asthma models by alleviating airway inflammation and airway constriction through increasing tight junction-related protein expression and suppressing Ca2+ signaling. These findings suggest that AITC may be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in asthma treatment.

Chitosan-gentamicin conjugate attenuates heat stress-induced intestinal barrier injury via the TLR4/STAT6/MYLK signaling pathway: In vitro and in vivo studies

Heat stress (HS) has a negative impact on animal health. A modified chitosan-gentamicin conjugate (CS-GT) was prepared to investigate its potential protective effects and mechanism of action on heat stress-induced intestinal mucosa injury in IPEC-J2 cells and mouse 3D intestinal organs in a mouse model. CS-GT significantly (P < 0.01) reversed the decline in transmembrane resistance and increased the FITC-dextran permeability of the IPEC-J2 monolayer fusion epithelium caused by heat stress. Heat stress decreased the expression of the tight binding proteins occludin, claudin1, and claudin2. However, pretreatment with CS-GT significantly increased (P < 0.01) the expression of these tight binding proteins. Mechanistically, CS-GT inhibited the activation of the TLR4/STAT6/MYLK signaling pathway induced by heat stress. Molecular docking showed that CS-GT can bind effectively with TLR4. In conclusion, CS-GT alleviates heat stress-induced intestinal mucosal damage both in vitro and in vivo. This effect is mediated, at least partly, by the inhibition of the TLR4/STAT6/MYLK signaling pathway and upregulation of tight junction proteins. These findings suggest that CS-GT may have therapeutic potential in the prevention and treatment of heat stress-related intestinal injury.

Consumption of honey ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via upregulation of tight junction proteins.

The leaky gut barrier is an important factor leading to various inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders. The nutritional value of honey and variety of its health benefits have long been recognized. This study was undertaken to assess the role of Indian mustard honey in preventing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction using a combination of in vitro and in vivo experimental model systems. LPS was used to induce intestinal barrier damage in a trans-well model of Caco-2 cells (1µg/ml) and in Swiss albino mice (5mg/kg body weight). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to analyse sugar and phenolic components in honey samples. The Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity was evaluated by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular permeability assays. The histopathology of intestinal tissue was analysed by haematoxylin and eosin dual staining. The quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify the transcription of genes. The protein expression was analysed by immunofluorescence, western blot and ELISA-based techniques. The in vitro data showed that honey prevented LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction dose dependently as was measured by TEER and paracellular flux of FITC-dextran dye. Further, the in vivo data showed a prophylactic effect of orally administered honey as it prevented the loss of intestinal barrier integrity and villus structure. The cellular localization and expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins were upregulated along with downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to the administration of honey with LPS. The findings of this study suggest a propitious role of honey in the maintenance of TJ protein integrity, thereby preventing LPS-induced intestinal barrier disintegration.

Upregulation of alveolar fluid clearance is not sufficient for Na+,K+-ATPase β subunit-mediated gene therapy of LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice

Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage and significant edema accumulation, which is associated with impaired alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) and alveolar‐capillary barrier disruption, leading to acute respiratory failure. Our previous data showed that electroporation‐mediated gene delivery of the Na+, K+-ATPase β1 subunit not only increased AFC, but also restored alveolar barrier function through upregulation of tight junction proteins, leading to treatment of LPS‐induced ALI in mice. More importantly, our recent publication showed that gene delivery of MRCKα, the downstream effector of β1 subunit-mediated signaling towards upregulation of adhesive junctions and epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity, also provided therapeutic potential for ARDS treatment in vivo but without necessarily accelerating AFC, indicating that for ARDS treatment, improving alveolar capillary barrier function may be of more benefit than improving fluid clearance. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutical potential of β2 and β3 subunits, the other two β isoforms of Na+, K+-ATPase, for LPS‐induced ALI. We found that gene transfer of either the β1, β2, or β3 subunits significantly increased AFC compared to the basal level in naïve animals and each gave similar increased AFC to each other. However, unlike that of the β1 subunit, gene transfer of the β2 or β3 subunit into pre-injured animal lungs failed to show the beneficial effects of attenuated histological damage, neutrophil infiltration, overall lung edema, or increased lung permeability, indicating that β2 or β3 gene delivery could not treat LPS induced lung injury. Further, while β1 gene transfer increased levels of key tight junction proteins in the lungs of injured mice, that of either the β2 or β3 subunit had no effect on levels of tight junction proteins. Taken together, this strongly suggests that restoration of alveolar-capillary barrier function alone may be of equal or even more benefit than improving AFC for ALI/ARDS treatment.

Recent Trends on Mitigative Effect of Probiotics on Oxidative-Stress-Induced Gut Dysfunction in Broilers under Necrotic Enteritis Challenge: A Review.

Gut health includes normal intestinal physiology, complete intestinal epithelial barrier, efficient immune response, sustained inflammatory balance, healthy microbiota, high nutrient absorption efficiency, nutrient metabolism, and energy balance. One of the diseases that causes severe economic losses to farmers is necrotic enteritis, which occurs primarily in the gut and is associated with high mortality rate. Necrotic enteritis (NE) primarily damages the intestinal mucosa, thereby inducing intestinal inflammation and high immune response which diverts nutrients and energy needed for growth to response mediated effects. In the era of antibiotic ban, dietary interventions like microbial therapy (probiotics) to reduce inflammation, paracellular permeability, and promote gut homeostasis may be the best way to reduce broiler production losses. The current review highlights the severity effects of NE; intestinal inflammation, gut lesions, alteration of gut microbiota balance, cell apoptosis, reduced growth performance, and death. These negative effects are consequences of; disrupted intestinal barrier function and villi development, altered expression of tight junction proteins and protein structure, increased translocation of endotoxins and excessive stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines. We further explored the mechanisms by which probiotics mitigate NE challenge and restore the gut integrity of birds under disease stress; synthesis of metabolites and bacteriocins, competitive exclusion of pathogens, upregulation of tight junction proteins and adhesion molecules, increased secretion of intestinal secretory immunoglobulins and enzymes, reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune response and the increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and immune boost via the modulation of the TLR/NF-ĸ pathway. Furthermore, increased beneficial microbes in the gut microbiome improve nutrient utilization, host immunity, and energy metabolism. Probiotics along with biosecurity measures could mitigate the adverse effects of NE in broiler production.

Effects of dietary supplementation of Clostridium butyricum H129 on growth performance and intestinal health of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus

In the present study, the effect of Clostridium butyricum H129 on the growth performance and intestinal health of Scophthalmus maximus was investigated in an indoor circulating aquaculture system during an 8-week trial period. Three hundred sixty healthy turbots were randomly divided into four groups fed with C. butyricum H129 at different concentrations (0, 106, 107, and 108 CFU/g), respectively. In terms of terminal body weight, weight gain rate and specific growth rate of turbot, the CB2 (107 CFU/g) group performed best. The amylase enzyme activity of the intestine was significantly increased in CB2 groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, it was demonstrated that C. butyricum increased the thickness, width and height of the intestine epithelium of turbot, parallel with the significantly transcriptional up-regulation of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, the transcripts of proinflammatory cytokine were down-regulated and intestinal inflammation was inhibited by regulating the immune system in C. butyricum-administered groups, especially in CB2 group. As a result, C. butyricum H129 might enhance intestinal physical barrier function and anti-infection capacity in turbot. Moreover, dietary supplementation with C. butyricum H129 significantly improved the diversity of the intestinal microflora as well as increased the relative abundance of potential probiotic-related genera including Clostridiales and Bacillales in turbot. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with C. butyricum H129 can enhance the mucosal barrier function, and actively regulate the intestinal microflora, resulting in improving the growth performance of S. maximus.

Performance and gut health status of broilers fed diets supplemented with two graded levels of a monoglyceride blend

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of 2 graded levels (0.03 and 0.05% of diet) of a monoglyceride blend containing butyric, caprylic, and capric acids in broilers' diet for optimizing gut structure and animal growth performance. For this purpose, a total of 210, one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 3 experimental treatments using 7 replicates each and 10 birds/replicate. The treatment groups involved supplementation of blend of short and medium chain fatty acids at the level of 0, 0.03, and 0.05% of the diet for 42 d. The incorporation of mixes of monoglycerides into broilers' diet linearly improved BWG between d 0 and 21 (P=0.034). At the end of trial, however, no significant changes were observed in performance indexes (BWG, FI, FCR). Jejunal morphometric parameters (villus height, crypt depth, and their ratio) remained unaltered with the monoglyceride supplementation on d 21. The results further showed that monoglycerides supplementation increased the goblet cell counts along the jejunal villi (P=0.034) and crypt regions (P=0.022), as well as it effectively modulated the mRNA abundances of tight junction protein (ZO-1, P=0.033) and nutrient transporters (SGLT, PePT1; P=0.005, 0.023, respectively) in the jejunum. Moreover, the downregulation in mRNA abundance of TNFα (P=0.030) was observed with the monoglyceride supplementation. The SCFAs analysis of cecal contents showed no notable differences with monoglyceride blend supplementation when compared to the unsupplemented group. Collectively, high goblet cell numbers in the jejunum along with downregulation of the mRNA abundances of pro-inflammatory cytokines, upregulation of tight junction proteins, and nutrient transporters showed favorable responses of low doses of monoglycerides blend in broiler feeding. Further studies should be conducted in different rearing conditions to examine the effectiveness of such low levels of a monoglyceride blend in the modulation of gut structure, its functionality and animal performance.

Histone Deacetylase 3 Inhibition Decreases Cerebral Edema and Protects the Blood–Brain Barrier After Stroke

We have previously shown that selective inhibition of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) decreases infarct volume and improves long-term functional outcomes after stroke. In this study, we examined the effects of HDAC3 inhibition on cerebral edema and blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage and explored its underlying mechanisms. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and randomly treated i.p. with either vehicle or a selective HDAC3 inhibitor (RGFP966) at 2 and 24 h after stroke. Modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) were calculated at 2 h, 1 day, and 3 days. H&E, Evans blue dye (EBD) assay, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran were employed to assess cerebral edema and BBB leakage. Western blot for matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), MMP-9 zymography, and immunostaining for HDAC3, GFAP, Iba-1, albumin, aquaporin-4, claudin-5, ZO-1, and NF-kB were performed. Early RGFP966 administration decreased cerebral edema (p = 0.002) and BBB leakage, as measured by EBD assay, FITC-dextran, and albumin extravasation (p < 0.01). RGFP966 significantly increased tight junction proteins (claudin-5 and ZO-1) in the peri-infarct area. RGFP966 also significantly decreased HDAC3 in GFAP + astrocytes, which correlated with better mNSS (r = 0.67, p = 0.03) and decreased cerebral edema (r = 0.64, p = 0.04). RGFP966 decreased aquaporin-4 in GFAP + astrocytes (p = 0.002), as well as, the inflammatory markers Iba-1, NF-kB, and MMP9 in the ischemic brain (p < 0.05). Early HDAC3 inhibition decreases cerebral edema and BBB leakage. BBB protection by RGFP966 is mediated in part by the upregulation of tight junction proteins, downregulation of aquaporin-4 and HDAC3 in astrocytes, and decreased neuroinflammation.

Astragaloside IV Alleviates Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction via the AKT-GSK3β-β-Catenin Pathway in Peritoneal Dialysis.

Background and aims: Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) causes intestinal dysfunction, including constipation, diarrhea, or enteric peritonitis. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of these complications are still unclear and there are no specific drugs available in the clinic. This study aims to determine whether Astragaloside IV (AS IV) has therapeutic value on PD-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in vivo and in vitro. Methods: We established two different long-term PD treatment mice models by intraperitoneally injecting 4.25% dextrose-containing peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) in uremia mice and normal mice, which were served as controls. In addition, PDF was applied to T84 cells in vitro. The therapeutic effects of AS IV on PD-induced intestinal dysfunction were then examined by histopathological staining, transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of protein kinase B (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and β-catenin were examined after administration of AS IV. Results: In the present study, AS IV maintained the intestinal crypt, microvilli and desmosome structures in an orderly arrangement and improved intestinal epithelial permeability with the up-regulation of tight junction proteins in vivo. Furthermore, AS IV protected T84 cells from PD-induced damage by improving cell viability, promoting wound healing, and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins. Additionally, AS IV treatment significantly increased the levels of phosphorylation of AKT, inhibited the activity GSK-3β, and ultimately resulted in the nuclear translocation and accumulation of β-catenin. Conclusion: These findings provide novel insight into the AS IV-mediated protection of the intestinal epithelial barrier from damage via the AKT-GSK3β-β-catenin signal axis during peritoneal dialysis.